Diplomarbeit

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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Cenedl heb iaith, cenedl heb gallon. Eine Nation ohne Sprache ist eine Nation ohne Herz. Die Bedeutung der walisischen Sprache für die walisische Identität Katrin Tauber angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) Wien, 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 307 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie Betreuerin / Betreuer: Mag. Dr. Hermann Mückler MEINEN ELTERN 1 1 Inhalt 0. Vorwort...........................................................................................................................4 1.Einleitung......................................................................................................... 5 2.Sprache, Identität und Sprachverlust............................................................8 2.1. Sprache, Kultur und Identität....................................................................................8 2.2. Sprachverfall und Sprachrevitalisierung ................................................................13 2.2.1. Einführung............................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2. Warum sterben Sprachen?................................................................................15 2.2.3. Reversing Language Shift.................................................................................. 20 3.Die kymrische Sprache .................................................................................25 3.1. Die Sprachfamilie............................................................................................................25 3.2. Merkmale............................................................................................................................... 25 3.3. Kymrisch................................................................................................................................ 26 3.3.1. Aussprache ...................................................................................................................29 4.Abriss der Geschichte von Wales................................................................ 30 4.1. Ur- und Frühgeschichte..............................................................................................30 4.2. Die römische Zeit........................................................................................................32 4.3. Die „dunklen Jahrhunderte“ (400–800)...................................................................36 4.3.1. Die walisischen Königreiche ...............................................................................39 4.3.2. Sprache und Ethnizität ...........................................................................................41 4.4. Die Wikingerzeit (800–1066).................................................................................41 4.4.1. Hywel Dda und das walisische Recht..................................................................42 4.5. Die Normannen (1066–1301) ................................................................................43 4.6. König Johann und die Magna Carta ......................................................................46 4.7. Fürst von Wales ...............................................................................................................47 4.8. Edward I und der Verlust der walisischen Unabhängigkeit .................................. 48 4.9. Wales unter englischer Herrschaft ........................................................................ 49 4.9.1. Die Tudors....................................................................................................................53 4.10. Walisische Bibelübersetzung ...............................................................................55 4.11. Das 17. und 18. Jahrhundert ...............................................................................57 4.12. Die Industrielle Revolution ...................................................................................62 4.13. Das 20. Jahrhundert.................................................................................................70 5.Walisische Organisationen........................................................................... 87 5.1. Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg – The Welsh Language Society ............................ 87 5.2. Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg – The Welsh Language Board........................................ 88 5.3. Eisteddfod...................................................................................................................89 5.4. Plaid Cymru...............................................................................................................91 6.Schlussfolgerungen ..................................................................................... 93 7.Literatur...........................................................................................................95 3 0. Vorwort Im Zuge meines Studiums der Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie habe ich auch einige Wahlfächer aus dem Studium der Keltologie belegt. Dabei hat sich bald ein besonderes Interesse an Wales herauskristallisiert. Daraus resultierend ist das Thema für meine Diplomarbeit entstanden. Besonders faszinierte mich, dass sich gerade in Wales, das von den keltischen Gebieten der britischen Inseln als eines der ersten okkupiert worden war, die keltische Sprache am besten erhalten hat. Es stellte sich also für mich die Frage, wie die Waliser es geschafft haben, dass die Sprache heute im Vergleich zu Irland oder Schottland doch so relativ weit verbreitet ist, und in weiterer Folge, welche Bedeutung die walisische Sprache für die Identität der Bevölkerung hat. Leider war es mir wegen meiner beruflichen Tätigkeit nicht möglich, für eine Forschungsreise nach Wales zu fahren. Meine Arbeit ist daher rein literaturbasiert. Ich habe versucht, das Thema möglichst umfassend zu bearbeiten, um auch Lesern ohne Detailwissen über Wales, seine Geschichte oder Sprache einen Einblick in die Thematik zu bieten. 4 1. Einleitung Wales hat eine bewegte Geschichte, und auch wenn es schon lange nicht mehr unabhängig ist, sondern Teil des britischen Königreichs, so hat es sich doch einige Eigenheiten, wie zum Beispiel die walisische Sprache, erhalten. Wales gehört, genau wie Irland oder Schottland, zu den Ländern, die heute gerne als keltisch bezeichnet werden. Anders als im damit eher assoziierten Irland oder Schottland wird in Wales die keltische Sprache noch von einem relativ großen Teil der Bevölkerung gesprochen. Dieser bedingte Erhalt der Sprache beruht allerdings auf einem langen und oftmals schwierigen Kampf, der bis heute andauert und auf den in dieser Arbeit eingegangen werden soll. Zunächst müssen aber einige Begriffe definiert und erklärt werden. Was versteht man unter den Kelten? Die Kelten unterlagen im Laufe der Jahrhunderte unterschiedlichster Rezeptionen. Heute fallen dabei besonders in der pseudowissenschaftlichen und esoterischen Literatur gerne Begriffe wie naturverbunden, mystisch oder magisch. Was wird allerdings in der Wissenschaft unter dem Begriff Kelten verstanden und woher kommt er? Die Griechen nannten das westliche Barbaricum keltiké, wobei bei den Griechen alle Menschen als Barbaren bezeichnet wurden, die kein Griechisch sprachen. Die Römer bezeichneten die Kelten als Celtae oder Galli, die Gallier, die besonders durch Caesars Werk De bello Gallico bekannt sind. Caesar erwähnt unterschiedliche gallische Stämme. „Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi 1 omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt.“ (DBG I, 1–2) Auch wenn Caesar hier schreibt, dass celtae die Eigenbezeichnung ist, wird davon ausgegangen, dass es sich eigentlich um eine Fremdbezeichnung handelte. Bei anderen Autoren tauchen viele, oftmals negative, Klischeevorstellungen auf, die man teilweise auch heute noch findet. So werden die Kelten bei Diodor, Aristoteles oder Strabon als aufbrausend, muskulös, rothaarig, kriegerisch, dumm, leichtgläubig oder primitiv geschildert (BIRKHAN 1999: 22–25). Solche Klischees bedient auch der Apostel Paulus, wenn er in seinem Brief an die Galater schreibt: „Die Werke des Fleisches sind deutlich erkennbar: Unzucht, Unsittlichkeit, ausschweifendes Leben, 1 Das Gesamtgebiet Galliens zerfällt in drei Teile: in dem einen leben die Belger, in einem zweiten die Aquitaner und im dritten die Völker, die in der Landessprache Kelten heißen, bei uns jedoch Gallier. Sie unterscheiden sich alle nach Sprache, Tradition und Recht. 5 Götzendienst, Zauberei, Feindschaft, Streit, Eifersucht, Jähzorn, Eigennutz, Spaltungen, Parteiungen, Neid und Missgunst, Trink- und Essgelage und ähnliches mehr.“ (GAL 5,19–21). Viele dieser Vorurteile haben sich über die Jahrhunderte hinweg erhalten und wurden auch immer wieder rezipiert. Woher kommt nun aber der Begriff „Kelten“? Diodor schreibt dazu in seiner Weltgeschichte: „Wie man sagt, herrschte einst ein angesehener Mann über das Keltenland, dem eine Tochter von außergewöhnlicher Körpergröße geboren wurde, die sich vor anderen durch ihre Schönheit auszeichnete. Durch ihre Körperkraft und bewunderte Schönheit hochmütig geworden, wies sie jeden, der um ihre Hand anhielt, ab, da sie keinen von ihnen ihrer würdig erachtete. Als jedoch Herakles während seines Zuges gegen Geryoneus in das Keltenland gekommen war und dort die Stadt Alesia gegründet hatte, und als sie Herakles gesehen und seine Tüchtigkeit und körperliche
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