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Doctrine for the Employment of the Armed Forces. PDC-01 ARMED FORCES PDC-01(A) DOCTRINE FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE ARMED DOCTRINE FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE OF DOCTRINETHE EMPLOYMENT FOR FORCES PDC-01(A) MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA PDC-01(A) DOCTRINE FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES https://cpage.mpr.gob.es Edit: SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/ © Author and Publisher, 2019 NIPO: 083-19-207-8 (paper edition) NIPO: 083-19-208-3 (e-book edition) NIPO: 083-19-209-9 (online edition) ISBN: 978-84-9091-439-7 Depósito legal: M-24649-2019 Publication date: july 2019 Printed by: Spanish Ministry of Defence The authors are solely responsible for the opinions expresed in the articles in this publication. The exploitation righits of this work are protected by the Spanish Intellectual Property Act. No parts of this publication may be produced, stored or transmitted in any way nor by any means, electronic, mechanical or print, including photocopies or any other means without prior, express, written consent of the © copyright holders. This publication is printed paper 100 % on chlorine-free. Chief of Defense PROMULGATION LETTER By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Organic Act 05/2005 of the National Defence, I hereby declare standard-issue in the Spanish Armed Forces the Joint Doctrinal Publication PDC 01-A “Doctrine for the Employment of the Armed Forces.” The present publication will come into force on the day following its promulgation date. PDC-01(A) is a publication of PUBLIC USE Madrid, February 27, 2018 General Chief of Defense Fernando Alejandre Martínez PREFACE JEMAD The current global strategic environment fea- tures enormous complexity and an extraordi- nary degree of uncertainty. The rapid trans- formation processes, the permeability of all kinds of borders, the variety and persistence of conflicts, the diversity of actors, and the dif- ferent nature and reach of threats, affect our security expectations, jeopardizing peace, the exercise of rights and freedoms, plus the sov- ereignty and independence of Spain, its ter- ritorial integrity and the constitutional order. It is against this backdrop that security reveals T as every citizen’s responsibility, rendering it imperative to be addressed from a holistic and global perspective. As for Spain, it means, seamless with its own, a full commitment to regional and global security, and the whole- of-state use of all the instruments of power in the appropriate form, place and time. While the military defence of Spain remains the raison d’être of its Armed Forces, and they constitute its main instrument of deterrence and combat power, the new strategic environ- ment requires continued adjustment to max- imise operational effectiveness and cooperate with other national instruments of power to face all sorts of new challenges to national defence and security. This military operations doctrine provides with an effective and necessary guide for the Armed Forces employment. PDC-01 (A) “Doctrine for the employment of the Armed Forces” is the overarching military doctrinal publication. It lays out the Armed Forces employment tenets and principles un- der which they plan for and engage in modern combat operations. To do so, it provides with context to their potential use in the strategic security framework of Spain; contemplates the security and defence mechanisms and systems to prevent, confront and bring to frui- tion crises and conflicts resolution endeavours; sets out the role played by the Armed Forces along with other State instruments of power and delineates military capabilities resourcing and operational readiness to successfully fulfil their assigned missions. Furthermore, this doctrine establishes and spells out the underpinning moral, legal and doctrinal principles; provides guidance to achieve joint and combined decisive action, coor- dinated and synchronized with other instruments of power. It also describes the operational domains, adding the cybernetic and the information/perception to the traditional physical ones. Finally, this doctrine deals with the synchronization of concurrent planning and the dynamic execution of operations on the tactical, operational and strategic levels, bringing about tools that enable mission command. In short, this doctrine provides with a robust set of thinking tools among which are worth mentioning the values and the operational principles so that those that take part in opera- tions may act with intellectual discipline and initiative. General Fernando Alejandre Martínez …for the things that are done while governing and fighting strongly at war do not last longer than one age, but those written for the sake of the public interest are more durable. Hence, not only should the good military discipline be returned, but also written down.” Sancho de Londoño, maestre de campo. Discourse on the Way to Return Military Discipline to its Former, Better State, 1578. INDEX 1. GLOBAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 17 2. THE CONFLICT 17 2.1. THE NATURE OF THE CONFLICT 17 2.2. THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONFLICT 18 1 2.3. TRENDS OF THE CONFLICT 19 3. INSTRUMENTS OF POWER 21 4. SPAIN’S STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT 23 1. NATIONAL SECURITY 29 2. CRISIS MANAGEMENT 31 3. SITUATION OF INTEREST TO NATIONAL SECURITY, THE STATES 2 OF ALERT, EMERGENCY AND SIEGE 32 4. AREAS OF PARTICULAR CORCERN TO NATIONAL SECURITY 33 5. THE DEFENSE IN THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM 34 5.1. THE NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL AND THE MINISTERIAL CRISIS CELL 34 5.2. AGREEMENTS FOR DEPLOYING THE FORCE ABROAD 35 5.3. CRISIS MANAGEMENT PHASES IN THE FIELD OF DEFENSE 35 6. OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ARMED FORCES TO SECURITY 37 6.1. PUBLIC SECURITY 37 6.2. THE EXTERNAL ACTION 41 7 DEFENSE AND SECURITY CULTURE 43 8. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR EMPLOYMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES 44 1. EMPLOYMENT AND MISSIONS OF THE ARMED FORCES 51 2. DEFENSE PLANNING 52 3 3. MILITARY CAPABILITIES OF THE ARMED FORCES 53 4. MILITARY INNOVATION AND TRANSFORMATION 54 5. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMED FORCES 56 5.1. ORGANIC STRUCTURE 56 5.2. OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE 56 5.3. FORCE DEVELOPMENT 57 6. JOINT FORCE 57 6.1. CONCEPT 57 6.2. OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES 59 1. OPERATIONS 71 2. PRINCIPLES OF EMPLOYMENT OF THE MILITARY INSTRUMENT 71 2.1. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES 72 2.2. LEGAL PRINCIPLES 73 4 2.3. DOCTRINAL PRINCIPLES 74 3. THE SPACE OF OPERATIONS 78 3.1. OPERATING DOMAINS 78 3.2. THE ENGAGEMENTS AND THE EFFECTS 81 3.3. DELIMITATION OF THE SPACE OF OPERATIONS 82 3.4. ORGANIZATION OF THE SPACE OF OPERATIONS 83 4. THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 85 5. THE ADVERSARIES 86 5.1. TYPOLOGY OF THE ADVERSARIES 87 5.2. FORMS OF ACTION OF THE ADVERSARY 88 6. THE SPECTRUM OF CONFLICTS 89 6.1. THE GREY ZONE 91 6.2. TYPES OF CAMPAIGN OR MAIN OPERATION 91 7. USE OF FORCE IN OPERATIONS 93 7.1. COMBAT CAPABILITY 93 7.2. FORMS OF ACTION 94 7.3. RULES OF ENGAGEMENT 96 7.4. PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF MILITARY OPERATIONS 97 7.5. LEVELS IN THE PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF OPERATIONS 99 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE MILITARY STRATEGIC LEVEL 105 2. MILITARY STRATEGIC LINES OF ACTION 105 2.1. MILITARY COOPERATION 106 2.2. MILITARY DETERRENCE 107 5 2.3. MILITARY PREVENTION 107 2.4. MILITARY RESPONSE 107 3. POWERS OF THE MILITARY STRATEGIC LEVEL 108 3.1. PERMANENTLY 108 3.2. IN CASE OF CRISIS OR ARMED CONFLICT 109 4. THE STRATEGIC PLANNING OF OPERATIONS 109 4.1. MILITARY RESPONSE OPTIONS 109 4.2. INITIATING MILITARY DIRECTIVE 110 5. STRATEGIC CONDUCTION AND MONITORING OF MILITARY OPERATIONS 112 5.1. STRATEGIC CONDUCTION 112 5.2. STRATEGIC MONITORING 112 6. FORCE GENERATION PROCESS 112 7. LOGISTIC SUPPORT FRAMEWORK 114 7.1. FORCE DEPLOYMENT 114 7.2. SUSTAINMENT 116 7.3. REDEPLOYMENT 117 8. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS OF OPERATIONS 117 1. FOUNDATIONS OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL 123 2. FUNCTIONS OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL 123 2.1. OF A PERMANENT NATURE 123 6 2.2. IN TIME OF CRISIS OR ARMED CONFLICT 124 3. COMMAND AND CONTROL AT THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL 125 4. OPERATIONAL ART 126 5. JOINT FUNCTIONS 127 5.1. COMMAND AND CONTROL 128 5.2. INTELLIGENCE 128 5.3. MANOEUVRE 129 5.4. FIRES 129 5.5. INFORMATION ACTIVITIES 130 5.6. CIVIL MILITARY COOPERATION 131 5.7. FORCE PROTECTION 132 5.8. LOGISTIC SUPPORT 133 6. OPERATIONAL-LEVEL PLANNING 133 6.1. OPERATIONAL DESIGN 135 6.2. RULES OF ENGAGEMENT AT THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL 136 7. EXECUTION OF OPERATIONS 136 7.1. TIME FACTOR 138 7.2. ORGANIZING THE HEADQUARTERS 138 7.3. OPERATIONAL LOGISTIC SUPPORT 138 1. INTRODUCTION 147 2. TACTICAL MILITARY ACTIONS 147 3. TACTICAL PLANNING OF OPERATIONS 149 7 4. TACTICAL EXECUTION OF OPERATIONS 150 1 THE COMMAND 157 1.1. THE FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMAND 157 1.2. THE ASPECTS OF COMMAND 158 1.3. THE PRINCIPLES OF COMMAND 159 8 2. TYPES OF COMMAND 160 3. COMMAND AND CONTROL IN OPERATIONS 161 3.1. CONCEPT 161 3.2. TYPES OF RELATIONS 162 3.3. ORGANIZATION OF THE FORCE 163 4. OPERATIONAL AUTHORITY 164 4.1. CONFERMENT OF AUTHORITY 164 4.2. COMPETENCES OF THE OPERATIONAL AUTHORITY 166 4.3. MODALITIES AND DEGREES OF OPERATIONAL AUTHORITY 167 5. MISSION COMMAND 171 6. THE CONTEXT OF COMMAND IN OPERATIONS 172 7. CONSIDERATIONS ON COMMAND AND CONTROL IN MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS 173 8. NATIONAL COMMAND IN MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS 174 THE STRATEGIC SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1. THE GLOBAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 17 2. THE CONFLICT 18 2.1. THE NATURE OF THE CONFLICT 18 2.2. THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONFLICT 18 2.3. TRENDS OF THE CONFLICT 19 3. THE INSTRUMENTS OF POWER 21 4. THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT OF SPAIN 23 hallenges in the current global security environment arise from structural changes on political, economic, social, technological and environmental levels.
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