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The Pelargonium Issue: a Rose Pelargonium by Any Other Name Would Smell Just As Sweet! Written by Jade Shutes

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The Pelargonium Issue: a Rose Pelargonium by Any Other Name Would Smell Just As Sweet! Written by Jade Shutes Pelargonium graveolens or Pelargonium x asperum The Pelargonium Issue: A rose pelargonium by any other name would smell just as sweet! Written by Jade Shutes I recently submitted our Geranium monograph to be printed in a new journal called: The International Journal of Professional Holistic Aromatherapy. This journal is being created by Lora Cantele, past president of the Alliance of International Aromatherapists. The IJPHA is a peer-reviewed professional journal dedicated to providing invaluable information and resources to professional aromatherapists and other healthcare providers. The IJPHA will be provided as a print journal. To subscribe: Use Paypal to send your payment to: [email protected] NOTE: ‘IJPHA Subscriptions’ If you have questions, please email Lora Cantele at: [email protected] Whilst my Geranium Monograph was being reviewed two comments came in, one was easy to answer, one drove me to research and research and research some more. The first question: How many species are there? This seems to be a debatable answer and instead of having an exact number of species which seems to be unknown, a better and more accurate answer is approximate: e.g. there are over 250 species. The Second question: It has been said that the Geranium in todays market comes from Pelargonium x asperum, should we change the name? I had listed Pelargonium graveolens. In searching for the answer to this question, lets explore the history of Pelargonium species. HISTORY: The family Geraniaceae contains three genera: Geranium, Erodium, and Pelargonium. The names, derived from the three Greek words meaning crane, heron, and stork, refer to the resemblance of the seed case to the slender bills of these three birds. (Arnoldia, 1974) Pelargonium species originate in South Africa and different species are found in distinct habitats. The Pelargonium species related to the Geranium oil-producing cultivars are mainly located in the Cape area. (Lis-Balchin, 2002) According to Arnoldia, 1974: The first record of a pelargonium cultivation appeared in England in 1633. In his edition of Gerarde’s “Herbal…”, Thomas Johnson noted that Tradescant (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tradescant_the_elder) had flowered “Geranium indicum nocte odoratum” the preceding year. It is believed that Tradescant obtained his specimen of pelargonium from Cape Town, South Africa. (His specimen was thought to be Pelargonium triste) Pelargonium triste It was 1686 when ten pelargoniums species were found growing in the Botanic Garden at Leyden and from this time forward pelargoniums were to be important members of the European garden flora, having been transplanted from South Africa. Between 1771 and 1772, Francis Masson was sent out from Kew to South Africa where he spent 5-6 years collecting various species of scented pelargonium. He sent back rose scented Pelargonium radens, Pelargonium quercifolium, and Pelargonium graveolens as well as the lemon-scented Pelargonium crispum. He may also have brought over the peppermint scented geranium Pelargonium tomentosum which appeared in England sometime before 1790. The issue with clarifying species for Pelargonium arises due to the ease with which the plants hybridize. Once a collection of species has been gotten together, and the bees allowed to go about their business, the resultant seed will yield a myriad of hybrid forms. This is what happened in the gardens and conservatories of Europe between 1750 and 1850. A multiplicity of forms appeared. (Arnoldia, 1974) Is it a Geranium or Pelargonium: In 1753, Linnaeus published his Species Plantarum which although it established the binomial system of naming, did not recognize Pelargonium as a distinct genus and retained the generic name Geranium for the 20 Pelargonium species known at that time as well as those known today as Erodium and Geranium. Such was the stature of Linnaeus at the time, that the name Geranium was retained for another 40 years before the name Pelargonium was finally approved. (Miller, D. 2002) Further confusion within Pelargonium species: Between 1787 and 1838 seven monographic works were published in an attempt to keep up with the bewildering hordes of seedling pelargoniums. Different names were applied by different authors to the same plant, and identical names were applied by different authors to different plants. Hybrid seedlings were grown under the same names as their maternal parents. the resultant confusion still persists. For example: in some cases the plant which is called Pelargonium ‘Attar of Roses’ seems to be, instead, the old species Pelargonium capitatum; while the plant which is grown as Pelargonium capitatum is really a hybrid between Pelargonium graveolens and Pelargonium radens which is properly called Pelargonium X asperum. Likewise, at least some plants grown as Pelargonium odoratissimum are probably hybrid seedlings of the species with Pelargonium exstipulatum and should be properly called Pelargonium X fragrans. Based upon genetic work of the genus, M.G. Daker concluded that the majority of aromatic pelargoniums are derived from two species, Pelargonium crispum and Pelargonium graveolens. ( (Arnoldia, 1974) Modern Classification of Pelargonium species It was 1820 when Sweet published the first of his five volumes on the Geraniaceae family. Expanding on Sweets work, de Candolle in 1824, designed his classifications in sections rather then genera (as Sweet did). And then in 1860, Harvey in Florca capensis separated the genus into 15 sections, many of which were combinations of those proposed by Sweet and de Candolle. (Miller, D, 2002) According to Miller, the most recent classification, which is based upon molecular work and chromosome size, there is a Subgenus species called: Pelargonium. This subgenus species includes the Section Pelargonium. And it is here that we find the Scented geraniums used for oil production. Although several species are listed in this category, only four have been used for essential oil production. These species include: Pelargonium capitatum (L) L’Heritier. This species is found in many areas along the coasts of South Africa and is believed to have been amongst the earliest scented geraniums brought to England from Holland in 1690. The true species is quite rare in gardens but is represented by the cultivar ‘Attar of Roses’ with a more upright habit and rougher but strongly aromatic foliage and pinker flowers. You can order the seeds for this from: http://www.horizonherbs.com/product.asp?specific=2688 Pelargonium capitatum Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Aiton Is a species found wild in the northern part of South Africa, has white flowers and deeply divided, softly hairy, somewhat peppermint-rose scented leaves. Pelargonium graveolens (from Wikipedia) Pelargonium radens This species comes from south-western Cape Province to Transkei and was first introduced to Kew by Masson in 1774. It is not common in cultivation but is considered to be one of the ‘parents’ to the Rose cultivar (also known as Geranium bourbon). Pelargonium radens (http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantnop/pelar gradens.htm) And under section Peristera, subsection Reniformia is: P. odortissimum (L.) L’Heritier This is an apple-scented geranium which is more low growing then the above Pelargonium species. The plant has white flowers and grows over a large area in the southern and eastern South Africa. Pelargonium odortissimum Miller writes that ‘Rose’ cultivar widely grown for the production of rose-scented Geranium oil has been show to be a hybrid between P. capitatum and P. radens (she cites Demarne and van der Walt, 1989). However the name P. x asperum is not mentioned in her writings. PROTAbase Record According to the Prota (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa), the rose scented geraniums have been categorized as Pelargonium Rosat Group: Cultivar-group The Prota database also listed the two as synonyms for one another: Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér.: 2n = 88 (octoploid). Synonym: Pelargonium asperum Ehrh. ex Willd. Protologue Cultivar-group name proposed in PROSEA 19: Essential-oil plants (1999). Family Geraniaceae Chromosome number 2n = 77 (heptaploid) Synonyms Pelargonium asperum auct. non Ehrh. ex Willd., Pelargonium graveolens auct. non L’Hér., Pelargonium roseum auct. non Ehrh. Vernacular names Rose-scented pelargonium, Bourbon geranium (En). Géranium rosat (Fr). Origin and geographic distribution Pelargonium comprises about 260 species, most originating from coastal South Africa from Namaqualand to Port Elizabeth. Many Pelargonium species are so easy to grow and have become so popular as garden plants that they are now cultivated worldwide. Nearly all cultivars of Pelargonium grown for their rose-scented essential oil, called geranium oil, arose in Europe from crossings between introductions from South Africa and are therefore of hybrid origin. Commercial cultivation began in the early 19th Century in Grasse, France. Grasse remained the main centre of production until the Second World War. As a result of a change in the economic climate, cultivation there has ceased. The production of Pelargonium Rosat Group became important in Algeria, Morocco and Réunion, using plants from Grasse, but after increasing steadily for some time, production declined. The most important producers of geranium oil are currently China, Egypt, Morocco and Réunion, but extensive industries of local importance exist in India and the Crimea Peninsula, the Caucasus and Tajikistan. END PROTA information Geranium essential oil production (Arnoldia, 1970)
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