SWEDEN by Jozef Plachy 1
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THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF SWEDEN By Jozef Plachy 1 Sweden is endowed with significant deposits of iron ore, Sweden's exports, one-third of which was steel. Because certain base metals (copper, lead, and zinc), and several Sweden lacked a zinc smelter, one of the largest mineral industrial minerals (dolomite, feldspar, granite, ilmenite, exports was zinc ore and concentrate, shipped mostly to kaolin, limestone, quartz, and wollastonite). Still, it is best Norway. The country imported duty-free most of the raw known for production of high-quality steel. Sweden relies material needed to operate its copper and lead smelter at heavily on hydrocarbon imports, due to inadequate optimal capacity. indigenous resources; as a result, the country has developed substantial nuclear and hydroelectric generating capacity. Structure of the Mineral Industry Government Policies and Programs The ownership of the two largest mineral companies in Sweden—Boliden AB and Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB Sweden liberalized its mineral policy to parallel European (LKAB)—has remained essentially unchanged. Union (EU) standards in response to the acceptance of the Boliden Mineral AB, a subsidiary of the privately owned EU membership by the Swedish electorate in 1994. The new Trelleborg Group, was predominantly a nonferrous mining policy eliminated laws requiring foreign companies to get and processing company. It also traded in concentrates, special permission for prospecting, annulled the state's metals, and other products and provided engineering participation in mining enterprises (so-called "crown expertise, built mineral processing plants, and sold mining shares"), and revoked all taxes and royalties, except for the equipment. Boliden Mineral AB consisted of Swedish Mines normal 27% corporate tax. Initial exploration permits are and Smelters, International Mines and Smelters, Technology now granted for 3-year periods, with possible extensions. Sales, and Metal Recovery. At yearend 1994, Swedish Mining concessions were valid for 25 years. The State Mines and Smelters operated 10 mines, 4 concentrators, and Mining Property Commission was closed and previous 1 smelter. It produced 20.2 Mmt of ore, resulting in 549,300 restrictions on real estate ownership were eliminated, thus metric tons (mt) of concentrate with an average metal content allowing foreign participation in the mining of a wide range of about 49%.3 International Mines and Smelters managed of minerals. the wholly owned Aznalcollar Mine and the partially owned Sukhaybarat Mine, both in Spain. Production The Government-owned LKAB was one of the world's leading producers of highly upgraded iron ore products, such The mining industry in 1994 employed about 8,400 people as iron pellets. In 1994 it operated two mining complexes, and accounted for about 1.4% of industrial production, ore dressing and pelletizing plants in Kiruna and corresponding to 0.3% of gross domestic product.2 In 1994, Malmberget, a pelletizing plant in Svappavaara, and Sweden produced 19.7 million metric tons (Mmt) of iron ore shipping ports in Lulea and Narvik, both in Norway. concentrate, or about one-half of all western European production. Output of polymetallic sulfide ore was 23 Mmt, Commodity Review about one-third of western Europe's copper and lead ore production, and about one-fifth of the region's zinc ore Metals production. While comparative metal production was somewhat lower, Sweden remained the leading producer of Aluminum.—Radical cost cutting in recent years by copper and lead metal in western Europe. The gold, lead, Granges Aluminium, a division of Granges AB, increased the and zinc content of indigenous ore production exceeded profitability of the Sundsvall smelter. In 1994, it reported a domestic consumption, while copper and silver production 37% improvement in profit from 1993.4 The 98,000-metric- each covered about 60% of consumption. (See table 1.) ton-per-year (mt/a) capacity primary aluminum smelter in Sundsvall is a combination of two adjacent plants, using Trade both Soderberg and prebake technology. Plant 1 was converted to prebake technology in 1987 and produced about The mineral industry accounted for about 13% of 25% of the total 1994 output. Plant 2, built in 1963 and 823 later expanded, produced the remaining output with 262 largest was in the Skellefte field, where test drilling indicated pots. About 80% of production was used by Granges' polymetallic mineralization below the 970 m level in the downstream extrusion sector, the Saga Group, consisting of Renstrom Mine, below the 800 m level in the Petiknas Mine, 12 companies. and at a depth of 1,100-1,200 m in the Kristineberg Mine. Sweden had a high recycling rate (90%) for aluminum cans Boliden planned to link the Petiknas Mine with a 2.5-km- because of close cooperation between producer of can stock long tunnel to the existing transportation and hauling system (Finspong), the can manufacturer (PLM Fosie), the collection of the Renstrom Mine. companies (Returpak and PLM Fosie), and the secondary smelters (Gotthard Aluminium and Finspong). Gold.—Terra Mining AB owned western Europe's largest Consequently, secondary aluminum production more than gold mine, the Bjorkdal Mine. Crude ore production in 1994 doubled during the past 2 years to an estimated 33,000 mt in amounted to 939,549 mt yielding 2.1 mt of gold. The vein- 1994. type (lode gold) deposit was close to the surface, allowing opencast mining. This, coupled with improved gold content Copper.—Swedish copper mining was dominated by the in the lower levels and large-scale ore processing, helped to Boliden-owned Aitik open pit mine in the northern part of keep production costs under $5,000 per kg of gold metal. the country, 100 kilometers (km) north of the Arctic Circle. Because of dwindling resources (19 Mmt graded 3 g/mt in The main open pit, the largest in Europe, was reportedly 19948), Terra Mining continued its exploration activities. 2,500 meters (m) long, 915 m wide, and 230 m deep. Even though most of the exploration was in the vicinity of According to Boliden Mineral, the proven and indicated Bjorkdal Mine, the largest deposit was found in northern reserves amounted to 205 Mmt, which would enable Finland. It had proven reserves of 2 Mmt with 3.15 g/mt production to continue well into the next century. The low gold.9 Open pit operation was planned for the summer of average content of copper (0.38%) was offset by 0.22 grams 1996. per metric ton (g/mt) of gold and 4 g/mt of silver.5 A large The second largest gold mine was Boliden's Akerberg crusher was reportedly utilized directly in the 16.5-Mmt/a- Mine in northern Sweden. Output in 1994 was about capacity mine. A conveyor belt transported the 1994 140,000 mt of ore, all from open pit production. Together production of 16.3 Mmt of crushed ore through a 700-m with other polymetallic ore from Kankberg, Kristineberg, tunnel to an intermediate storage area near the concentrator. Langdal, Petiknas, and Renstrom, beneficiation was at the The 1994 production of 190,000 mt of concentrate contained Boliden concentrator, resulting in 1.7 mt of gold and 70 mt 54,000 mt of copper, and about 2 mt of gold and 40 mt of of silver content in concentrate. silver. The concentrate was sent to Boliden's Ronnskar One of the newest gold-producing companies in Sweden is smelter, where it accounted for more than one-half of its feed. Wermland Guldbrytning AB. In 1994, it started up a small- Viscaria and the adjacent Pahtohavare mines, 5 kilometers scale gold operation in Harnas, southwestern Sweden. (km) west of Kiruna, was the second largest copper mining Reserves were estimated about 60,000 mt with a grade of 5 complex in Sweden. Both underground mines are owned by g/mt.10 Outokumpu of Finland. In 1994, Viscaria produced 587,000 mt of ore, while Pahtohavare's output amounted to 291,000 Iron Ore.—Crude ore production in 1994 was 30.8 Mmt, mt. The total production of 878,000 mt was locally of which 20 Mmt was produced at Kiruna and 10.8 Mmt at beneficiated and the resulting concentrate, having a content Malmberget. Production of concentrate and pellets amounted of 16,700 mt and 200 kg of gold, was shipped to the to 20 Mmt. Deliveries were limited by production capacity Ronnskar smelter in Skelleftehamn. Ore reserves at and amounted to 19.4 Mmt, 4 Mmt of which went to Viscaria/Pahtohavare were estimated at 0.9 Mmt of domestic customers. Of the total deliveries, 10.2 Mmt contained metal at an average grade of 2.1% copper and 0.3 6 consisted of pellets, mainly olivine pellets for blast furnace g/mt of gold. The minable reserve will be exhausted by (76%). The remainder was sold either as low-phosphorus 1996. (less than 0.05% P) sinter fines or high-phosphorus (0.1% P) Other copper-producing polymetallic mines in operation in sinter fines or lump ore. 1994 were Garpenberg, Kankberg, Kristineberg, Langdal, The Kiruna mining complex, owned by LKAB, consisted Petiknas, and Renstrom. All the ore was beneficiated at of three open pit mines, Kiirunavaara, Leveaniemi, and Aitik, Boliden, and Garpenberg, and transported to the Luossavaara. The ore body was approximately 4 km long, Ronnskar smelter. The feed for the smelter was augmented 80 m thick, and 2 km deep and consisted mainly of magnetite with imported concentrates, scrap, and metal ashes. In (average 60% iron content), with minor amounts of hematite. addition to the main products, copper (103,000 mt/a) and The ore body contained an estimated 460 Mmt. Introduction lead (40,000 mt/a), gold, silver, zinc oxide, and sulfur were of a night shift in fall 1994 helped boost crude iron ore produced in Ronnskar, as well as special products, such as selenium and raw nickel sulfate.