Registered Female Prostitution in the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)
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REGISTERED FEMALE PROSTITUTION IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876-1909) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY BURCU BELLİ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY SEPTEMBER 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences (Title and Name) Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts / Doctor of Philosophy. (Title and Name) Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of /Doctor of Philosophy. (Title and Name) Supervisor Examining Committee Members (first name belongs to the chairperson of the jury and the second name belongs to supervisor) (Title and Name) (Affiliation) (Title and Name) (Affiliation) (Title and Name) (Affiliation) (Title and Name) (Affiliation) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: BURCU BELLİ Signature: iii ABSTRACT REGISTERED FEMALE PROSTITUTION IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876-1909) BELLİ, BURCU Ph.D., Department of History Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nesim Şeker September 2020, 293 Pages The main purpose of this dissertation is to analyse the practice of prostitution in Ottoman Empire during the reign of Abdulhamid II. In this regard, the effects of the modernization and bureaucratization process of this certain era vis-a-vis the act of prostitution will be revealed under the light of relative precedent European regulations. Furthermore, a thorough study focusing on the dynamics of conflict between state authorities and local powers on the issue of prostitution will be presented. This study has shown that; although the initial reaction of the Ottoman Empire was reluctant, later the state had to legitimize the prostitution. Moreover, the study showed that this shifting role of the state from an executioner to a supervisor position was actually related to the inevitability of the spread of epidemic diseases. Keywords: Prostitution, Modernization, Brothels, Abdulhamid II, Bureaucratization. iv ÖZ OSMANLI IMPARATORLUĞU’NDA KAYITLI KADIN FUHŞU (1876- 1909) BELLİ, BURCU DOKTORA, TARİH BÖLÜMÜ TEZ YÖNETİCİSİ: Doç. Dr. Nesim Şeker Eylül 2020, 293 Sayfa Bu tezin temel amacı II. Abdulhamid döneminde Osmanlı Devleti'ni fuhuş ile ilgili uygulamalar yapmaya götüren süreci takip etmektir. Bunun için emsal teşkil eden Avrupa’daki düzenlemeler incelenmiş böylece Osmanlı Devleti'nin modernleşme ve bürokratikleşmesi fuhuş meselesi üzerinden incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Özellikle de salgın hastalıkların önüne geçilmez bir duruma geldiği noktada, Osmanlı Devleti istemese de fuhşu meşrulaştırmış ve artık cezalandırıcı değil, denetleyici bir pozisyon almıştır. Ayrıca bu tez, devletin fuhuş konusunda yerel güçlerle olan çatışmasına da yer vermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fuhuş, Modernleşme, Genelevler, II. Abdulhamid, Bürokratikleşme v To Mor, vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my advisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nesim ŞEKER, who has support, valuable advice, and patience during this adventure. Without his guidance, encouragement, and persistence, this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee member, Prof. Dr. Birsen TALAY KEŞOĞLU, for her intimate and long-lasting support. In addition, I would like to my gratitude to other committee members, Prof. Dr. Ferdan ERGUT, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Selçuk DURSUN and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fuat DÜNDAR, they contributed to many discussions that shaped this dissertation. I would like to acknowledgment Dr. E. Nurcan YALMAN for her helping and supporting me during all crises. Special thanks to Ahmet KILIÇ for understanding and supporting me. Moreover, I would like to thank my all friends especially Şerafettin SEVGILI, Çağdan ERDOĞAN and Elif CANPOLAT for their persistence and emotional support from the beginning to the end. Last but not least, my deepest appreciation belongs to my family, my uncle Ayhan KURT who is always my supporter, and my mother Beyhan KURT without her none of this indeed be possible. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM……………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ v DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES and FIGURES ...................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ xii CHAPTERS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 I.I. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 15 I.II. Structure ................................................................................................... 24 II. OTTOMAN LAWS ON PROSTITUTION and PROSTITUTION IN THE OTTOMAN WORLD UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY ............................................................................ 27 II.I. Ottoman Laws On Prostitution ................................................................. 27 II.I.I. Shari’a Law .......................................................................................... 30 II.I.I.I. Demonstration of the Crime-Sübut .................................. 33 II.I.II. Orf’i Law ............................................................................................. 36 II.I.III. The Tanzimat Era 1839-1876 ............................................................. 42 II.II. Prostitution In The Ottoman World Until The 19Th Century .................... 44 II.II.I. Prostitution In the Ottoman Empire .................................................. 44 II.II.II. Slavery and Prostitution .................................................................... 56 III. THE NEIGHBORHOODS, BUREAUCRACY AND LOCAL FORCES .............................. 61 III.I. Changes in Areas and Concepts ............................................................... 70 viii III.II. The Meaning of Neighborhood in the Ottoman World, Local Forces and Spheres in the Ottoman Society ................................................ 74 III.II.I. The Meaning of Neighborhood in the Ottoman World .................... 75 III.II.II. Local Leaders: Religious Leaders, Muhtar, Security Powers and Kabadayıs - Külhanbeys .............................................................................. 79 III.III. The “Others” And The Capacity Of The Neighborhoods ........................ 90 III.IV. The Migrations To The Centers ............................................................. 94 III.V. Private Sphere, Public Sphere, Family And The Struggle ...................... 102 III.V.I. Private Sphere ................................................................................ 103 III.V.II. Public Sphere .................................................................................. 108 III.V.III. Family and the Struggle .................................................................. 111 IV. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS BEFORE 1876 & IMPORTANCE OF ERA OF ABDULHAMID (1876-1909) ............................................ 120 IV.I. Political And Financial Conditions Until 1876 ........................................ 121 IV.II. The Importance Of The Late Of The 19Th Century ................................. 132 V. REGULATIONS ON PROSTITUTION IN EUROPE AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE .................................................................................................................... 150 V.I. Regulations In European Countries ........................................................ 154 V.I.I. Before the Regulations in Europe ..................................................... 154 V.I.II. Making the Regulations .................................................................... 159 V.II. 1884 Regulation Of The Ottoman Empire ............................................. 168 V.II.I. The Main Motive of the Regulations ............................................... 169 V.II.II. The Dangerous Phobia in the Ottoman Empire ............................... 170 V.II.III. Meaning of Beyoğlu ........................................................................ 175 V.II.IV. The Plans About the Regulations .................................................... 188 V.II.V. The Content of the 1884 Regulation ............................................... 190 V.II.VI. The Targets of the 1884 Regulation ................................................ 193 V.II.VII. The Practices of the Regulation ...................................................... 196 V.II.VIII. Medical Efforts of the