Copyrighted Material

Contributors

David D. Ackerly, Department of Integrative , Cheryl J. Briggs, Department of , Evolution University of California, Berkeley and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara I.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY: PLANTS; II.8 HOST–PARASITOID INTERACTIONS I.16 PHYLOGENETICS AND COMPARATIVE METHODS Judith L. Bronstein, Department of Ecology and Eldridge S. Adams, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona Biology, University of Connecticut II.11 MUTUALISM AND SYMBIOSIS I.8 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Barry W. Brook, Research Institute for Joseph Alcamo, Center for Environmental Systems Research, and Sustainability, University of Adelaide University of Kassel V.1 CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF SPECIES EXTINCTIONS VII.4 MANAGING THE GLOBAL WATER SYSTEM Joel S. Brown, Department of Biological Sciences, Priyanga Amarasekare, Department of Ecology University of Illinois at Chicago and Evolution, University of Chicago I.7 FORAGING BEHAVIOR II.6 COMPETITION AND COEXISTENCE IN ANIMAL Ragan M. Callaway, Division of Biological Sciences, COMMUNITIES University of Montana This research was funded by a grant from NSF III.4 FACILITATION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF PLANT (DEB-0717350). COMMUNITIES Darren Bade, Department of Biological Sciences, Stephen R. Carpenter, Department of , University of Kent State University Wisconsin–Madison III.12 FRESHWATER CARBON AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL VII MANAGING THE BIOSPHERE CYCLES Just Cebrian, Dauphin Island Sea Lab and Department of Victoria J. Bakker, Division of Physical and Biological Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz III.9 PRODUCTIVITY AND CARBON FLOWS: V.2 POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS PATTERNS ACROSS Marissa L. Baskett, Department of Environmental Science Je´roˆ me Chave, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche and Policy, University of California, Davis Scientifique), Laboratoire Evolution et Diversite´ Biologique VI.7 MARINE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES III.2 COMPETITION, NEUTRALITY, AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION Michael Begon, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool Ryan Chisholm, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary II.9 ECOLOGICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Biology, VII.8 THE ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND MANAGEMENT OF Michael A. Bell, Department of Ecology and Evolution, ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES Stony Brook University Scott L. Collins, Department of Biology, I.17 MICROEVOLUTION University of New Mexico Thomas Bell, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford IV.5 BOUNDARY DYNAMICS IN LANDSCAPES II.12 ECOLOGY OF MICROBIAL POPULATIONS This research was supported by National Science Foundation support to the Sevilleta Long-term Ecological Research Program at the E. T. Borer, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University of New Mexico (DEB 0620482). University III.6 TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP REGULATION OF Robert K. Colwell, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary COMMUNITIES Biology, University of Connecticut This work was completed as part of the Trophic Structure III.1 : CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, AND Comparisons Working Group supported by the National Center for MEASUREMENT Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, a Center funded by NSF (Grant Molly S. Cross, Wildlife Conservation Society North America #DEB-0072909), the University of California at Santa Barbara, Program and the state of California. V.6 CONSERVATION AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Mark S. Boyce, Department of Biological Sciences, Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Medicine University of Alberta VI.9 REGULATING SERVICES: A FOCUS ON DISEASE VII.3 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT REGULATION Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Research Institute for Climate Change Diane M. Debinski, Department of Ecology, and Sustainability, University of Adelaide Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University V.1 CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF SPECIES EXTINCTIONS V.6 CONSERVATION AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Copyrighted Material x Contributors

Robert F. Denno, late Professor of Entomology, Catherine Graham, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Maryland Stony Brook University II.7 PREDATOR–PREY INTERACTIONS I.11 REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Daniel F. Doak, Department of Zoology and Physiology, SYSTEMS University of Wyoming D. S. Gruner, Department of Entomology, University of V.2 POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS Maryland Martha Downs, Environmental Change Initiative, III.6 TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP REGULATION OF Brown University COMMUNITIES VI.6 GRASSLANDS This work was completed as part of the Trophic Structure Comparisons Working Group supported by the National Center for Laurie E. Drinkwater, Department of Horticulture, Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, a Center funded by NSF (Grant #DEB-0072909), the University of California at Santa Barbara, and VI.4 HUMAN-DOMINATED SYSTEMS: AGROECOSYSTEMS the state of California. Ray Dybzinski, Department of Ecology, Evolution, Nick Haddad, Department of Zoology, and Behavior, University of Minnesota North Carolina State University II.5 COMPETITION AND COEXISTENCE IN PLANT V.3 PRINCIPLES OF RESERVE DESIGN COMMUNITIES Stephen P. Ellner, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Benjamin S. Halpern, National Center for Ecological Biology, Cornell University Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara II.1 AGE-STRUCTURED AND STAGE-STRUCTURED VI.7 MARINE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES POPULATION DYNAMICS J. J. Elser, School of Life Sciences, Ilkka Hanski, Department of Ecology and Systematics, III.15 ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY University of Helsinki II.4 METAPOPULATIONS AND SPATIAL POPULATION Paul Falkowski, Department of Geological Sciences and PROCESSES Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University III.13 THE MARINE CARBON CYCLE Alan Hastings, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis Myra E. Finkelstein, Division of Physical and Biological II.3 BIOLOGICAL CHAOS AND COMPLEX DYNAMICS Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz V.2 POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS Andrew Hector, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich Joern Fischer, Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University III.14 BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING IV.2 LANDSCAPE PATTERN AND BIODIVERSITY Philip Hedrick, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State Jonathan A. Foley, Center for Sustainability and the Global University Environment and Department of Environmental Studies I.15 POPULATION GENETICS AND ECOLOGY and Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Nicole Heller, Department of Biology, Wisconsin–Madison Franklin & Marshall College VII.7 AGRICULTURE, LAND USE, AND THE III.18 RESPONSES OF COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS TRANSFORMATION OF PLANET EARTH TO GLOBAL CHANGES Kevin J. Gaston, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Justin P. Henningsen, Biology Department, University of University of Sheffield Massachusetts I.12 GEOGRAPHIC RANGE I.4 FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY: MUSCLES, ELASTIC Rosemary Gillespie, Department of Environmental Science, MECHANISMS, AND ANIMAL PERFORMANCE Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley Ray Hilborn, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, I.19 ADAPTIVE RADIATION University of Washington H. Charles J. Godfray, Department of Zoology, University of VII.2 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Oxford II POPULATION ECOLOGY Richard J. Hobbs, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia Scott J. Goetz, Woods Hole Research Center IV.2 LANDSCAPE PATTERN AND BIODIVERSITY I.11 REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION V.7 RESTORATION ECOLOGY SYSTEMS Robert D. Holt, Department of Zoology, University of Indur M. Goklany, Office of Policy Analysis, U.S. Florida Department of the Interior III.3 PREDATION AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION VI.12 TECHNOLOGICAL SUBSTITUTION AND AUGMENTATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES R. A. Houghton, Woods Hole Research Center III.11 TERRESTRIAL CARBON AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL James R. Gosz, Biology Department, CYCLES University of New Mexico IV.5 BOUNDARY DYNAMICS IN LANDSCAPES Terry P. Hughes, Centre for Coral Reef Biodiversity, This research was supported by National Science Foundation support James Cook University to the Sevilleta Long-term Ecological Research Program at the IV.8 SEASCAPE PATTERNS AND DYNAMICS OF University of New Mexico (DEB 0620482). CORAL REEFS Copyrighted Material

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Duncan J. Irschick, Biology Department, Michel Loreau, Department of Biology, McGill University University of Massachusetts III COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS I.4 FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY: MUSCLES, ELASTIC Jonathan B. Losos, Department of Organismic and MECHANISMS, AND ANIMAL PERFORMANCE Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Anthony R. Ives, Department of Zoology, I AUTECOLOGY University of Wisconsin–Madison

II.2 DENSITY DEPENDENCE AND SINGLE-SPECIES John A. Ludwig, CSIRO Tropical Research Center IV.1 LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS POPULATION DYNAMICS Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Smithsonian Tropical Research Pablo A. Marquet, Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology Institute and Biodiversity and Ecology Department, Catholic V.5 MARINE CONSERVATION University of Chile III.16 MACROECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON Peter Kareiva, The Nature Conservancy COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS VI.10 SUPPORT SERVICES: A FOCUS ON GENETIC DIVERSITY Pamela A. Matson, School of Earth Sciences, David M. Karl, Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, and Department of Oceanography, III.10 NUTRIENT CYCLING AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY University of Hawai’i at Manoa IV.9 SEASCAPE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY: HABITAT Brian A. Maurer, Department of Fisheries STRUCTURE, BIODIVERSITY, AND ECOSYSTEM and Wildlife and Department of Geography, FUNCTION Michigan State University IV.6 SPATIAL PATTERNS OF SPECIES DIVERSITY IN A. Marm Kilpatrick, Consortium for Conservation TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS Medicine VI.9 REGULATING SERVICES: A FOCUS ON DISEASE Kevin McCann, Department of Zoology, REGULATION University of Guelph III.7 THE STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF FOOD WEBS Joel G. Kingsolver, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evelyn H. Merrill, Department of Biological Sciences, I.14 PHENOTYPIC SELECTION University of Alberta VII.3 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT Ann P. Kinzig, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Clark A. Miller, Consortium for Science, Policy, VI ECOSYSTEM SERVICES and Outcomes and Department of Political Science, Arizona State University Allan Larson, Biology Department, Washington VII.11 ASSESSMENTS: LINKING ECOLOGY TO POLICY University I.13 ADAPTATION Chad Monfreda, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Julien Lartigue, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Wisconsin–Madison Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric VII.7 AGRICULTURE, LAND USE, AND THE Administration TRANSFORMATION OF PLANET EARTH III.9 ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY AND CARBON FLOWS: PATTERNS ACROSS ECOSYSTEMS Paul R. Moorcroft, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University

M. A. Leibold, Section of Integrative Biology, IV.4 BIODIVERSITY PATTERNS IN MANAGED University of Texas AND NATURAL LANDSCAPES III.8 SPATIAL AND METACOMMUNITY DYNAMICS IN BIODIVERSITY Rebecca J. Morris, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford Ricardo M. Letelier, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric II.10 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PLANTS AND HERBIVORES Sciences, Oregon State University IV.9 SEASCAPE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY: HABITAT William F. Morris, Department of Biology, STRUCTURE, BIODIVERSITY, AND ECOSYSTEM Duke University FUNCTION I.10 LIFE HISTORY Danny Lewis, Department of Entomology, William Murdoch, Department of Ecology, Evolution, University of Maryland and Marine Biology, University of California, II.7 PREDATOR–PREY INTERACTIONS Santa Barbara IV.9 SEASCAPE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY: HABITAT VII.1 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: THEORY AND PRACTICE STRUCTURE, BIODIVERSITY, AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION Shahid Naeem, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University David B. Lindenmayer, Center for Resource and VI.2 BIODIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING, AND Environmental Studies, Australian National University ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IV.2 LANDSCAPE PATTERN AND BIODIVERSITY Jon Norberg, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm Nicolas Loeuille, Universite´ Paris 6 University (Laboratory of Ecology) VI.3 BEYOND BIODIVERSITY: OTHER ASPECTS OF III.19 EVOLUTION OF COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION Copyrighted Material xii Contributors

Patrik Nosil, Department of Zoology, University of British Mark Rees, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Columbia University of Sheffield I.18 ECOLOGICAL SPECIATION: NATURAL SELECTION II.1 AGE-STRUCTURED AND STAGE-STRUCTURED AND THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES POPULATION DYNAMICS Sarah H. Olsen, Center for Sustainability and the Global David C. Richardson, Marine-Estuarine-Environmental Environment, University of Wisconsin–Madison Sciences Program, University of Maryland VII.6 MANAGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES VI.8 PROVISIONING SERVICES: A FOCUS ON FRESH WATER Megan O’Rourke, Department of Ecology Jon Paul Rodrı´guez, Center for Ecology, Venezuelan Institute and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University for Scientific Investigations (Instituto Venezolano de VI.4 HUMAN-DOMINATED SYSTEMS: AGROECOSYSTEMS Investigaciones Cientı´ficas - IVIC) VI.13 CONSERVATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Elinor Ostrom, Department of Political Science, Indiana University Howard Rundle, Department of Biology, University of VII.10 GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONS Ottawa I.18 ECOLOGICAL SPECIATION: NATURAL SELECTION AND Guayana I. Pa´ez-Acosta, Department of Global Ecology, THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES Carnegie Institution for Science VI.5 FORESTS Osvaldo E. Sala, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Environmental Studies, and Margaret A. Palmer, Department of Entomology, Environmental Change Initiative, Brown University University of Maryland VI.6 GRASSLANDS VI.8 PROVISIONING SERVICES: A FOCUS ON FRESH WATER Marten Scheffer, Aquatic Ecology and Water Management Jonathan A. Patz, Center for Sustainability and the Global Group, Wageningen University Environment and Department of Population Health Sciences, III.17 ALTERNATIVE STABLE STATES AND REGIME SHIFTS IN University of Wisconsin–Madison ECOSYSTEMS VII.6 MANAGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES VII.7 AGRICULTURE, LAND USE, AND THE D. W. Schindler, Department of Ecology, University of TRANSFORMATION OF PLANET EARTH Alberta VII.5 MANAGING NUTRIENT MOBILIZATION AND Daniel Pauly, Fisheries Center, Aquatic Ecosystems Research EUTROPHICATION Laboratory, University of British Columbia IV.10 SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF MARINE FISHERIES Oswald J. Schmitz, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University Oliver R. W. Pergams, Department of Biological Sciences, III.5 INDIRECT EFFECTS IN COMMUNITIES AND University of Illinois at Chicago ECOSYSTEMS: THE ROLE OF TROPHIC AND VI.10 SUPPORT SERVICES: A FOCUS ON NONTROPHIC INTERACTIONS GENETIC DIVERSITY Thomas W. Schoener, Section of Evolution and Ecology, Nicolas Perrin, Department of Ecology and Evolution, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, University of Lausanne Davis I.6 DISPERSAL I.1 ECOLOGICAL NICHE Charles Perrings, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State R. J. Scholes, CSIR Division of Water, Environment, and University Forest Technology, South Africa VI.11 THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES VI.1 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: ISSUES OF SCALE AND TRADE­ Debra P. C. Peters, USDA–Agricultural Research Service, OFFS Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University Anthony R. E. Sinclair, Department of Zoology, University IV.5 BOUNDARY DYNAMICS IN LANDSCAPES of British Columbia This research was supported by National Science Foundation support VII.3 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT to the Sevilleta Long-term Ecological Research Program at the University of New Mexico (DEB 0620482). Navjot S. Sodhi, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore David W. Pfennig, Department of Biology, V.1 CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF SPECIES EXTINCTIONS University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill I.14 PHENOTYPIC SELECTION Luis A. Solo´rzano, Andes-Amazon Initiative, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Alison G. Power, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary VI.5 FORESTS Biology, Cornell University VI.4 HUMAN-DOMINATED SYSTEMS: AGROECOSYSTEMS Judy Stamps, Section of Evolution and Ecology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis Robert L. Pressey, School of Biological Sciences, University of I.5 HABITAT SELECTION Queensland V.4 BUILDING AND IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMS OF R. W. Sterner, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and CONSERVATION AREAS Behavior, University of Minnesota III.15 ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY Navin Ramankutty, Department of Geography and Earth System Science Program, McGill University Stephanie A. Stuart, Department of Integrative Biology, VII.7 AGRICULTURE, LAND USE, AND THE University of California, Berkeley TRANSFORMATION OF PLANET EARTH I.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY: PLANTS Copyrighted Material

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John N. Thompson, Department of Ecology and Martin Wikelski, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz Biology, Princeton University II.13 COEVOLUTION I.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY: ANIMALS David Tilman, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Andy Wilby, Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster Behavior, University of Minnesota University II.5 COMPETITION AND COEXISTENCE IN PLANT III.14 BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING COMMUNITIES David S. Wilcove, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary David J. Tongway, Fenner School of Environment and Biology, Princeton University Society, Australian National University V CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IV.1 LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS F. I. Woodward, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Joseph Travis, Department of Biological Science, Florida University of Sheffield State University IV.7 BIOSPHERE–ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS IN I.9 PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY LANDSCAPES Will R. Turner, Center for Applied Diversity Science, Jianguo Wu, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University Conservation International IV.3 ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS IN FRAGMENTED V.4 BUILDING AND IMPLEMENTING SYSTEMS OF LANDSCAPES CONSERVATION AREAS Anastasios Xepapadeas, Economics Department, University Peter M. Vitousek, Department of Biological Sciences, of Crete Stanford University VII.9 ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS: PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMIC III.10 NUTRIENT CYCLING AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY POLICY DESIGN FOR ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT Brian Walker, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems Erika Zavaleta, Environmental Studies Department, IV LANDSCAPES AND THE BIOSPHERE University of California, Santa Cruz Reg Watson, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia III.18 RESPONSES OF COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS TO IV.10 SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF MARINE FISHERIES GLOBAL CHANGES