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Reinventing Business Through Disruptive REINVENTING BUSINESS THROUGH DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Sector Trends and Investment Opportunities for Firms in Emerging Markets FURTHER READING Additional reports about the role of technology in emerging markets, as well as a list of EM Compass Notes published by IFC Thought Leadership: ifc.org/thoughtleadership Blockchain: Opportunities for Private Enterprises in Emerging Markets | January 2019 How Technology Creates Markets – Trends and Examples for Private Investors in Emerging Markets | April 2018 See pages 106–108 for more details. About IFC IFC—a sister organization of the World Bank and member of the World Bank Group—is the largest global development institution focused on the private sector in emerging markets. We work with more than 2,000 businesses worldwide, using our capital, expertise, and influence to create markets and opportunities in the toughest areas of the world. In fiscal year 2018, we delivered more than $23 billion in long-term financing for developing countries, leveraging the power of the private sector to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity. For more information, visit www.ifc.org. © International Finance Corporation 2019. All rights reserved. 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 www.ifc.org The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. IFC does not guarantee the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the content included in this work, or for the conclusions or judgments described herein, and accepts no responsibility or liability for any omissions or errors (including, without limitation, typographical errors and technical errors) in the content whatsoever or for reliance thereon. The findings, interpretations, views, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Finance Corporation or of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) or the governments they represent. REINVENTING BUSINESS THROUGH DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Sector Trends and Investment Opportunities for Firms in Emerging Markets ABOUT THE AUTHORS SIMON ANDREWS, Chief Investment Officer, Telecom, Media, JENNIFER KELLER, Lead Economist, Global Practice Macro, Technology, Venture Capital and Funds, IFC (Chapters 6, 10) Trade and Investment, World Bank, currently on assignment to Thought Leadership, Economics and Private Sector SETH AYERS, Senior Program Officer, Digital Development – Development, IFC (Chapters 1, 8) Identification for Development (ID4D), World Bank (Chapter 16) REBECCA ANN MENES, Global Marketing Lead, EDGE, TONCI BAKOVIC, Chief Energy Specialist, Global Energy, Global Climate Strategy & Business Development, Climate Business, Infrastructure & Natural Resources, IFC (Chapter 3) Economics and Private Sector Development, IFC (Chapter 12) ARIANA BATORI, Investment Officer, Telecom, Media & GENE MOSES, Operations Officer, Agri & Forestry - Global Technology, Telecom, Media, Technology, Venture Capital and MAS, Manufacturing, Agribusiness & Services, IFC (Chapter 8) Funds, IFC (Chapter 6) GORDON MYERS, Chief Counsel, Legal, Compliance Risk & MARGARETE BIALLAS, Senior Operations Officer and Digital Environmental, Social and Governance Sustainability, IFC Financial Services Specialist, Digital Finance – Advisory (Chapter 2) Services, Financial Institutions Group, IFC (Chapter 13) JULIANA GUAQUETA OSPINA, Industry Specialist, Global MATTHEW GABRIEL BROWN, Consultant, Microfinance, MAS - Health & Education, Manufacturing, Agribusiness & Financial Institutions Group, IFC (Chapter 13) Services, IFC (Chapter 9) GEORGE BUTLER, Principal Water & Sanitation Specialist, SEAN PETERSEN, Principal Investment Officer, Venture Municipal & Environmental Infrastructure, Global Investing, Telecom, Media, Technology, Venture Capital and Infrastructure & Natural Resources, IFC (Chapter 5) Funds, IFC (Chapter 9) SHRUTI CHANDRASEKHAR, Senior Investment Officer, EMMANUEL POULIQUEN, Principal Industry Specialist, Private Equity Funds, Telecom, Media, Technology, Venture Manufacturing - Global MAS, Manufacturing, Agribusiness & Capital and Funds, IFC (Chapter 15) Services, IFC (Chapter 7) JULIA CLARK, Operations Officer, Digital Development – ALEXA ROSCOE, Digital Economy Lead, Gender Secretariat, Identification for Development (ID4D), World Bank (Chapter 16) Economics and Private Sector Development, IFC (Chapter 11) VYJAYANTI DESAI, Program Manager, Digital Development – FRIEDEMANN ROY, Senior Housing Finance Specialist, Identification for Development (ID4D), World Bank (Chapter 16) Housing Finance Advisory Services, Financial Institutions JULIA HECKMANN, Research Analyst, Global Energy, Global Group, IFC (Chapter 14) Infrastructure & Natural Resources, IFC (Chapter 3) SABINE SCHLORKE, Manager, Manufacturing - Global MAS, ANUP JAGWANI, Principal Investment Officer, Agri & Manufacturing, Agribusiness & Services, IFC (Chapter 7) Forestry – Global MAS, Manufacturing, Agribusiness & KAI MARTIN SCHMITZ, Principal Investment Officer, FinTech, Services, IFC (Chapter 8) Financial Institutions Group, IFC (Chapter 10) HASSAN KALEEM, Senior Economist, Sector Economics DAVIDE STRUSANI, Principal Economist – Telecom, Media, and Development Impact, Economics and Private Sector Technology, Venture Capital and Funds, Sector Economics Development, IFC (Chapter 7) and Development Impact, IFC (Chapter 1) SALAH-EDDINE KANDRI, Global Lead Education, Global IAN TWINN, Manager, Transport, Global Infrastructure and MAS – Health & Education, Manufacturing, Agribusiness & Natural Resources, IFC (Chapter 4) Services, IFC (Chapter 9) PRIYANKA VERMA, Consultant, Sector Economics and PRASHANT KAPOOR, Chief Industry Specialist, Climate Development Impact, Economics and Private Sector Strategy & Business Development, Climate Business, Development, IFC (Chapter 1) Economics and Private Sector Development, IFC (Chapter 12) SRIJAN KAUSHIK, Associate Operations Officer, Advisory Services South Asia, Financial Institutions Group, IFC (Chapter 14) CONTENT ADVISORS Economics and Private Sector Development | Neil Gregory, Jennifer Keller, Thomas Rehermann, Philip Schellekens, Davide Strusani Telecom, Media, Technology, Venture Capital and Funds | Atul Mehta, Simon Andrews Trade & Competitiveness | Klaus Tilmes Partnerships, Communications and Outreach | Tom Kerr, Emmanouela Markoglou, Nadine Shamounki Ghannam PROJECT AND CONTENT TEAM Project Manager | Thomas Rehermann Editors | Matt Benjamin, Ann Bishop Research Assistants | Jung Ryun Byun, Prajakta Diwan, Telmen Erdenebileg, Kevin Matthees Composition and Design | Rikki Campbell Ogden CONTENTS 8 | FOREWORD 0 1 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 14 | CHAPTER 1: Disruptive Technology is Transforming Society and Economies 25 | CHAPTER 2: Creating an Enabling Environment for Disruption REINVENTING BUSINESS IN SELECTED SECTORS THROUGH DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES 28 | CHAPTER 3: Disruptions in Power 35 | CHAPTER 4: Innovations in Transport 42 | CHAPTER 5: Disruptions in the Water and Sanitation Sector 47 | CHAPTER 6: Digital Infrastructure 53 | CHAPTER 7: Leveraging Disruptive Technologies in Manufacturing 59 | CHAPTER 8: Disruptive Innovation in Agribusiness 63 | CHAPTER 9: How EdTech Can Disrupt Business Models in Emerging Markets 68 | CHAPTER 10: FinTech as Disruptive Technology in Emerging Markets REINVENTING BUSINESS IN SELECTED THEMES THROUGH DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES 76 | CHAPTER 11: Disrupting the Gender Gap: How Technology Can Create Opportunities for Women 80 | CHAPTER 12: A Technology-first Approach to Climate-smart Cities 83 | CHAPTER 13: Leveraging Technology to Disrupt the Microfinance Industry 88 | CHAPTER 14: Disruptive Technologies Expand Housing Finance in Emerging Markets 92 | CHAPTER 15: E-Logistics: The Click of a Button Can Change How Goods are Transported 95 | CHAPTER 16: Digital Identification for Development Creates New Business Models for Private Enterprises in Emerging Markets 100 | REFERENCES 106 | FURTHER READING Figures, Tables, and Boxes FIGURE 1.1 Examples of Disruptive Technologies and Their Applications 16 FIGURE 1.2 Median Divergence in Intensity of Use of Technologies, Western vs Non-Western Economies 17 FIGURE 3.1 From Centralized to Distributed Power 29 FIGURE 5.1 Basic Drinking Water Service is Lacking in Emerging Markets – Percentages of Populations Not Using at Least Basic Drinking Water Services in 2015 42 FIGURE 5.2 Annual Investments Required from 2015 to 2030 to Achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 (forecasted investments, and the investment gap – $ billions p.a., constant prices) 43 FIGURE 5.3 Sanitation Services are Lacking in Emerging Markets – Percentages of Populations Not Using Sanitation Services in 2015 45 FIGURE 6.1 Components of Digital Infrastructure 48 FIGURE 7.1 Manufacturing Shapes and is Shaped by Technology 53 FIGURE 7.2 Manufacturing Contributes to Economic Complexity 54 FIGURE 7.3 Most of the Markets IFC Targets Have a Simple, Non-Diversified Manufacturing Base, and Thus a Low Rating on the Economic Complexity Index 55 FIGURE 13.1 Technologies Disrupting Microfinance 83 FIGURE 13.2 Financial Services Disaggregation 84 FIGURE 14.1 Typical Areas of Technology and Data Analytics Applied to Support Underwriting and Servicing Processes in Mortgage Lending in Emerging Markets 90 FIGURE 16.1 Identification in Sub-Saharan Africa 95 FIGURE 16.2 Individuals without an ID 96 FIGURE 16.3 Principles on Identification for Sustainable
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