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Sana on Government Sanaon government Sanaon government Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) Bibliografia: Uchwała Rady Naczelnej PPS o przejściu do polityki opozycji – 20 XII 1926 r., [w:] , Historia w tekstach źródłowych, t. 3, red. K. Juszczyk, T. Maresz, wybór , Rzeszów 1996, s. 105. List profesorów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w sprawie aresztowania 9 i 22 listopada posłów oraz osadzenia ich w twierdzy w Brześciu nad Bugiem – 1931, [w:] , Historia w tekstach źródłowych, t. 3, red. K. Juszczyk, T. Maresz, wybór , Rzeszów 1996, s. 109. Mały dziennik, 1935, [w:] , Absurdy Polski międzywojennej. Zebrał, opracował i wstępem opatrzył Marek S. Fog, red. , wybór , Poznań 2008, s. 450. Sanaon government Members of the first government of Józef Piłsudski aer swearing-in on October 2nd, 1926. Source: Członkowie pierwszego rządu Józefa Piłsudskiego po zaprzysiężeniu 2 października 1926., domena publiczna. Link to the lesson You will learn to characterize the features of the Sanation government; to describe the reactions in response to the death of Piłsudski and the further fate of his fraction; to recognizee the differences between parliamentary democracy and authoritarian government. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie audio. Piłsudski decided to unite his supporters and, in January 1928, he created Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR – Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem). In the first election following the creation of the BBWR (March 1928), the block received much fewer votes than the supporters of Piłsudski had expected. Leaders of the opposition were arrested during the campaign to the new Sejm in September 1930. The politicians were imprisoned in the Brest Fortress, and brought to trial after the election. They were sentenced for 1.5 to 3 years. Some of the opposition leaders were forced to emigrate. The arrested and imprisoned politicians were treated in a humiliating way. The November election, as a result of the situation, were called Brest election. BBWR received in the selection 56% of places in the Sejm and almost 68% in the Senate. However, the results were not due to the social support, but to election fraud. Another symbol of the modus operandi of the Sanation in the 1930s, discouraging from opposing the government, was the establishment of the Bereza Kartuska detention camp. Józef Piłsudski died on May 12th, 1935. After his death, president Mościcki took over control over the government and tried to oversee economic transformation. Józef Beck was almost given independence in shaping the foreign policy. Edward Rydz‐Śmigły was appointed the General Inspector of the Armed Forces, and Marshal in November 1936. Task 1 Decide whether the text refers to PPS joining the opposion? If so, specify the fragment tesfying to it. Uchwała Rady Naczelnej PPS o przejściu do polityki “ opozycji – 20 XII 1926 r. Rada Naczelna stwierdza, iż opozycja PPS zdąża nie do obalenia premiera Marszałka Piłsudskiego, lecz do rekonstrukcji jego gabinetu przez usunięcie zeń żywiołów monarchistycznych i reakcyjnych, do zmiany kierunku polityki gospodarczej w myśl żądań klasy pracującej i do zmiany polityki wewnętrznej w szczególności wobec mniejszości narodowej. […] Rada Naczelna stwierdza, że próby odrodzenia reakcji narodowo-demokratycznej w formach już wyraźnie faszystowskich skłonić muszą klasę robotniczą do porozumienia tym ściślejszego ze stronnictwami demokracji włościańskiej i miejskiej. Source: Uchwała Rady Naczelnej PPS o przejściu do polityki opozycji – 20 XII 1926 r., [w:] Historia w tekstach źródłowych, t. 3, red. K. Juszczyk, T. Maresz, Rzeszów 1996, s. 105. Task 2 On the basis of the following excerpt, evaluate the methods used against the opposion. In your opinion, what could have been the reacon to them? List profesorów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w “ sprawie aresztowania 9 i 22 listopada posłów oraz osadzenia ich w twierdzy w Brześciu nad Bugiem – 1931 1. Więźniowie ci, byli ministrowie Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, posłowie na Sejm Polski (wśród nich mężowie, odznaczeni najwyższymi orderami cywilnymi i wojskowymi) byli bez wyjątku zmuszani do wykonywania prac poniżających. W szczególności zmuszano ich najbrutalniejszymi środkami moralnymi i fizycznymi do czyszczenia podłóg, w celach, biurach i korytarzach więziennych […]. 2. Więźniowie byli głodzeni przez dwa miesiące, otrzymując po ćwierć bochenka chleba dziennie, tudzież bydlęcą strawę w postaci zup ze zgniłej kapusty, niepłukanej marchwi, ziemniaków i pastewnych buraków […]. 3. Oprócz tych najsroższych kar dyscyplinarnych znęcano się nad więźniami fizycznie. Ludziom starszym i wyczerpanym nie pozwalano w ciągu dnia nie tylko położyć się lub usiąść na tapczanie, ale nawet oprzeć się o tapczan, gdy siadali na zydlach więziennych. Niejednokrotnie w ciągu nocy więźniów budzono i pod pozorem rewizji wyprowadzano ich do ciemnych i zimnych cel, tam rozebranych do naga stawiano twarzami do ściany, gdy równocześnie z pobliża dochodziły jęki i rozlegały się strzały. Ponad to wszystko niektórzy więźniowie byli bici, a mianowicie policzkowani, bici pięściami celem doraźnego skarcenia, a w niektórych wypadkach wręcz katowani według specjalnych metod. Source: List profesorów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w sprawie aresztowania 9 i 22 listopada posłów oraz osadzenia ich w twierdzy w Brześciu nad Bugiem – 1931, [w:] Historia w tekstach źródłowych, t. 3, red. K. Juszczyk, T. Maresz, Rzeszów 1996, s. 109. Task 3 Analyze the press report of that me. What phenomenon it describes? To what tesfies the fact of prinng it? “ Mały dziennik, 1935 Dzień wczorajszego głosowania do Sejmu poprzedziły w całym kraju masowe rewizje i aresztowania działaczy stronnictw opozycyjnych, zwłaszcza zas Stronnictwa Narodowego i (...). Również po wsiach zdarzały się aresztowania, zwłaszcza wśród ludowców. Fala rewizji i aresztowań nie ominęła też działaczy socjalistycznych spod znaku PPS. Source: Mały dziennik, 1935, [w:] Absurdy Polski międzywojennej. Zebrał, opracował i wstępem opatrzył Marek S. Fog, Poznań 2008, s. 450. Task 4 Look for informaon about the testament of Józef Piłsudski in the Internet. Then explain the meaning of the tomb inscripon. Mausoleum Mother and Son’s Heart – Rasos Cemetery, Vilnius Source: Albertus teolog, Mauzoleum Matka i Serce Syna - Cmentarz Na Rossie w Wilnie, 2010, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0. Task 5 Listen to the broadcast. See how Hitler reacted to the death of Józef Piłsudski. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie lektorskie The death of Józef Piłsudski brought an end to a certain era in our history. Both the Poles and the representaves of other naons were well-aware of that. Aer the death of the Marshal, the press all around the world wrote about it. More or less official mourning ceremonies commemorang him were organized in many countries. [...] The Berlin ceremony was the most remembered by the Poles. According to a very vivid myth, on 13 May Adolf Hitler was supposed to declare a three-day naonal mourning to be observed in the enre Germany. This is, however, not factual informaon, but just manipulaon. Hitler did not do such thing. He simply issued a morning order applicable to death of any head of state. This was a gesture towards the Poles as officially Piłsudski had only the posion of the Defence Minister and the General Inspector of the Armed Forces. But this has nothing in common with the naonal mourning. The enre “morning” in this case was limited to Generals carry the coffin to the St. Leonard’s Crypt. flying the flags on government buildings at Edward Śmigły-Rydz and Kazimierz Sosnkowski at half-staff on May 13th and 18 (date of the the front Source: Generałowie znoszą trumnę do krypty św. funeral in Cracow). Germany mourned the Leonarda., 1935, domena publiczna. deaths of other world and European leaders in a similar way. The same happened in France, but nobody seems to remember it today. [...] However, it is true that Hitler, joined by some other Nazi officials, parcipated in the service at the St. Hedwig's Cathedral. A very interesng descripon was wrien by the American ambassador in Berlin, William E. Dodd, in his diary. Under May 18th, he wrote: “I went to the Catholic Cathedral near the old Kaiser’s Palace to aend the service in honor of Piłsudski, who was being buried in Cracow, Poland, at the same me. The church was crowded. Hitler took the seat of honor on the right of the altar. Von Neurath, Goebbels and generals of the Reichswehr were seated in the first row behind Hitler, whose disnguished posion in a chair with an altar just in front of him looked suggesve.” Three days later, at the opening of the Reichstag session, they also paid tribute to Piłsudski. Task 6 Edward Rydz-Śmigły was appointed the Marshal of Poland in 1936. The press hailed it as “tarnishing the sancty”. Why would they use such an expression? Exercise 1 Put the following events in chronological order: “Brest elections” Founding BBWR Establishing the camp in Bereza Kartuska Death of Józef Piłsudski Founding the Camp of Great Poland Passing the April Constitution “May Coup” Exercise 2 Front Morges is A communist organization aiming at starting a revolution in the Second Polish Republic. An alliance founded by the representatives of opposition for the Sanation regime on emigration. A pro-sanation organization established after the death of Piłsudski. Exercise 3 Witch of the selected features correspond with democrac state, which with an authoritarian one, and which with a totalitarian one. Match them accordingly. Which could be observed in the Sanaon Poland. Convince those who
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