Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Bledsoe, John T, photographer. Little Rock, 1959. Rally at state capitol. 20 Aug. 1959. Retrieved ​ ​ from the Library of Congress, .

This is a picture of a rally that took place during the Civil Rights movement. This picture helped my project because it helped show what was going on during the Civil Rights movement, which the Lovings and their case were a part of.

“Celebrate.” Celebrate | Loving Day, www.lovingday.org/celebrate.; “About Loving Day.” ​ ​ About Loving Day | Loving Day, www.lovingday.org/about. ​

This website gave a good picture of the volunteers for Loving Day. It will go on to the slider image part of the website on the “Lovings’ Legacy” page. This picture was taken after a CBS news report on Loving Day. This site is reliable because it came from the official Loving Day website. This source also gave a picture to put on the Lovings’ Legacy page on our website. The picture is of people celebrating Loving Day. This picture is important because it shows that no matter what color, people can still get along with each other. This source is reliable because it is from the Loving Day official website.

Cohen, Bernard. Interview by Michele Norris. All Things Considered: The Loving Decision 40 ​ Years of Legal Interracial Unions: NPR, 11 June 2007. ​ https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10889047

This is a news segment by NPR. I used part of an interview that was included in this news segment. This helped the project because it provided Bernard Cohen speaking about how the Lovings reacted to hearing that their case would likely go to the Supreme Court of the .

“The Crime of Being Married, Life Magazine, 18 March 1966,” Document Bank of , ​ ​ accessed May 20, 2020, https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/dbva/items/show/171.

This is a newspaper article that was published during the Loving v. Virginia case. I used the article that was provided on this page. This helped the project because it provided information that was written about the case while it was happening.

Lawrence, Wayne, photographer. Halil Balinci kisses the hand of his bride, Jade Calliste-Edgar, ​ after their wedding on October 6, 2017. 6 Oct. 2017. National Geographic. ​ ​ ​ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/04/interracial-marriage-race-ethnici ty-newlyweds/

This is a picture of an interracial couple who were married 50 years after the Loving v. Virginia case. This picture helped my project by giving an example of an interracial couple today to illustrate that newly married people are happy to be with each other regardless of their race.

Leffler, Warren K, photographer. Civil rights march on Washington, D.C. / WKL. 28 Aug. 1963. ​ ​ Retrieved from the Library of Congress, .

This is a picture of a civil rights march in Washington D.C. that took place during the Civil Rights movement. This picture helped my project because it helped show what was going on during the Civil Rights movement, which the Lovings and their case were a part of.

Loving v. Virginia, 388 U. S. 1 (1967) ​ ​ ​

This is the Loving vs. Virginia case itself. I used some of the oral arguments from the case. This argument was useful to the project because it provided first-hand opinions from the Lovings’ lawyers as well as the lawyers that were against the Lovings and the U.S. Supreme Court Judges.

Miller, Francis, photographer. The Lovings celebrate Supreme Court victory. 12 June 1967. ​ ​ Retrieved from Encyclopedia Virginia. https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/media_player?mets_filename=evm00001028mets. xml

This is a picture of the Lovings celebrating their victory. This was helpful to my project because it showed the pure joy and sense of relief that the Lovings experienced after winning a long battle.

“ Laws.” Sharetngov, ​ ​ sharetngov.tnsosfiles.com/tsla/exhibits/blackhistory/pdfs/Miscegenation%20laws.pdf.

This is a pdf that tells the dates of when each state with a history of anti-miscegenation laws repealed those laws. It also tells of how certain terms used to represent different “degrees of blackness” and features a newspaper article from 1963 about civil rights and from North Carolina. This document was helpful because it gave me a long and significant list of the states and when they repealed their anti-miscegenation laws.

Mom, et al. “Loving Day Celebration, NYC.” Girl Gone Travel, 3 June 2014, ​ ​ girlgonetravel.com/2009/06/08/loving-day-celebration-nyc/.

This website gave me a picture of a Loving Day celebration in June of 2009. The picture showed a lot of detail about what goes on at an average Loving Day celebration. There is

a lot of food and people of different races together, getting along. This website is a blog post from a person that went to a Loving Day celebration and provided pictures.

Sherman, Mark and Karen. Personal Interview. 8 February 2020.

This was a personal interview of Mark and Karen Sherman, an interracial couple. I used some pieces of this interview on the website. This was useful to the project because it provided first-hand examples and experiences of an interracial couple from today.

Sherman, Mark, photographer. Mark and Karen Sherman with their son, Nathan. 12 Aug. 2019. ​ ​ Courtesy of Mark and Karen Sherman.

This was a picture that was sent to me by Mark and Karen Sherman, an interracial couple. I used this picture to put beside the pieces of their interview. This was useful to the project because it put faces to the names of the people that shared their experiences in the interview.

U.S. Constitution. Amend. XIV, Sec. 1. ​

I used this portion of the U.S. Constitution to clarify the basis of the trial because the Lovings argued that the state of Virginia violated this section in arresting Mildred and Richard. The Loving v. Virginia case proved that the state of Virginia violated this section of the U.S. Constitution.

“U.S. Reports: Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).” The Library of Congress, ​ ​ https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep388001/.

This document was original documentation of the court’s opinion during the Lovings’ trial with the U.S. Supreme Court. It helped our project because it provided opinions from the court. This document also provided me with the Lovings’ charges. It referenced many other cases that were important to the Civil Rights Movement. It also showed the part of the Code of Virginia that the Lovings violated and the part of the U.S. Constitution that the state of Virginia violated.

Va. Code Ann. § 20-58 and § 20-59 1950

This is a part of the Code of Virginia, 1950. The Lovings violated this part of the Code of Virginia when they came back to Virginia and lived there as a married couple. This part of the Code of Virginia was found to be unconstitutional.

Villet, Grey, photographer. Mildred and Richard Loving, King and Queen County, Virginia in ​ April 1965; Mildred and Richard Loving laughing and watching television in their living room, King and Queen County, Virginia, April 1965; and The Lovings meet with ​ ​ their attorneys, 1965. Retrieved from Monroe Gallery. ​ http://www.monroegallery.com/photographers/detail/id/1437

This is a collection of four pictures of Mildred and Richard Loving. The first photograph of Mildred and Richard smiling and looking at each other will go on our homepage. This photograph helps the project because it introduces Mildred and Richard Loving’s faces. The photograph of Mildred and Richard Loving laughing together helps the project because it shows that Richard and Mildred Loving were truly happy to be together regardless of the circumstances they were in. The photograph of the Lovings meeting with their lawyers, Bernard Cohen and Philip Kirschkop helps the project because it shows two of the people who helped the Lovings in their fight.

Villet, Grey, photographer. Peggy, Sidney, and Donald Loving playing, King and Queen County, ​ Virginia], April 1965. © Estate of Grey Villet. April 1965. Retrieved from the ​ International Center of Photography. https://www.icp.org/exhibitions/the-loving-story-photographs-by-grey-villet

This is a photograph of the Lovings’ children, Peggy, Sidney, and Donald. This picture helps the project because it shows the Lovings’ children, which were a very important part of their life and relationship.

Secondary Sources

Abbott, Geoffrey. “Lynching.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 13 ​ ​ Aug. 2019, www.britannica.com/topic/lynching.

This is a dictionary website that gave me an explanation and better understanding of that lynching is. I was able to use this information in my website article, which will forward that understanding to the readers, being that the history of lynching is significant when researching this topic.

Aclu. “Loving.” American Civil Liberties Union, American Civil Liberties Union, 14 ​ ​ June 2013, www.aclu.org/issues/racial-justice/loving.

This is a university website that holds many facts. For example, Mildred Loving’s maiden name was Jeter, Richard was her “childhood sweetheart,” they were married in Washington D.C., and there is a film called Loving that tells their story. This source ​ ​ helped my project because I was able to use Mildred’s maiden name and the fact that Richard was her childhood sweetheart in my article.

Alko, Selina, and Sean Qualls. The Case for Loving: the Fight for Interracial Marriage. ​ ​ Arthur A. Levine Books, an Imprint of Scholastic Inc., 2015.

This book gave a detailed look into their personal lives and the dates of when those events happen. This source helped my project by giving more information about their personal lives.

“Anti-Miscegenation Laws in the United States.” Scholarship.law.dke.edu, ​ ​ scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1544&context=dlj

This is a pdf/document that showcases and explains the combinations of races that were able to marry, the states anti-miscegenation laws were in, and how much of a certain race one was, which determined if they could marry whites or not. This source has helped my project because so far, it has given us much detail on the extent of anti-miscegenation laws during the time of Loving v. Virginia, which helps to tell the story from another ​ ​ perspective. I used the information on interracial marriage being null and or void from this document in my website article.

City of Dubuque. “A Timeline of Iowa's Civil Rights History.” Cityofdubuque.org, ​ ​ www.cityofdubuque.org/DocumentCenter/View/1178/History-of-Iowa-Civil-Rights.

This is a pdf document that displays a timeline, starting at 1838, that essentially gives much information on Iowa’s civil rights history, including race and gender equality throughout the years.This source has helped my project because it has given me a great timeline and many important, historic facts. I did not directly use it, but it is a crucial source because it gave all of us the first piece of information we needed to know of Loving v. Virginia and what we would do our project on.

“The end of laws banning interracial marriage.” Washingtonpost.com, 6 Oct. 2014, ​ ​ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/10/06/what-overturning-interraci al-marriage-bans-might-tell-us-about-what-happens-next-with-gay-marriage/, Accessed 19 Feb. 2020.

This is a map of the United States that shows when states ended laws banning interracial marriage. This chart was useful to the project because it gave a visual to go with the information about interracial laws.

Hinckley, Story. “Growing Acceptance of Interracial Marriage in the US.” Explore.proquest.com SIRS, Christian Science Monitor, 6 July 2017, ​ explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2262665485?searchid=1571335541 &accountid=65642.

This is a website that offers much information. For example, only 39% of Americans said that “interracial marriage was a good thing for society…” I was able to get a quote from this website which was spoken by Mildred Loving as well. This became a good primary quote on our website,“My generation was bitterly divided over something that should have been so clear and right… But I have lived long enough now to see big changes. The older generation’s fears and prejudices have given way, and today’s young people realize that if someone loves someone they have the right to marry… That’s what Loving, and loving, are all about.” - Mildred Loving, 2007. This source has helped my project because it offered me inside details when it cames to discrimination decades ago and in recent years.

“Interracial Relationships That Changed History.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, ​ ​ https://www.pbs.org/black-culture/explore/interracial-marriage-relationships/.

This website provided information about several interracial relationships throughout history. It showed that the Lovings were not the only relationship important to the history of interracial relationships. I used information about how people react to interracial relationships.

“Iowa Couples Share Experiences, 50 Years After Supreme Court Ruling on Interracial Marriage.” River to River from Iowa Public Radio, 31 May 2017, ​ ​ https://www.iowapublicradio.org/post/iowa-couples-share-experiences-50-years-after-sup reme-court-ruling-interracial-marriage#stream/0.

This is a program by Iowa Public Radio which includes interviews of interracial couples. This program I used a quote from one of the people involved in an interracial marriage that was interviewed. This quote was useful to my project because it showed that interracial couples are not concerned with each other’s races. The only thing they care about is their love for each other.

Livingston, Gretchen, and Anna Brown. “Intermarriage in the U.S. 50 Years After Loving v. Virginia.” Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project, 31 Dec. ​ ​ 2019, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/05/18/intermarriage-in-the-u-s-50-years-after-loving-v-vi rginia/.

This website provided useful research and statistics about interracial marriage throughout history. I used information about the number of interracial marriages in 1967 compared to more recently as well as what people thought about interracial marriage during both of these times. These statistics helped the project because they showed how opinions on interracial marriage are changing, and interracial marriages are becoming more common.

López, Alberto Lucas. “The Many Colors of Matrimony.” How Interracial Marriage Is ​ Increasing Across America, 12 Mar. 2018, ​ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/04/interracial-marriage-race-ethnici ty-newlyweds/.

This website provides experiences for interracial couples today. It also showed some statistics about interracial marriage today. I used information regarding what it is like to be in an interracial relationships now as opposed to during the time that the Lovings were arguing their case. This helped me to understand the impact that the Lovings’ relationship has on interracial marriage today.

“Loving v. Virginia.” Legal Information Institute, Legal Information Institute, ​ ​ https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/388/1.

This source gave me more information about Loving v. Virginia and the background behind it. This showed the process of what happened in court. There was no reason for this kind of behavior besides bias against black people. A trial judge stated, “Almighty God created the races white, black, yellow, Malay and red, and he placed them on separate continents. And, but for the interference with his arrangement, there would be no cause for such marriage. The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix.” This source gave me more information that I can use on the website to get more background on the trial.

History.com Editors. “Jim Crow Laws.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 28 Feb. 2018, ​ ​ www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws.

This is a website that tells all about the history of the Jim Crow system. I was able to use this source in my website article. The information it provided me was about the end of the Jim Crow laws and the Civil Rights Act, which was the official act that ended the discriminatory system.

Nussbaum, Martha. “Narratives of Hierarchy.” HeinOnline, ​ ​ heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fqlr17&div=21&id=&page=.

This is a document that essentially explains how the case of Loving v. Virginia came to be and the story that followed. I was able to gain general information on the situation, like the fact that the Lovings were charged immediately after they returned to their home was in Caroline County, Virginia. This helped my project because it gave me many quotes,one that came directly from the judge who was involved in the case and one that essentially described the ignorance of a judge who does not understand hierarchy.

Pilgrim, Davic. “What Was Jim Crow.” What Was Jim Crow - Jim Crow Museum - Ferris State ​ University, Ferris State University, Sept. 2000, www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm. ​ This is a website that comes from a few primary sources from the early to mid-1900s, which lists many of the old Jim Crow laws. I used much of this information in my article about anti-miscegenation and other discriminatory laws during the time of the Lovings. The source helped me with knowing the main laws that enforced disrcimination during that time period, and that information was used greatly.

Powell, Patricia Hruby, and Shadra Strickland. Loving vs. Virginia: a Documentary ​ Novel of the Landmark Civil Rights Case. Chronicle Books, 2017. ​

This book provided a useful timeline of both the Loving vs. Virginia case and other parts of the Civil Rights Movement that were important during the time of the case. It helped me understand the significance of the Loving vs. Virginia case to learn when it happened

in the course of the Civil Rights Movement. I used some of the parts from the timeline that was provided in this book.

Staff, Bio. “Richard Loving.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 1 July 2019, ​ ​ www.biography.com/activist/richard-loving.

This is a website that gives an overview of Richard Loving and his life. It provided me with facts about his heritage, work, day of death, and day of birth. Not only that, but it explained his involvement in the Loving v. Virginia case. This source helped my project because it gave my group more insight into who Richard was, him and his wife’s fight for equality, and what originally stopped them from having it in the first place.

Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. “50 Years After Loving v. Virginia.” The Times, The ​ ​ New York Times, 11 June 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/11/us/50-years-after-loving-v-virginia.html

This website focused on the legacy of Mildred and Richard Loving. Not only that, but it tells how 2017 was the 50th anniversary of the Loving v. Virginia case and displayed a few statistics about interracial marriage today, along with explaining the Loving v. Virginia case. This source helped my project because it offered me important quotes and other information on the Loving’s family today and how modern day has been affected by the Lovings and their case.

“Virginia Health Bulletin: The New Virginia Law To Preserve Racial Integrity, March 1924,” Document Bank of Virginia, accessed February 21, 2020, ​ https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/dbva/items/show/226.

This is a website that has documents explaining Virginia’s Racial Integrity Act in 1924. We used a document from the website. This helped the project because it shows how laws were spread before the Loving decision.

“What Does the Loving Story Mean to Us Now?” Youtube, uploaded by ACLU, 6 January ​ ​ 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RhRh_waqXE

This is a video about how the Lovings have historically impacted both interracial marriages and other issues, such as same-sex marriages. This video helped my project because it explains how what the Lovings accomplished still impacts people today. Simply because a couple wanted to be able to travel together to visit their family, so many other people were able to legally be married.

“What Is Loving Day?” What Is Loving Day? | Loving Day, ​ ​ www.lovingday.org/what-is-loving-day.

This source gave me information on what Loving Day is, and how it helped keep the Loving’s legacy alive. “Being of interracial, intercultural, and international heritage

himself, he was shocked that no one ever taught him about the case. He was also shocked to learn that no one else his age seemed to know about it either” (Loving Day 1). Loving Day is a day to celebrate not only the Loving’s, but all interracial marriage in any kind.