Application of geothermal energy and its environmental problems in Turkey Prof.Dr.Alper Baba Izmir Institute of Technology, Geothermal Energy Research and Application Center Izmir, TURKEY Email:[email protected] OUTLINE Geothermal energy Geothermal energy and its application in Turkey Geothermal and its effects on environment Results and discussions WHAT ıS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY? A clean, renewable and environmentally benign energy source based on the heat in the earth Used in 58 countries of the world. Known in over 80 Electricity generation 73.549 (GWh/year) in 24 countries Direct heating use 164,367.07 (GWh/year) in 82 countries APPLICATION OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES Geothermal resources have long been used for direct heat extraction for district urban heating, industrial processing, domestic water and space heating, leisure and balneotherapy applications. Geothermal fields of natural steam are rare, most being a mixture of steam and hot water requiring single or double flash systems to separate out the hot water, which can then be used in binary plants or for direct heating. Re-injection of the fluids maintains a constant pressure in the reservoir, hence increasing the field’s life and reducing concerns about environmental impacts APPLICATION OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES ıN TURKEY Human beings have been benefiting geothermal energy for different uses since the dawn of civilization in many parts of the world. Turkey is favored by a large number of thermal springs known since classical and even prehistoric times. One of the earliest use of geothermal energy as a means of heating was used extensively by Romans in Turkey. Ruins of old spa in Gulbahce (Urla) Hierapolis (Photo from Kader Reyhan) Ruins of old spa in Denizli Region Allianoi (photo from Hamamcioglu-Turan et.al., 2013) Aleksandrea Troia Region, NW Turkey Geothermal field in Seferihisar Region, Western Turkey Kırkgeçit ,NW Turkey Aleksandrea Troia Region, NW Turkey TUZLA (Ayvacık_near ASSOS) TURKEY Turkey is one of the most seismically active regions in the world. Its geological and tectonic evolution has been dominated by the repeated opening and closing of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic oceans. It is located within the Mediterranean Earthquake Belt, whose complex deformation results from the continental collision between the African and Eurasian plates. The border of these plates constitutes seismic belts marked by young volcanics and active faults, the latter allowing the circulation of water as well as heat. The distribution of hot springs in Turkey roughly parallels the distribution of the fault systems, young volcanism, and hydrothermally altered areas North Anatolian Fault East Anatolian Fault Horst Graben System GEOLOGıCALLY, TURKEY ıS COMPOSED OF AEGEAN AND ANATOLıAN PLATES WHıCH COVER THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL PARTS OF THE COUNTRY. GEOLOGıCAL MAP OF TURKEY Western Anatolia Centra l Anatoli a Anatolia Crust Cross Section (Biryol et al. 2011) WEST ANATOLIA CENTER ANATOLIA EAST ANATOLIA (Biryol et al. 2011; Sözbilir, 2015) İZMİR Uzel et al., 2015 More than 1000 hot spring can be seen in Turkey MTA, 1995, Şimşek, 1982, 2010 Map of Heat Flow in Turkey ERKAN, 2015; SÖZBİLİR, 2015 WESTERN ANATOLIA HEAT FLOW DATA (ERKAN, 2015) MENDERES MASSIFE- KULA Geothermal Resources in Turkey More than 1000 hot spring can be seen in Turkey. Temperatures ranging from 25°C to as high as 287 °C, fumaroles, and numerous other hydrothermal alteration zones. Göbekli-Manisa (182 0C High enthalpy resource in Turkey Alaşehir-Manisa (287 0C Çanakkale-Tuzla (173 0C) İzmir-Dikili-Bergama 150 İzmir-Seferihisar 153 0C) Aydın-Germencik 232 0C Aydin-Salvatlı 171 0C) Denizli-Kizildere 242 oC Nevşehir-Acıgöl Kütahya-Simav 162 0C Bitlis-Nemrut- Tendürek IMPORTANT GEOTHERMAL FIELDS IN TURKEY Geothermal Field (°C) Geothermal Field (°C) Manisa-Alaşehir-Köseali 287 Kütahya-Simav 162 Manisa Alaşehir X 265 Aydın-Umurlu 155 Manisa-Salihli-Caferbey 249 İzmir-Seferihisar 153 Denizli-Kızıldere 242 Denizli-Bölmekaya 147 Aydın-Germencik-Ömerbeyli 239 Aydın-Hıdırbeyli 146 Manisa-Alaşehir-Kurudere 214 İzmir-Dikili-Hanımınçiftliği 145 Manisa-Alaşehir-X 194 Aydın-Sultanhisar 145 Aydın-Yılmazköy 192 Aydın-Bozyurt 140 Aydın-Pamukören 188 Denizli-Karataş 137 Manisa-Alaşehir-Kavaklıdere 188 İzmir-Balçova 136 Manisa-Salihli-Göbekli 182 İzmir-Dikili-Kaynarca 130 Kütahya-Şaphane 181 Aydın-Nazilli-Güzelköy 127 Çanakkale-Tuzla 173 Aydın-Atça 124 Aydın-Salavatlı 171 Manisa-Salihli-Kurşunlu 117 Denizli-Tekkehamam 168 Denizli-Sarayköy-Gerali 114 GEOTHERMAL AROUND IZMİR CİTY Geothermal Energy Around Izmir City Sözbilir, 2015 DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AROUND IZMİR CİTY High Temperature Low Temperature Total wells: 63582m Temperature: 21°C-168°C Baba et al., 2015; GAP GEOTHERMAL ELECTRıCıTY INSTALLED CAPACıTY MWE (2015) 452 Aegean Sea Aegean Explanation Geothermal field Geothermal spring Fault City Center (Karakuş ve Şimşek 2012; Balaban et al., 2015) Dora-1, Karadas,2012 (Inanli and Atilla, 2011) Dora-2, Tufekcioglu ,2010 Bereket, Karadas,2012 (Simsek et al., 2005) Germencik, Wallace et al., 2009 Installed Operation Firm Field City capacity (MWe) Capacity (MWe) 15 15 Zorlu Kızıldere Denizli / Sarayköy 80 80 Bereket Enerji 6.85 6.85 47.4 47.4 22.5 Gürmat Elec. Ömerbeyli Aydın / Germencik 162.3 22.5 22.5 Hıdırbeyli 20 20 24 24 Maren Aydın / Germencik Bozköy 24 24 24 24 Çelikler Jeot. Pamukören Aydın / Kuyucak 61.72 45.02 Gümüşköy Jeot. Gümüşköy Aydın / Germencik 13.2 13.2 Türkerler Jeot. Alaşehir Manisa /Alaşehir 24 24 8 8 Menderes Geot. Salavatlı Aydın / Sultanhisar 9.5 9.5 34 34 Tuzla Jeot. Tuzla Çanakkale / Ayvacık 7.5 7.5 Jeoden Gerali Denizli-Sarayköy 2.52 2.52 Total 452.441 Baba et al., 2015; GAP GEOTHERMAL DıRECT USE ENERGY PRODUCTıON MWTH(2015) Direct Use Rates of Geothermal Energy (°C) Number of Geothermal Number of Geothermal Field Field (°C) housing housing Balıkesir-Gönen 80 3400 İzmir-Dikili 125 1160 Kütahya-Simav 120 7500 Nevşehir-Kozaklı 92 3000 Ankara-Kızılcahamam 80 2500 Ağrı-Diyadin 70 570 İzmir-Balçova- 125 35000 Manisa-Salihli 94 7292 Narlıdere Afyon-Sandıklı 70 6000 Denizli-Sarayköy 140 2200 Balıkesir- Kırşehir-Terme 57 1900 60 4881 Edremit Afyon-Ömer-Gecek 95 8000 Balıkesir-Bigadiç 96 1950 Balıkesir-Güre 65 650 Yozgat-Sorgun 80 1500 İzmir-Bergama 65 450 Balçova Geothermal Field, Izmir DISTRICT HEATING IN BALÇOVA, İZMİR HEATED PLACE. 33.445 Picture from Tolga Sayık Thermal Tourism Greenhouse • Currently, the country’s geothermal resources are primarily used for heating, which accounts for over % 90 of total direct use, 3rd Largest Greenhouse in World Dikili_600 hektar DIFFERENT APPLICATION Reduce the industrial waste (Copper) Powder material Salt production HYDROGEOCHEMIC AL PROPERTIES OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM IN WESTERN TURKEY (Baba and Sözbilir, 2012; Chemical Geology) ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS Surface disturbances Physical effects - fluid withdrawal Noise Thermal pollution Chemical pollution Protection Social and economic effects HEAVY METALS (Baba and Armansson, 2009; Energy Sources) Arsenik Boron SCALING AND CORROSıON Turkish geothermal operators claim to have virtually overcome the consequences of scaling and corrosion in both high and low temperature wells (Demir and Baba, 2013; Geothermic) SCALıNG Geothermal fluids encountered in Turkey can be classified chemically as %95 incrusting and two to three geothermal fields have highly corrosive geothermal fluids. In three of the 140 geothermal fields, geothermal fluid containing total dissolved solids (TDS) exceeds 5000 ppm. Turkish geothermal operators claim to have virtually overcome the consequences of scaling and corrosion in both high and low temperature wells, and scientific research. Result and Conclusion Turkey has many thermal springs known since classical and even prehistoric times. Geothermal energy has been extensively used for heating since Roman times. Volcanic and tectonic activity has given rise to over 1000 geothermal springs. Geothermal development in the last forty years has shown that it is not completely free of adverse impacts on the environment. The country’s installed heat capacity is 2886 MWth for direct use and 452 MWe for power generation. These impacts are causing an increasing concern to an extent that may now be limiting development All possible environmental effects should be clearly identified, and mitigation measures should be devised and adopted to avoid or minimize their impact. Thank you very much for your attention .