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79 Morfoanatomía Foliar De Alvaradoa Amorphoides

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79 Morfoanatomía Foliar De Alvaradoa Amorphoides ISSN 2395-9525 Núm. 40, pp. 79-98; México, 2015 DOI: 10.18387/polibotanica.40.5 MORFOANATOMÍA FOLIAR DE ALVARADOA AMORPHOIDES LIEBM. DEL ESTADO DE MORELOS, MÉXICO LEAF MORFOANATOMY OF ALVARADOA AMORPHOIDES LIEBM. IN MORELOS STATE, MÉXICO Ana Teresa Jaramillo-Pérez1, Alejandra Quintanar-Isaías1, María Eugenia Fraile- Ortega2, Angélica Martínez-Bernal2, y José David Sepúlveda-Sánchez3 1Laboratorio de Anatomía y Tecnología de la Madera, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Unidad Iztapalapa. 2Laboratorio de Biosistemática de Leguminosas, Departamento de Biología. 3Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Edificio de la Ciencia y Tecnología Ambiental. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa. Av. San Rafael Atlixco núm. 186, col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, CP 09340, México, DF, AP 55-535. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ESUMEN R no paramétricas. Se registraron datos de Ψx y valores de conductancia estomática. Los Se describen las características anatómicas resultados muestran: hojas compuestas y y morfológicas de la hojas compuestas de pubescentes imparipinnadas con filotaxis Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. procedente helicoidal, con venación broquidódroma de una selva baja caducifolia ubicada en festonada. Hojas bifaciadas hipostomáticas, el municipio de Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, con estomas anomocíticos y hundidos en México. Las hojas se fijaron y se prepararon cámaras pre-estomáticas con células epidér- para obtener secciones transversales, lon- micas modificadas en papilas. El peciólulo gitudinales y paradermales en un criostato es móvil, presenta parénquima cortical con Leica a -20°C. Se tiñeron con safranina-azul drusas y depósitos de origen polifenólico. alciano y azul de toluidina; se deshidrataron Los valores de Ψh fueron del orden de -3.29 y montaron con resina. Se siguieron los y -2.01 MPa registrados en junio y septiem- protocolos de diafanización para describir bre respectivamente. la arquitectura foliar. Se observó que aunque la morfología de la Para las descripciones anatómicas y morfo- epidermis y el movimiento foliar reducen el lógicas se midieron: los pecíolos y peció- área de exposición de la hoja a la radiación lulos, la lámina, los pelos, las células epi- solar directa, los espacios intercelulares dérmicas y los parénquimas en empalizada del mesófilo permiten el desarrollo de una y esponjoso. A los caracteres mensurables interfase líquido-vapor que logra valores se les aplicaron los siguientes análisis: de 2 hasta de 313 mmol/m s de gs en promedio, varianzas de una vía o en su caso pruebas lo que sugiere el continuo abastecimiento 79 ISSN 2395-9525 Núm. 40: 79-98 Julio 2015 de una capa límite que evita un posible the development of a liquid-vapor interface 2 sobrecalentamiento de las hojas. that manages gs values up to 313 mmol/m s in average, suggesting a continuous water Palabras clave: anatomía y morfología supply to the boundary layer that avoids a foliar, Alvaradoa amorphoides, selva baja possible overheating of leaves. caducifolia, Morelos. Key words: leaf anatomy, leaf morphology, ABSTRACT Alvaradoa amorphoides, tropical dry deci- duous forest, Morelos. Anatomical and morphological features of the compound leaves of Alvaradoa amor- INTRODUCCIÓN phoides Liebm. from a deciduous forest lo- cated in the Municipality of Tlaquiltenango, La hoja es el órgano evapotranspirador por Morelos, Mexico, are described. The leaves excelencia, por lo que es sensible a los cam- were fixed and prepared to obtain cross, bios en la disponibilidad del agua en el suelo longitudinal and paradermal sections using a y las condiciones de humedad relativa de la Leica Cryostat at -20°C. These were stained atmósfera. Desde el punto de vista ecológico with safranin-alcian blue and toluidine blue; estos factores se consideran importantes later dehydrated and mounted with resin. para ubicar a las plantas en tres grandes gru- Diaphanization protocols were followed to pos: hidrófitas, mesófitas y xerófitas (Eames describe the foliar architecture. y McDaniels, 1947 y Kirkham, 2005). Los requerimientos hídricos pueden medirse a For anatomical and morphological sizes través del potencial hídrico de la hoja (Ψh) of petioles and petiolules, sheet, epidermal lo que permite conocer el estatus hídrico cells, hairs, and palisade and sponge paren- de las plantas con respecto al medio físico chyma were obtained. One-way ANOVA or (Kirkham, 2005). Se ha considerado que las non-parametric tests were applied. Ψx and plantas son hidrófitas si por lo general el Ψh stomatal conductance values were recorded. ≤ -1 MPa; son mesófitas si, -1 MPa< Ψh ≤ Our results show: pubescent-compound -2 MPa y son xerófitas si -2 MPa< Ψh ≤ -4 leaves and imparipinnated with helical phy- MPa (Nilsen y Orcutt, 1996). Aunque Ma- llotaxy; festooned brochidrodromous veins herali et al. (2004) revelan que hay especies present; bifacial and hypostomatic leaves, de selva baja caducifolia capaces de tolerar with sunken stomata in anomocytic arrange; Ψh < -4 MPa. epidermal cells as papilla-like; mobile petio- lules, with cortical parenchyma cells which Las xerófitas constituyen un grupo nume- contain druses and polyphenolic brownish roso de especies que presentan una amplia deposits. Ψh at -3.29 and -2.01 MPa in June complejidad estructural y por tanto una and September were respectively recorded. gran diversificación. Las plantas xerófitas son aquellas que crecen en hábitats áridos Although morphology of epidermis and leaf y cuya transpiración, bajo condiciones de movement reduces the exposure of foliar deficiencia hídrica, disminuye a un mínimo. surface to solar radiation, volume formed Estas plantas han desarrollado caracteres by intercellular spaces in mesophyll allow fisiológicos, morfológicos y anatómicos 80 ISSN 2395-9525 Jaramillo-Pérez. A.T. et al.: Morfoanatomía foliar de Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. del estado de Morelos, México. estructurales relevantes para establecerse en México, por lo que tiene una amplia en hábitats áridos o xerófitos (Fahn, 1978; distribución geográfica desde la península Santos y Ochoa 1990; Dickison, 2000). de Yucatán, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, México y Morelos hasta Michoacán, Jalisco, Dentro de los ajustes estructurales que expe- Colima, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora, Durango rimentan las plantas xerófitas, se encuentran y Chihuahua (Riley, 1923; Graham, 1976; las adaptaciones fenológicas relacionadas Rzedowski, 1981; Rebollar et al., 1996- con la permanencia o pérdida de hojas en 1997; Salazar y Soihet, 2001; Salas-Morales periodos de sequía y que en ambos casos, et al., 2003; Pennington y Sarukhán, 2005). involucran también adaptaciones internas De acuerdo con lo reportado en Salazar y de los tejidos. Por otro lado, se encuentran Soihet (2001), A. amorphoides presenta las fisiológico-bioquímicas que regulan las hojas compuestas y persistentes puesto que respuestas estomáticas y el mantenimiento los individuos conservan su follaje durante de la turgencia por ajuste osmótico (Santos la estación seca. En esta especie ocurre el y Ochoa, 1990). movimiento foliar paraheliotrópico en el que las hojas pliegan sus folíolos, dejando ambas Un ajuste anatómico que destaca en plantas superficies paralelas a la radiación solar xerófitas es la presencia de tricomas princi- (Jones, 1992). En relación a este fenómeno palmente sobre las superficies evaporativas. Ely y Torres (2003) reportan que otras es- El significado adaptativo de la pubescencia pecies responden de la misma manera, bajo foliar en plantas ha sido estudiada para condiciones similares. entender como funciona con respecto a la reflexión de la luz, los cambios en el Con base en estudios moleculares filo- grosor de la capa límite, la prevención de genéticos de Fernando y Quinn (1995), la obstrucción de los estomas por agentes Fernando et al. (1995), Soltis et al. (2005) ya sea el agua en estado líquido o por y Haston et al. (2009) y APG III (2009) A. partículas suspendidas en la atmósfera y la amorphoides ha sido ubicada en la familia protección contra los herbívoros (Meinzer Picramniaceae. Para esta familia se han re- y Goldstein, 1985; Levizou et al., 2005; portado estudios sobre la anatomía foliar de Molina-Montenegro, 2008). Para especies algunos de sus géneros (Watson y Dallwitz, con hojas persistentes que se establecen en 1992), refiriendo que la epidermis abaxial ambientes cálidos secos, el indumento es puede o no presentar papilas, en ocasiones una estructura funcionalmente importante, es mucilaginosa, con estomas de tipo ano- que permite a las hojas estar protegidas de mocítico y confinados principalmente a la la radiación y las temperaturas excesivas, superficie abaxial y la presencia de pelos así como del déficit hídrico presente en el simples o glandulares en ambas superficies. ambiente (Fahn, 1986; Ely y Torres, 2003). También destacan que el género Alvaradoa Alvaradoa amorphoides es una especie presenta cristales de tipo estiloides y su típica de vegetación primaria y perturbada mesófilo es semejante al resto de los géneros de selvas bajas caducifolias, selvas media- de esta familia: con idioblastos escleren- nas subperennifolias y zonas de transición quimatosos, drusas y cristales prismáticos de encinares con selva baja caducifolia. Se solitarios de oxalato de calcio. Cortadi et localiza entre los 800-1370 (-1750) m.s.n.m. al. (2010) estudiaron la anatomía de la hoja 81 ISSN 2395-9525 Núm. 40: 79-98 Julio 2015 de Alvaradoa subovata encontrando que y la precipitación total anual para este sitio presenta epidermis uniestratificada hipos- es: 23.50°C
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