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												Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Prepared by the Special Representative of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr
UNITED NATIONS E Economic and Social Distr. GENERAL Council E/CN.4/1996/59 21 March 1996 ENGLISH ONLY COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Fifty-second session Item 10 of the provisional agenda QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COLONIAL AND OTHER DEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES Report on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, prepared by the Special Representative of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. Maurice Copithorne (Canada), pursuant to Commission resolution 1995/68 of 8 March 1995 and Economic and Social Council decision 1995/279 of 25 July 1995 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I. INTRODUCTION................... 1- 26 4 A. Position of human rights in the world today . 3 - 6 4 B. Special Representative’s sources ...... 7- 10 5 C. Activities of the Special Representative . 11 - 16 6 D. Correspondence ............... 17- 18 7 E. Underlying questions ............ 19 7 F. Preliminary comments on the Special Representative’s visit to the Islamic Republic of Iran .......... 20- 26 8 GE.96-11290 (E) E/CN.4/1996/59 page 2 CONTENTS (continued) Paragraphs Page II. LEGAL SYSTEM................... 27- 57 9 A. Rights of an accused ............ 28- 29 9 B. Court system ................ 30- 35 10 C. Selection and training of judges ...... 36- 40 11 D. Clerical courts ............... 41 12 E. Punishments ................. 42- 50 13 F. Independent Bar Association ......... 51- 54 14 G. Atmosphere of the law ............ 55- 57 15 III. STATUS OF WOMEN ................. 58- 64 16 IV. THE FATWA AGAINST SALMAN RUSHDIE......... 65- 67 17 V. - 
												
												The Iran-USA Crise a 52’ Documentary Directed by Ben Salama & Naoufel Brahimi El Mili Produced by Kuiv Productions
444 days The Iran-USA crise A 52’ documentary Directed by Ben Salama & Naoufel Brahimi El Mili Produced by Kuiv Productions PROVISIONAL DELIVERY : OCTOBER 2020 Summary A 444-day ordeal for American diplomats taken This film tells the story of events which unfolded hostage in Tehran, 444 days of humiliation for the from 4 November 1979 to 20 January 1981, a defining world’s greatest power, the United States, and 444 episode of the last half of the 20th century, and one days of fanaticism for the Iranian Islamists who were which marked the beginning of the conflict between imposing their will on their country and the world. the United States and its former ally, Iran. Writers’ note The American hostage crisis in Iran was an episode seize exclusive political power. of heightened tension in international relations The second event was the signing of the Camp David between the United States and Iran, which began on Accords on 26 March between Egypt and Israel 4 November 1979 and ended on 20 January 1981. For – the date on which Egyptian Islamists turned to 444 days, or nearly 15 months, 56 American diplomats radical struggle against Anwar Al-Sadat. The latter and civilians were held hostage by Iranian students in was assassinated in October 1981 in a spectacular the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. operation, whose mastermind was none other than This hostage-taking was part of a long series of events Ayman Al-Zawahiri, the current leader of Al Qaeda. that reshaped first the Arab-Muslim world, and then On 20 November 1979, hostages were seized in later the rest of the world. - 
												
												The Long Month of January: Intensification of Conflicts Between Different Projects in Iran and the Rise of the Global Confederation of Iranian Students (GCIS)
Shiva Tabari February 2020 The Long month of January: intensification of conflicts between different projects in Iran and the Rise of the Global Confederation of Iranian Students (GCIS) There are moments in history, due to a myriad of events, shifts in the (e)motion of people, and simultaneity of social movements, that participants have a strange feeling of intensification of time. Any day endures as much as a week, every week appears as a month or so. It is unbelievable for people that this amount of change and events have happened only during a week or so. This amount of conflict and clash of ideas, bodies, projects should happen in several years or maybe more. Hence, if people in (so-called) Western countries like Australia, which have a relatively stable country, want to understand the everyday life of Iranians in January 2020 and learn from our experience, they have, first of all, to imagine themselves in a situation that all of the sad news they hear during some years, all of anger they feel due to misbehavior of their ruling class, all of their nightmares about another world war and losing their normal life, all their hopes and hopelessness, and also all of the social/political activities which they do during many years (demonstration, strike, signing a petition etc.), have been compacted and concentrated in a single month. I call it intensification of history. Possibly, an element of a revolutionary situation. I am sure that Iranian people had the same feeling during the September of 1941 when both the Allies and the Soviet Union invaded Iran, occupied Tehran and forcibly abdicated Reza Pahlavi and assigned his son (Mohammadreza), a puppet, as the King. - 
												
												Yazdi, Iranian Foreign Minister Turned Dissident, Stood up for His Ideals
September 17, 2017 15 News & Analysis Iran Obituary Yazdi, Iranian foreign minister turned dissident, stood up for his ideals Gareth Smyth As an activist outside Iran for 20 tinue the politics of Mohammed years before the revolution, Yazdi Mossadegh, the prime minister knew leading Iranian opposition ousted in 1953 by a US- and British- London figures such as philosopher Ali Sha- backed military coup after he na- riati and Mostafa Chamran, later tionalised Iran’s oil. hortly after the 1979 Irani- defence minister, before he became Like Mossadegh, Yazdi regard- an Revolution toppled the spokesman for Khomeini when he ed Washington’s role in 1953 as a shah of Iran, Syrian For- left Iraq in 1978 for a new base in departure from the principles on eign Minister Abdul Halim Neauphle-le-Château, just outside which the United States was found- Khaddam visited Tehran Paris. When the army refused to ed. Yazdi had emigrated to America Sand presented Iran’s new foreign quell demonstrations in Iran and in 1960, became a US citizen and minister, Ebrahim Yazdi, with a the shah fled, Yazdi returned home for much of the 1970s was a medi- pistol. Startled by the gift — and with Khomeini but would last less cal doctor in Houston. His approach perhaps by the Ba’athist mindset it than a year as revolutionary Iran’s was far more nuanced than slogans revealed — Yazdi placed it in a cup- first foreign minister. such as “Death to America” and he board and forgot about it. looked forward to a day when Teh- Years later, when Yazdi was a ran and Washington could enjoy re- leading dissident, security police lations based on respect. - 
												
												The Politics of National Celebrations in Post-Revolutionary Iran
Leiden University Research Master in Middle Eastern Studies The Politics of National Celebrations in post-revolutionary Iran Dario Intini s1385267 Supervisor: Dr. A.A. (Asghar) Seyed-Gohrab MASTER'S THESIS August 2015 Contents List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………... 3 Notes on Transliteration, Translations, and Dates……………………………………… 4 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………5 The Scope of the Thesis…………………………………………………………………. 9 Organization of the Thesis……………………………………………………………... 10 Previous Studies on the Subject………………………………………………………... 11 Chapter One: Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………..13 Theories of Collective Memory………………………………………………………….13 Commemorations………………………………………………………………………..15 National Celebrations……………………………………………………………………16 Religious and Secular Festivals, Rituals, and Symbols………………………………....18 Nations, Nationalism, and Iranian Identity……………………………………………...20 Commemorative Narrative, and Master Commemorative Narrative…………………...23 Chapter Two: Iranian Calendar………………………………………………………...25 Public Holidays………………………………………………………………………....28 The Islamization of the Calendar……………………………………………………….31 The appropriation of non-Islamic commemorations……………………………………32 The appropriation of western commemorations………………………………………...33 The appropriation of past historicl events………………………………………………34 Chapter Three: Ceremonies around the death of the Shiite Saint Hoseyn....................37 Official State Narrative………………………………………………………………… 37 The Politics of the Commemoration…………………………………………………… 39 Associated Events……………………………………………………………………… - 
												
												From Protest to Prison: Iran One Year After the Election 5
from protest to pri son IrAn onE yEAr AftEr tHE ELECtIon amnesty international is a global movement of 2.8 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of human rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. amnesty international publications first published in 2010 by amnesty international publications international secretariat peter Benenson house 1 easton street london Wc1X 0DW United Kingdom www.amnesty.org © amnesty international publications 2010 index: mDe 13/062/2010 original language: english printed by amnesty international, international secretariat, United Kingdom all rights reserved. this publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. the copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. for copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. Cover phot o: Demonstration in tehran following the disputed 12 June 2009 presidential election. © Javad montazeri Back cover phot o: a mass “show trial” in tehran’s revolutionary court, 25 august 2009; defendants are dressed in grey. © ap/pa photo/fars news agency, hasan Ghaedi CONTENTS 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................5 2. - 
												
												The Iranian Revolution at 30
Viewpoints Special Edition The Iranian Revolution at 30 The Middle East Institute Washington, DC Middle East Institute The mission of the Middle East Institute is to promote knowledge of the Middle East in Amer- ica and strengthen understanding of the United States by the people and governments of the region. For more than 60 years, MEI has dealt with the momentous events in the Middle East — from the birth of the state of Israel to the invasion of Iraq. Today, MEI is a foremost authority on contemporary Middle East issues. It pro- vides a vital forum for honest and open debate that attracts politicians, scholars, government officials, and policy experts from the US, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. MEI enjoys wide access to political and business leaders in countries throughout the region. Along with information exchanges, facilities for research, objective analysis, and thoughtful commentary, MEI’s programs and publications help counter simplistic notions about the Middle East and America. We are at the forefront of private sector public diplomacy. Viewpoints are another MEI service to audiences interested in learning more about the complexities of issues affecting the Middle East and US rela- tions with the region. To learn more about the Middle East Institute, visit our website at http://www.mideasti.org Cover photos, clockwise from the top left hand corner: Shahram Sharif photo; sajed.ir photo; sajed.ir photo; ? redo photo; sajed. ir photo; Maryam Ashoori photo; Zongo69 photo; UN photo; and [ john ] photo. 2 The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: The Iranian Revolution at 30 • www.mideasti.org Viewpoints Special Edition The Iranian Revolution at 30 The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: The Iranian Revolution at 30 • www.mideasti.org 3 Viewpoints: 1979 The year 1979 was among the most tumultuous, and important, in the history of the modern Middle East. - 
												
												The 2009 Presidential Election in Iran: Fair Or Foul? Farhad Khosrokhavar, Marie Ladier-Fouladi
The 2009 Presidential election in Iran: fair or foul? Farhad Khosrokhavar, Marie Ladier-Fouladi To cite this version: Farhad Khosrokhavar, Marie Ladier-Fouladi. The 2009 Presidential election in Iran: fair or foul?. 2021. hal-03209899 HAL Id: hal-03209899 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03209899 Preprint submitted on 27 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES EUI Working Papers RSCAS 2012/29 ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES Mediterranean Programme THE 2009 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN IRAN: FAIR OR FOUL? Farhad Khosrokhavar and Marie Ladier-Fouladi EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES MEDITERRANEAN PROGRAMME The 2009 Presidential election in Iran: fair or foul? FARHAD KHOSROKHAVAR AND MARIE LADIER-FOULADI EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2012/29 This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper, or other series, the year and the publisher. - 
												
												The Failure of Mehdi Bazargan How the Revolutionary Council, The
The Failure of Mehdi Bazargan How the Revolutionary Council, the Clerical Oligarchy, and United States Foreign Policy Undermined the Liberal Democracy of Iran in 1979 by Christopher Ramsey B.A. in History, May 2012, Western Kentucky University M.A in History, August, 2016, The George Washington University A Thesis submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts August 31, 2016 Thesis directed by Muriel Atkin Professor of History © Copyright 2016 by Christopher Ramsey All rights reserved ii The author wishes to dedicate this work to Kayla; my bride, my advocate, and my best friend. iii Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank the professors at the George Washington University for their guidance, wisdom, and dedication to their work, both in the classroom and in their respective fields. I arrived at GW overwhelmed by the expectations ahead of me, but left with confidence, thanks in large part to the lessons accrued in your classrooms. Doctors Adam Howard, Muriel Atkins, J. Furman Daniels III, Benjamin Hopkins, Greg Brazinsky, Shira Robinson, Shervin Malekzadeh, Marcy Norton, and Dina Khoury, as well as Ambassador James Jeffrey, thank you all. I would also like to thank my professors at Western Kentucky University, especially Doctors Carol Crowe-Carraco, Scott Girdner, Ingrid Lilly, and Juan Romero, for helping to set me on this path. I also need to thank two teachers who impacted me in my youth: Tony Kleem and the late Kim Dearborn Brickman. As one of my favorite teachers in high school, Mr. - 
												
												Islamic Republic of Iran
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN NGO REPORT IN RESPONSE TO THE LIST OF ISSUES PRESENTED TO THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN FOR CONSIDERATION AT THE HRC’S 103rd SESSION Iran Human Rights Documentation Center http://www.iranhrdc.org/ Islamic Republic of Iran Status: List of Issues distributed May 2011 Response to the list of issues to be taken up in connection with the consideration of the third periodic report of Iran (CCPR/C/IRN/3) Author: Iran Human Rights Documentation Center http://www.iranhrdc.org Contact: Renee C. Redman, Esq., Executive Director, Iran Human Rights Documentation Center [email protected] 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 4 Non-discrimination and equal right of men and women (art. 2(1), 3 and 26) .................... 5 Issue #3. ................................................................................................................................. 5 Right to life (art.6).................................................................................................................... 7 Issue #6. ................................................................................................................................. 7 Issue #7. ............................................................................................................................... 24 Issue #9. .............................................................................................................................. - 
												
												Assessing the Domestic Roles of Iran's Islamic
THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND National Defense Research Institute View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. The Rise of the Pasdaran Assessing the Domestic Roles of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Frederic Wehrey, Jerrold D. - 
												
												Reformist Islam Versus Radical Islam in Iran
THE BROOKINGS PROJECT ON U.S. RELATIONS WITH THE ISLAMIC WORLD WORKING PAPER Number 4, November 2010 REFORMIST ISLAM VERSUS RADICAL ISLAM IN IRAN Mehrangiz Kar at BROOKINGS THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION 1775 MASSACHUSETTS AVE., NW WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036-2103 www.brookings.edu THE BROOKINGS PROJECT ON U.S. RELATIONS WITH THE ISLAMIC WORLD WORKING PAPER Number 4, November 2010 REFORMIST ISLAM VERSUS RADICAL ISLAM IN IRAN Mehrangiz Kar at BROOKINGS Saban Center or Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World (IWR) Working Papers present prelim- inary conclusions or work-in-progress based on research by Saban Center (IWR) scholars. Working papers are meant to stimulate de- bate and discussion on difficult policy questions. As with all Brook- ings papers, Working Papers do not necessarily reflect the views of the Saban Center, the Brookings Institution, or the Institution’s board of trustees. All Saban Center (IWR) Working Papers are available online at www.brookings.edu/sabancenter, and comments are welcome. Other Saban Center (IWR) Working Papers include: The Conquest of Muslim Hearts and Minds? Perspectives on U.S. Re- form and Public Diplomacy Strategies by Abdelwahab el-Affendi Arab and American Think Tanks: New Possibilities for Cooperation? New Engines for Reform? by Ezzat Ibrahim The Interplay Between U.S. Foreign Policy And Political Islam In Post-Soeharto Indonesia by M. Syafi’i Anwar R EFO R MIST I SLAM VE R SUS R ADICAL I SLAM IN I R AN T HE S A BAN C ENTE R FO R M IDDLE E AST P OLICY AT BROOKINGS II About the Author Mehrangiz Kar is an Iranian scholar, activist, she was convicted and sentenced to four years’ im- writer and lawyer specializing in women’s rights prisonment on charges of acting against national and family law.