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Structure of Mixed Ombrophyllous Forests with Araucaria Angustifolia (Araucariaceae) Under External Stress in Southern Brazil

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Structure of Mixed Ombrophyllous Forests with Araucaria Angustifolia (Araucariaceae) Under External Stress in Southern Brazil Structure of mixed ombrophyllous forests with Araucaria angustifolia (Araucariaceae) under external stress in Southern Brazil Alexander C. Vibrans1, Lúcia Sevegnani1, Alexandre Uhlmann2, Lauri A. Schorn1, Marcos G. Sobral3, André L. de Gasper1, Débora V. Lingner1, Eduardo Brogni1, Guilherme Klemz1, Marcela B. Godoy1 & Marcio Verdi1 1. Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua São Paulo, 3250, 89030-000 Blumenau - SC, Brazil; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2. Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, km 111, 83411-000 - Colombo, PR - Brazil; [email protected] 3. Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Praça Frei Orlando, 170, 36307-352, São João Del-Rei - MG, Brazil; [email protected] Received 03-VIII-2010. Corrected 02-II-2011. Accepted 01-III-2011. Abstract: This study is part of the Floristic and Forest Inventory of Santa Catarina, conceived to evaluate forest resources, species composition and structure of forest remnants, providing information to update forest conservation and land use policy in Southern Brazilian State of Santa Catarina (95 000km²). In accordance to the Brazilian National Forest Inventory (IFN-BR), the inventory applies systematic sampling, with 440 clusters containing four crosswise 1 000m² plots (20x50m) each, located on a 10x10km grid overlaid to land use map based on classification of SPOT-4 images from 2005. Within the sample units, all woody individuals of the main stratum (DBH≥10cm) are measured and collected (fertile and sterile), if not undoubtedly identified in field. Regeneration stratum (height>1.50m; DBH<10cm) is registered in 100m² in each sample unit. Floristic sampling includes collection of all fertile trees, shrubs and herbs within the sample unit and in its surroundings. This study performs analysis based on 92 clusters measured in 2008 within an area of 32 320km² of mixed ombrophyllous forests with Araucaria angustifolia located at the state’s high plateau (500m to 1 560m above sea level at 26º00’-28º30’ S and 49º13’-51º23’ W). Mean density (DBH≥10cm) is 578 individuals/ha (ranging from 85/ha to 1 310/ha), mean species richness in measured remnants is 35 (8 to 62), Shannon and Wiener diversity index (H’) varies between 1.05 and 3.48. Despite high total species diversity (364 Magnoliophyta, five Coniferophyta and one tree fern) and relatively high mean basal area (25.75m²/ha, varying from 3.87 to 68.85m²/ ha), the overwhelming majority of forest fragments are considered highly impacted and impoverished, mostly by logging, burning and extensive cattle farming, turning necessary more efficient protection measures. Basal area was considered an appropriate indicator for stand quality and conservation status. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1371-1387. Epub 2011 September 01. Key words: regional forest inventory, Araucaria angustifolia, forest structure, human impacts on forests. Subtropical native forests have suffered plantations, mostly of Pinus spp., equivalent drastic reduction in Southern Brazil during the to 5% of its territory. Native forests are not last hundred years and continue under serious homogeneously distributed in the state’s three pressure (Metzger 2009). Within this scenario, main phytogeographic regions (Klein 1978, the Santa Catarina State with a total area of 1979, Veloso et al. 1991), but remnants are 95 000km² shows a relatively high native for- concentrated in the region of the coastal range est cover of about 22.4% (SOS Mata Atlântica covered by dense Atlantic rain forests. Mixed 2010), besides agriculture and extensive cattle ombrophyllous forests (MOF) with Araucaria farming and approximately 500 000ha of forest angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze are one of the Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 59 (3): 1371-1387, September 2011 1371 most threatened forest formations in Brazil, analysis of socio-economic importance of for- resting only 12.6% of its original extension est resources and (5) on-line geo-referenced (Ribeiro et al. 2009) and only 7% within Santa database to be accessed by decision makers Catarina State. The term mixed ombrophyllous and the public. The Santa Catarina inventory forest is used to describe a type of forest veg- applies a systematic sampling with 440 clusters etation characterized by elements of both the located on a 10x10km grid, in accordance to tropical (afro-brazilian) and temperate (austral- the Brazilian National Forest Inventory (IFN- anthartic- andinean) flora (Veloso et al. 1991, BR) to be started in 2010. Leite 2002), under a humid subtropical climate The purpose of this study is to analyze the without a dry season. This forest type is also structure of MOF in the state of Santa Catarina, known as Araucaria forest, due to the physi- in Southern Brazil, relating it to human impacts ognomic dominance of A. angustifolia, occur- and threats to which it is exposed. ring at elevations above 800m.a.s.l. and from latitudes 20ºS to 29ºS. Although A. angustifolia MaterIALS AND METHODS is the physiognomic dominant species, it is in general accompanied, by species as Podo- The present work consists of a preliminary carpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl., Drymis evaluation of field data collected between 2007 brasiliensis Miers, Ocotea porosa (Nees & and 2008 in the first stage of IFFSC, real- Mart.) Barroso, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, ized in mixed ombrophyllous forests with A. Ocotea pulchella (Nees & Mart.) Mez and angustifolia. The study performed analysis of Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. (Veloso et al. woody species based on 92 clusters contain- 1991). In open areas are frequently found ing four crosswise 1 000m² plots (20x50m), light-demanding tree species like Piptocarpha within an area of approximately 32 320km² angustifolia Dusén ex Malme, Mimosa scabrel- at the state’s high plateau at 500m to 1 560m la Benth., Vernonanthura discolor (Spreng.) above sea level, located at 26º00’-28º30’ S - H.Rob. and Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees, 49º13’-51º23’ W. The 10x10km sampling grid according to Klein & Hatschbach (1970/71). was overlaid to land use map based on unsu- Despite of numerous studies about MOF in the pervised classification of multispectral SPOT-4 Southern states of Paraná and Rio Grande do images from 2005 with forest and non-forest Sul (reviewed by Figueiredo Filho et al. 2006), classes to determine cluster location at forest knowledge about these forests in Santa Cata- areas. No isolation distance was established rina is based on few works (Klein 1960, 1990, from the forest border, since the grid location Negrelle & Silva 1992, Formento et al. 2004, coordinates were strictly obeyed. While 87 of Lingner et al. 2007). the analyzed clusters are located on the regu- The Floristic and Forest Inventory of Santa lar grid, five clusters (nº 2 001 to 4 000) were Catarina (IFFSC) is an initiative of the local located arbitrarily, within the studied area, in government, realized between 2007 and 2010 areas of public domain that suffered no logging in order to evaluate the conservation status activities for at least 40 years, in order to obtain of forest cover and to support the formula- data from what are supposed to be forests under tion of forest conservation and land use policy better conservation conditions. (Vibrans et al. 2008). Focused on endangered Within the sample units (Fig. 1) all woody tree species in a highly fragmented forest cover individuals of the main stratum with diam- under permanent pressure by agriculture and eter at breast height (DBH≥10cm) were mea- forest plantations, the inventory is composed sured and collected (fertile and sterile), if not by five components: (1) Integration of the undoubtedly identified in field (Vibrans et al. state’s four herbaria collections, (2) field inven- 2010). Regeneration stratum (height>1.50m; tory strictu sensu, (3) assessment of genetic DBH<10cm) was registered in 100m² in each structure of endangered tree populations, (4) sample unit, including regrowth of tree species 1372 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 59 (3): 1371-1387, September 2011 N vegetation in early successional stage, due 20 m to intensive exploitation or clear cutting, invasion of pioneer tree and shrub species; sometimes with sparse tree cover, presence 50 m of silvopastoral systems, canopy cover less than 50%. 5 m 30 m • Group 2: Vegetation in intermediate suc- 5 m cessional stage, after intensive logging W E and exploitation of Ilex paraguariensis and extensive cattle farming; vegetation 10 m predominantly arboreous, in variable con- servation status, creating mosaic of vegeta- tion types, evidence of recent and historic timber exploitation, frequent presence of pasture. S • Group 3: Vegetation in advanced suc- cessional stage, with species composition Fig. 1. Sample unit of IFFSC, composed by four crosswise near to original, but diameter structure and 1 000m² plots (20x50m), at 30m distance from centre point. structural parameters yet fare from pri- mary forests; vegetation with low human influence, absence of pasture and recent logging, wide diameter amplitude. and understory shrubs. Variables measured in main stratum were DBH, height, stem qual- RESULTS ity, tree sanity and crown length, while in regeneration stratum only density and height The main floristic and structure variables of plants. Floristic sampling included collec- including successional group are shown for tion of fertile trees, shrubs, herbs and epiphytes each cluster in Table 1, separately for the main within the sample unit and in its surroundings. stratum (DBH≥10cm) and
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