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Copyright Delaware Swedish Colonial Society Used by NC-CHAP.Org An Early Swedish Lutheran Church and Community With the Historical Background of the Delaware River Valley BY JEANNETTE ECKMAN Drawings by Walter Stewart Publi~hedfor the DELAWARE SWEDISH COLONIAL SOCIETY by the Institute of Delaware History and Culture University of Delaware . Newark 1958 Copyright Renewed O 1986 Delaware Swedish Colonial Society The year 1988 marks the 350th anniversary of the landing of the first Swedish and Finnish settlers in what is now Wilmington. The reprinting of this book by the Delaware Swedish Colonial Society was done in honor of that anniversary. Printed in U.S.A. - by Delaware Litho, Inc. Wilmington, Delaware PREFACE The purposes of the Delaware Swedish Colonial Society are to commemorate each year on March 29 the landing of the Swedes in 1638 at "The Rocks" now in Fort Christina State Park, Wilmington, Delaware; and to collect, preserve, and publish rec- ords, documents and other material relating to the history of this first permanent settlement in the Delaware River Valley. It is a pleasure to introduce this Crane Hook study which is sponsored by the history committee of the Society. HAROLDL. SPRINGER,M. D. Prerident Delaware Swedish Colonial Society October 7, 1957 History Committee's note: Dr. Springer is a direct descendant of Charles Springer, the Reader in the Crane Hook Church 1689- 1697. FOREWORD The Swedes who made the first permanent settlement in the Delaware River Valley at the site of present Wilmington under the government of Sweden, and spread along the west side of the river 1638 to 1655, maintained their culture under the suc- cessive sovereignties of The Netherlands and England during the ensuing one hundred years. The heart of this culture was the Swedish Lutheran Church. The earliest of the remaining church 1)uildings is Holy Trinity (Old Swedes) Church, standing near the site where the first settlers stepped ashore at "The Rocks", now in Fort Christina State Park, Wilmington. Old Swedes was built by the congregation of Crane Hook (:hurch. Their church was a log building erected 1667 in the tnidst of plantations and woodland south of the Christina River. 'I'he members of the congregation lived from Naamans Creek to the Appoquinimink. Within this extensive parish along some twenty miles of the west side of the river, the area called Crane Hook occupied about n tllousand acres. Including part of south Wilmington east of the roi~thMarket Street causeway, it extended south toward the Dela- ware Memorial Bridge. Today, some woodland, cultivated fields, truck patches, marsh, n11~lother open spaces remain, but most of the area is industrial, husi~lessand residence (small homes and federal and other hous- In8 developments). Except in land records and among history rti~dc~~tsthe place-name itself has almost disappeared. A marker I~itclidcclto commemorate the church site is hidden away on com- 111crciirl property where it marks not the church site but an early lrrliily I)uryitlg gr-ountl. ;t hiilf-mile distant from the churchyard ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The foundation of this Crane Hook study is a chronology of documented excerpts from sources pertaining to the Crane Hook region, to land ownership, and to the church and congregation, prepared by Jeremiah Sweeney as part of his work for the Dela- ware Federal Writers Project, 1938-1940. Without the use of his of old Crane Hook Church. This fact was unknown until revealed competent and scholarly work the present expanded study would through research by the author of the chronology incorporated in not have been undertaken. this volume and mentioned in the acknowledgments. The contribution of the late Courtland B. Springer and of Mrs. Though the marks of the earliest cultivation of this soil have Springer to the discovery, use, and accurate translation of original largely disappeared along with the wild life, the hay marshes and Swedish documents, and of printed works in Swedish, employed the forest, knowing the human history made here by these early in this study, is their valuable and generous gift toward its prep- settlers enriches our thinking of the local past. aration. I have depended also upon the late Horace Burr's translation of the manuscript records - The Church Books - of Holy Trinity History Committee (Old Swedes) Church, published by the Historical Society of Ilelaware in 1890. This work, in spite of some mis-readings of Delaware Swedish Colonial Society tlre old-Swedish script and spelling, continues to be for both gen- Jeannette Eckman eral reader and student an invaluable source of contemporary H. Clay Reed information. Leon devalinger, Jr., Chairman The published work of Dr. Amandus Johnson, especially the two volumes of his Swedish Settlenzerzts on the Delaware, is the i~lclispensableauthentic source for Sweden's colccizing efforts on the Delaware and the life of its colonists here under Swedish i'ontrol. To Dr. H. Clay Reed, Professor of History at the University of I)elaware, and to Hon. Leon devalinger, Jr., State Archivest, asso- i lute members of the History Committee of the Delaware Swedish (:olonial Society, I am greatly indebted for their constructive ctlitorial criticism; and to Mrs. J. Jesse Selinkoff for similar as- klxt v~~ce. Recognition is owed to the staff of the Historical Society of I)claware for cheerful and tireless assistance in the checking and iollilti~lgof documentary sources. Jeannette Eckman NEW AND OLD CALENDAR DATES AS USED IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES The Dutch used the Gregorian or ATew Style calendar (NS), which in the seventeenth century was ten days ahead and in the eighteenth century eleven days ahead of the Julian or Old Style calendar (0s) used by Sweden and England until September, 1752. Before that time ten or eleven days must be added to Swedish and English dates to make them equivalent to those of tlle Gregorian calendar used by the Dutch and in general use today. This difference was recognized in many documents by ~ivingboth dates: May 21/31, 1654; April 3O/May 11, 1728. Another difference between the two calendars was that in the Old Style the year began on March 25. It was often indicated hy giving both years for dates between January 1 and March 24 - for example, February 10, 1682/3, and March 24, 17291'30, which wws followed by March 25, 1730. Where only one year or day of the month is given, it is not always clear whether Old Style or New Style is meant. llnglish Quakers numbered instead of named the months. Murch was "First Month" and so on through to January, Elev- rail) Month, and February, Twelfth Month. Page 5 1 SIGNERSOF DUTCHLUTHERAN PETITION By Per-mi.rsiorr of The New York Stare Library It1:MONSTRANCE OF CRANEHOOK LUTHERANS AGAINST FABRICIUS By Permi~rionof The New York Sfare Library 6 3 I.IITTER OF CHARLESSPRINGER TO JAMES STEEL By Permisriow of The Hisforical Sociefy of Deluuure MAPS I.INI)I:STROM'SMAP B Ily I1rr~ni.c.rionof The Hr.rtoriru1 Sociery of Pennsylr~ania Frontispiece Facing 144 Facing 144 Contents Page 1 11 3. NEWSWEDEN COLONISTSUNDER THE DUTCH 6. SOMECRANE HOOK LAND TRANSFERS AND THECHURCH BURYING GROUND The Peopling of New Sweden HE fortunes of New Sweden, founded in the Delaware TRiver Valley in 1638, and the opportunity of the Swedes to establish here the Lutheran religion, stemmed directly from the relations of the Dutch to the Delaware and Hudson rivers. Henry Hudson, the discoverer in the service of the Dutch, sailed into Delaware Bay in 1609. Having no small boat to sound before him among the shoals he sailed out and north where he discovered and explored the river later named for him. The cape at the en- trance of Delaware Bay was named the next year by Captain Samuel Argall from Virginia in honor of the governor of that colony, Lord De La Warr, and the name Delaware came into use by the English for both river and bay.' The Dutch called the Delaware their South River and the Hudson, the North River. After Hudson's report reached Holland, Dutch adventurers and traders were attracted to the Hudson. Wh~lethey reaped a harvest of furs from the Indians there and set up a trading station near the future site of Albany' one of them, Captain Cornelis Hendricksen, explored the Delaware in a small yacht, the 0121.ust (Restless) that had been built in the Hudson region. In 1616 he described to his government at the Hague the na- tural splendor and rich resources of the Delaware River Valley, where he traded with the savages for "Sables, Furs, Robes and other skins."j Five years later the Dutch West India Company 1 Jarneson, h1avrzltir.er of hTeuNethrvla~~d, 37. 38; Purchas, Haklu~turPo.[- rhumur, XIII. 357 ff., XIX. 84; Johnson. Su,ed~rhSet11ernen1.r on the Delau~urr, 1. 167. Z O'Callaghan. H~rtoryof Neu hTethevla)rd, I, 70-76; Doc14rnent.r Re/dlinR to /'he Colo~~ialIfi~/mr-y ol Neu, Ymih, I, 5-6, 149. 5 /bid., 12-14; jol~n\o~i.I. 167-169; Hro~ll~ci~~l,Ffirto,, 01 the S/dte 01 h'eu, Y,JI/., I, 48; o'(;i~~~,~,~~~:~~~s/t~~t~)~y,I, 72-78. THE PEOPLING OF NEW SWEDEN 3 2 THE PEOPLING 01: NI:W SWI:I)I:N chartered by the government of the Llnitccl Netl~c.~-l:~r~cls,was given Wealthy members of that company secured from it in 1629 a charter of "freedoms and exemption^"^ under which they a monopclly of trade and settlement ill A111c.l-ic-a.'I'he interest of could receive large grants of tax-free land with the same powers the company's directors was in cl~lick profits from the Indian trade in furs.
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