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THORIUM FUEL CYCLE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES in INDIA (A Decade of Progress : 1981-1990)

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THORIUM FUEL CYCLE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES in INDIA (A Decade of Progress : 1981-1990) !'-i'"i, ^ ,«> '/. •': , BARC-1532 5 « to GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION THORIUM FUEL CYCLE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN INDIA (A Decade of Progress : 1981-1990) Edited by T.K. BASU and M. SRINIVASAN December 1990 BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE Bombay -400 085 BARC-1532 3 to GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION THORIUM FUEL CYCLE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN INDIA (A Decade of Progress : 1981-1990) Edited by T.K. BASU and M. SRINIVASAN December 1990 BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE Bombay -400 085 B.A.R.C.-1532 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION SHEET FOR TECHNICAL REPORT (as per IS : 9400 - 1980) Ul Security classification Unclassified 02 Distribution : External 03 Report status : New 04 Series : B.A.R.C. External 05 Report type : Progress Report 06 Report No. : B.A.R.C.-1532 07 Part No. or Volume No. : 08 Contract No. : 10 Title and subtitle Thorium fuel cycle development activities an India : a decade of progress : 1981 - 1990 11 Collation : 270 p., figs., tabs. 13 Project No. : 20 Personal author(s) : T.K. Basu; M. Srinivasan (eds.) 21 Affiliation of author(s) : Neutron Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay 22 Corporate author(s) : Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay-400 085 23 Originating unit : Neutron Physics Division, B.A.R.C., Bocbay 24 Sponsor(s) Name : Department of Atomic Energy Type : Government 30 Date of submission : November 1990 31 Publication/Issue date December 1990 Contd... (ii) (11) 41) Pub Lisher/I)istributor : Head, Library and Information Division, Bhabha Atonic Research Centre, Bombay-400 U8J) 4'/ Korm of dist.ri but. ion : Hard oopy Language of text : Kngl ish bl Language of summary : English \y?. No. of references : rei's. 53 Gives data on : BO Abstract : The report comprises of 72 papers on various aspects of thorium fuel cycle. These papers report the research work carried out at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay and other units of the Department of Atomic Energy during the decade 1981-1900. 70 Keywords/Descriptors : RESEARCH PROGRAMS; INDIA; THORIUM CYCLE; NUCLKAR PURLS; THORIUM 232; FABRICATION; REPROCESSING; PHWR TYPE RKACTORS; URANIUM 233; CROSS SECTIONS; COMPUTER CODES; REACTOR PHYSICS; BREEDING; RADIATION HAZARDS 71 Class No. : INIS Subject Category : £25.00 99 Supplementary elements : PREFACE This compendium of selected papers/reports on various topics related to the technology of Thorium Fuel Cycle represents the work carried out at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and other units of the Department of Atomic Energy over the last decade. We are grateful to all the authors who have sent us copies of their papers. Some authors were kind enough to condense their work in the form of an extended abstract for inclusion in the present compendium. It is noted that some of the material is repeated in more than one paper but in the interest of speedy publication we have retained the original papers in the form in which they were received. This report comprises of 72 papers and is divided into ten Chapters relating to various aspects of the Thorium Fuel cycle. Although very commendable work has been done in the development of various technologies, unfortunately not many reports were readily available in a form suitable for inclusion in this report. Hence there may appear to be some imbalance in the contents of various Chapters. The number of papers in a given chapter should therefore not be taken as a true representation of the amount of work done in that particular area. However,on the whole we hope that this report would give an overview of the progress of work carried out in India in the important area of Thorium utilisation. The Editors would like to place on record their special thanks to Shri D.V. Periera for entering the manuscript into the word-processor, Dr. Anurag Shyam for help in taking the final print out and Shri S.S. Ranganekar for redrawing some of the figures from the original papers using "Publishers Paintbrush" Program. November 10, 1990 T.K. Basu, M. Srinivasan Neutron Physics Division EDITORS FOREWORD India is in a unique position with regard to nuclear fuel resources in the sense that while its natural uranium reserves are somewhat limited (70,000 tons), its thorium reserves are very large (360,000 tons). This fact was well appreciated by Homi Bhabha,. the founder of the Indian nuclear r i ogrammc-. light from its inception. It was obvious to him that in the long term India's nuclear programme would have to eventually depend on thorium. Unfortunately since thorium does not contain any fissile component, equivalent to the U-235 of natural uranium,the exploitation of fertile thorium involves -an additional step of first converting it into fissile U-233 by absorption of a neutron. It has long been recognised that this conversion can be accomplished quite efficiently in fast breeder reactors. A three stage approach was accordingly formulated to develop nuclear technology in India. But while evolving an optimum strategy for progressively incorporating thorium into the nuclear fuel cycle, considerations of achievable installed nuclear capacity growth rates under various scenarios have resulted in a continuing debate as to the most appropriate time frame in which the shift away from U-235/U-238 based fuel cycles should be effected. However, it is clear that any question of thorium entering in a significant way arises only after our natural uranium reserves are exhausted, which would happen only on completion of the first stage of our nuclear power programme comprising essentially of natural uranium fuelled PHWRs. The vast amount of plutonium that will become available from the PHWRs would be the starting point for the second stage of our programme which would involve the use of fast breeder reactors and possibly also some form of advanced or near-breeder thermal reactors. Meanwhile the progress registered in recent years in fusion and accelerator technologies has opened up prospects for direct conversion of thorium into U- 233 using one of these non fission neutron sources. This develop- ment could prepone the time table for the exploitation of thorium as an energy source in India to the earlier part of the next century. In view of the potential role of thorium in our future nuclear programme, R & D work on various aspects of the thorium fuel cycle have been underway at BARC and other units of the Department of Atomic Energy over the last three or four decades. The status of development of thorium cycle related technologies in India was reviewed earlier in two Symposia held at BARC in 1974 and 1976. The present report is a compendium of selected papers/reports describing the progress registered in this field of research during the decade of the eighties. It is being brought out on the occasion of the "Indo-Japan Seminar On Thorium Utilization" being held in Bombay during December 10th to 13th 1990. P.K. Iyengar November 10, 1990 Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission CONTENTS Page 1. FUEL CYCLE STUDIES 1. Study of alternate scenarios for the utilization of 1 thorium in advanced reactors S.M. Lee, T.M. John, P.T. Krishnakumar and S. Ganesan 2. Growth scenario with Th - HWR cycles 6 Kamala Balakrishnan and S.K. Mehta 3. Self sustaining thorium cycle in PHWR using self 10 generated plutonium Kamala Balakrishnan and S.K. Mehta 4. Self sustaining thorium cycle in HTGR 13 Kamala Balakrishnan 5. The emerging option of fusion breeders for the early 15 exploitation of thorium in the Indian context M. Srinivasan, T.K. Basu, K. Subba Rao and P.K.Iyengar 2. MINING, METALLURGY AND FUEL FABRICATION 1. A note on the new thorium plant being set up in Orissa 22 V.M. Karve 2. Thorium fuel cycle research in Fuel Chemistry Division 24 D.D. Sood 3. Development and fabrication of high density thoria 27 pellets R. Vijayaraghavan 4. Thorium Cycle-experience and development at NFC 31 K. Balaramamoorthy 5. Fabrication of aluminium clad Al-20 w/o U-233 plate 33 fuel elements for KAMINI reactor C. Ganguly 6. A high temperature study of chemical diffusion in 34 thoria - 20 mole% ceria solid solution P. Sriramamurti 7. Development of Thoria-based solid electrolyte 35 P. Sriramamurti 8. Determination of traces of rare earths in high purity 36 thorium dioxide by neutron activation analysis s.R. Kayasth, H.B. Desai and M. Sankar Das 3. LOOP EXPERIMENTS AND IRRADIATION EXPERIENCE 1. R & D on fabrication, characterisation and in-pile 38 performance of thorium fuel C. Ganguly 2. Irradiation experience with thoria based fuels 41 K. Anantharaman 3. Irradiation experience of thorium bundles in MAPS-I 43 M.V. Parikh, B. Krishna Mohan and A.N. Kumar 4. Thorium test pin ratings achievable in CIRUS-PWL 44 Umashankari P. 4. REPROCESSING 1. Laboratory studies on the recovery of Uranium-233 from 45 irradiated thorium by solvent extraction using 5% TBP shell Sol-T as solvent G.R. Balasubramaniam, R.T. Chitnis, A. Ramanujam and M. Venkatesan 2. Separation of thorium from uranium in 5% TBP on 49 amberlyst-15 M.N. Nadkarni, P.C. Mayankutty, N.S. Pillai, S.S. Shinde and S. Ravi 3. Anion exchange separation of uranium from thorium for 53 the tailend purification of U-233 in thorex process A. Mukherjee, R.T. Kulkarni, S.G. Rege, P.V. Achuthan 4. Cation exchange separation of uranium from thorium 56 R.T. Chitnis, K.G. Rajappan, S.V. Kumar, M.N. Nadkarni 5. Separation and purification of uranium product from 58 thorium in thorex process by precipitation technique A. Ramanujam, P.S. Dhami, V. Gopalakrishnan, A. Mukherjee and R.K. Dhumwad 6. Separation and purification of U-233 from boron and 65 other impurities R.T.
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