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Příspěvek K Biografii Artura Londona

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Příspěvek K Biografii Artura Londona MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Pedagogická fakulta katedra historie Příspěvek k biografii Artura Londona Diplomová práce Vedoucí: Prof. PhDr. Jaroslav Vaculík, CSc. Autor: Bc. Martina Sedláčková Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam SEDLÁČKOVÁ, Martina: Příspěvek k biografii Artura Londona. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Fakulta pedagogická, katedra historie, 2016. Vedoucí diplomové práce Jaroslav Vaculík. Anotace Diplomová práce Příspěvek k biografii Artura Londona přibližuje osudy tohoto komunistického funkcionáře. Předkládaná práce má za cíl zaměřit se na první etapy jeho života, ve kterých se formoval jeho charakter a následně jeho životní kariéra. Annotation This master thesis Contribution to Artur London´s biography covers the destinations of this communist official. This thesis focuses on the first stages of his professional career that shaped him later on. Klíčová slova Komunismus, interbrigády, Španělsko, španělská občanská válka, KSČ, Moskva, PCE, Ostrava Keywords Communism, International Brigades, Spain, Spanish civil war, Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Moscow, Communist Party of Spain, Ostrava Čestné prohlášení „Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím pouze citovaných literárních pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb. o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů, ve znění pozdějších předpisů. Souhlasím, aby má práce byla uložena na Masarykově univerzitě v Brně v knihovně Pedagogické fakulty a zpřístupněna ke studijním účelům.“ Ve Vyškově dne ………………. ……………………………. Poděkování Mé poděkování patří především vedoucímu a hlavnímu konzultantovi předkládané diplomové práce panu profesorovi Jaroslavu Vaculíkovi. Poděkovat bych také chtěla panu Jiřímu Rajlichovi a Tomáši Baletkovi za jejich cenné rady a pomoc při sbírání materiálů. V neposlední řadě bych chtěla poděkovat všem, kteří mě při psaní této práce podpořili. Obsah ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................... 6 1. CÍLE PRÁCE .............................................................................................................. 10 2. POČÁTKY MLADÉHO KOMUNISTY .................................................................... 11 2. 1. Rodina Artura Londona ....................................................................................... 11 2. 2. Prožitá léta v Ostravě........................................................................................... 16 2. 3. Londonovo trestní stíhání .................................................................................... 20 3. POBYT V SSSR ......................................................................................................... 31 3. 1. Odchod do Sovětského svazu .............................................................................. 31 3. 2. Lise London ......................................................................................................... 32 4. POBYT VE ŠPANĚLSKU ......................................................................................... 37 4. 1. Španělská občanská válka ................................................................................... 37 4. 2. Úloha Londona ve španělské občanské válce ..................................................... 42 4. 3. Odchod z Pyrenejského poloostrova ................................................................... 51 5. LONDONOVI DALŠÍ OSUDY ................................................................................. 54 ZÁVĚR ........................................................................................................................... 60 SEZNAM PRAMENŮ A LITERATURY ...................................................................... 64 PŘÍLOHY ....................................................................................................................... 68 ÚVOD Pro svoji diplomovou práci jsem si chtěla zvolit téma, které by nebylo pouze regionálního charakteru, ale aby to bylo téma, u něhož bych mohla využívat i cizojazyčnou literaturu a zahraniční zdroje. Již několik let se zajímám o historii Španělska, zejména pak o období španělské občanské války. Rozhodla jsem se proto napsat diplomovou práci o interbrigadistovi, a českém rodákovi, Arturovi Londonovi. Přestože sám Artur London napsal o svém životě knihu, toto téma nebylo nikdy komplexně zpracováno. Vzhledem k tomu, že je to téma velmi obšírné, rozhodla jsem se dát důraz zejména na část od doby jeho narození, do roku 1939, kdy skončila španělská občanská válka. Londonovy knihy mi posloužily pro představu o celém jeho životě, ačkoliv ta stěžejní není brána jako odborná publikace. Prvním dílem je kniha pojmenovaná Doznání, kde Artur London popisuje celý vyšetřovací proces předtím, než ho odsoudili v procesu s protistátním spikleneckým centrem Rudolfa Slánského. V knize popisuje nekonečné hodiny výslechů, jeho putování po věznicích, naučené výpovědi, soud a jeho propuštění. Mezi tím vším se ve vzpomínkách vrací ke svému mládí a životu mimo svoji domovinu. Na základě této knihy byl v roce 1970 natočen italsko-francouzský film L'Aveu neboli Doznání.1Tento film nedosáhl velké popularity mezi levicovými kruhy východní Evropy. Byl považován za antistalinovský a antisocialistický.2 Druhá Londonova kniha, kterou vydal v roce 1963, se jmenuje Španělsko, Španělsko. Popisuje v ní španělskou občanskou válku rok po roku včetně okolností, za kterých k válce došlo. Kniha Španělsko, Španělsko, ačkoliv jsem zprvu myslela, že bude popisovat vlastní příběh, byla pojata jako obecný přehled občanské války. To, že byl Artur London společně se svojí ženou významnou osobností, můžeme pozorovat i v zahraničním tisku, který Londona opakovaně zmiňuje. Tak například v roce 1978 vyšel článek ve španělském deníku El País3 o Londonově další knize Se levantaron antes del alba. Tuto knihu prezentoval London v Madridu. Tentýž rok informoval výše zmíněný deník El País o 10. výročí invaze sovětských vojsk 1 Ve dvouhodinovém filmu od francouzského režiséra Costa Gavras si zahráli hlavní roli Yves Montand s manželkou Simone Signoretovou. 2 El País: Eterno acusado [online]. Madrid, 1986 [cit. 2016-01-10]. Dostupné z: <http://elpais.com/diario/1986/11/09/cultura/531874801_850215.html>. 3 El País: Presentación de libros de Izcaray y London sobre la guerra civil [online]. 1978 [cit. 2016-01- 10]. Dostupné z: <http://elpais.com/diario/1978/06/10/cultura/266277604_850215.html>. - 6 - do Československa a k této příležitosti poskytl Artur London rozhovor.4 Španělský tisk neopomněl ani Londonovu smrt, ke které došlo v roce 1986, a ani úmrtí jeho manželky Lise v roce 2012. Cizojazyčné prameny, se kterými jsem pracovala, jsou ve španělském, francouzském, německém, ruském a anglickém jazyce. K ověření stěžejních informací byly využity záznamy českých i zahraničních archivů. Klíčové dokumenty týkající se interbrigadistů a španělské občanské války jsou uloženy ve Vojenském ústředním archivu v Praze. Další důležité dokumenty, zejména pak informace o Londonově soudním procesu a jeho pozdějším přezkoumání se nachází v Národním archivu v Praze. V tomto archivu je uložen i Londonův rukopis zápisků ze Španělska, v němž zmiňuje své působení v zemi a politické souvislosti. Zároveň tento dokument přibližuje i další životní etapu ve Francii po skončení občanské války. Informace týkající se Londonova otce a jeho dětství se nachází v Archivu města Ostravy. V neposlední řadě je nutné zmínit i archiv Krajského soudu Moravská Ostrava, kde jsou uloženy informace týkající se jeho věznění v roce 1933 a v Moravském zemském archivu jsou k dispozici k nahlédnutí trestní spisy a policejní zprávy z dalších zatčení. Důležitým zdrojem informací je také Archiv bezpečnostních složek, ve kterém jsou uloženy dokumenty týkající se Londona zejména po roce 1945. Největší část sbírky tvoří zprávy z výslechů, které byly prováděny po Londonově zatčení v roce 1951. Vzhledem k tomu, že po skončení španělské občanské války byla spousta dokumentů odvezena do Ruska, hledala jsem i v ruském archivu RGASPI.5 To je také důvod, proč ve španělských archivech nenalezneme tolik informací. Ve Španělsku jsem se spojila s Ministerio de defensa6, které mi poskytlo odkaz na španělské archivy poskytující dokumenty o občanské válce. Jak již bylo uvedeno výše, většina dokumentů byla odvezena pryč, tudíž pátrání v archivech ve Španělsku není příliš přínosné. Například ve stěžejním archivu ve španělské Ávile, neregistrují žádné prameny vztahující se ke jménu Artura Londona, ani k ostatním jménům, která v průběhu svého života používal. V archivu v Albacete, v bývalé základně interbrigadistů, jsou k dispozici převážně fotografie a pár novinových článků. 4 El País: Opiniones de ortodoxos y disidentes comunistas [online]. Madrid, 1977 [cit. 2015-12-09]. Dostupné z: <http://elpais.com/diario/1977/07/09/internacional/237247204_850215.html>. 5 Российский государственный архив социально-политической истории neboli Ruský státní archiv sociálně politických dějin se sídlem v Moskvě. 6 Španělské ministerstvo obrany. - 7 - Kontaktovala jsem National archive v USA, jelikož jsem hledala stopy Londonovy sestry ve Spojených státech, a také archiv koncentračního tábora Mauthausen, kde byl London vězněn ke konci druhé světové války. Existuje také mnoho článků, které postupně vycházely jak v českém, tak zahraničním tisku. Vzhledem k tomu, že manželka Artura Londona
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