DOCSLIB.ORG

Four the UNCONSCIOUS in BERGSONISM

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Four the UNCONSCIOUS in BERGSONISM Four THE UNCONSCIOUS IN BERGSONISM The unconscious is not the main subject of Henri Bergson’s philosophy as it is of Eduard von Hartmann’s. It appears only as a secondary consideration and a ne- cessary conclusion of a scientifically conducted psychological investigation. Bergsonism in its negative aspects is a protest against Kantian idealism, Spence- rian mechanism, and French positivism and materialism. To these systems, Berg- son opposed a spiritualistic concept of the human being, the belief in the existence of an absolute truth not, as Immanuel Kant’s noumenon, beyond the reach of human faculties. He also presupposes, though he does not prove, the necessity of a creation and a personal God. The Essai sur les données immédiates de la con- science (1889) (Essay on the Immediate Input of Consciousness) demonstrates the existence of free will by psychological deductions instead of by metaphysical proofs. Matière et mémoire (1925) (Matter and Memory) tends to establish the spirituality of memory as a faculty and the spirituality of the soul. L’évolution créatrice (1928) (Creative Evolution), probably Bergson’s major and most in- fluential work, studies the process of the formation of the world by the action of a single spiritual force operating through organic and inorganic elements. Les deux sources de la religion et de la morale (1937) (Two Sources of Religion and Mor- als) completes the development of Bergsonism as a philosophical system by en- dowing it with an ethics. Philosophical criticism holds that every system since René Descartes’, no matter how original in its general principles, admits some component parts bor- rowed from other schools. Jean Laporte, in his Le rationalisme de Descartes (Descartes’ Rationalism), writes: Du cartésianisme est issu Spinoza, mais aussi Leibniz; et pour une bonne part, [Antoine] Arnauld, sans compter [Pierre-Sylvain] Régis; pour une bonne part également, Locke, puis [George] Berkeley, puis [David] Hume et Condillac, et [Julien Offray de] La Mettrie; et encore Kant et Hegel; et [Pierre] Maine de Biran; et Auguste Comte; et [Edmund] Husserl. (1947, p. viii) [Emerging from the Cartesianism school of thought we find Spinoza, and Leibniz, and to a great extent, (Antoine) Arnauld, without mentioning (Pierre-Sylvain) Régis, also in part Locke, then (George) Berkeley, then (David) Hume and Condillac and (Julien Offray de) La Mettrie, in addition to Kant and Hegel and (Pierre) Maine de Biran and Auguste Comte and (Edmund) Husserl.] 82 THE UNCONSCIOUS IN PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE Bergson’s philosophy is no exception to the rule, and he recognized the necessity of considering other systems to explain his: Mais une philosophie de ce genre [the one elaborated by Bergson] ne se fera pas en un jour. A la différence des systèmes proprement dits, dont cha- cun fut l’œuvre d’un homme de génie et se présente comme un bloc, à prendre ou à laisser, elle ne pourra se constituer que par l’effort collectif de bien des penseurs, de bien des observateurs aussi, se complétant, se cor- rigeant, se redressant les uns les autres. (1928, p. vii) [But, a philosophy of this type . will not be created in one day. To the difference of the systems themselves, each one being the work of a genius and presented as a unit, to take or to leave, it could be constituted only by the collective efforts of many thinkers, as well as many observers, being completed, corrected, re- vised by each other.] Bergson greatly admired Arthur Schopenhauer, whose philosophy closely resembles his. He is, says Bergson, the only German metaphysician who was also a psychologist (1915, p.22). “L’élan vital” (The vital impulse) has many of the qualities of Schopenhauer’s will. It is a “formidable poussée intérieure qui devait les (elementary organisms) hausser jusqu’aux forces supérieures de la vie” (Berg- son, 1928, p. 108) (strong internal push that was to elevate them . to the superior forces of life) and “l’élan original de la vie” (ibid., p. 95) (the original impulse of life). Schopenhauer’s will is also the springhead of life and the internal force that urges elementary organisms to ascend to the higher degrees of objectification of the will. One of the most crucial characteristics of that will, which is considered necessary if communications between persons and objects in the universe are to be possible, is its oneness. The same will is everywhere present and active; only its manifestations are different. This is also one of the attributes of life according to Bergson: “La vie depuis ses origines, est la continuation d’un seul et même élan qui s’est partagé entre des lignes d’évolution divergentes” (ibid., p. 57) (Since its origins, life is the continuation of one and the same impulse divided among diverg- ing evolutionary lines). Bergson expresses the same view in poetic form: Car la vie est tendance et l’essence d’une tendance est de se développer sous forme de gerbe, créant par le seul fait de sa croissance, des directions divergentes entre lesquelles se partagera son élan. (Ibid., p. 108) [Since life is tendency and the essence of a tendency is to develop in the form of a sheaf, creating by the sole fact of its growth, a shared instinct that emanates from different directions.] “Life” in Bergson’s philosophy is not coexisting with the will of Schopen- hauer. Since the will is found even in the physical and inorganic world, the cha- racteristics that Bergson attributes to life also fit Schopenhauer’s will when that will is considered as the principle of every motion and activity from the plant .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reid in Europe
    REID IN EUROPE DANIEL SarutTHESS For several decades, Thomas Reid enjoyed a wide readership in Continental Europe, and his works contributed much to shape its philosophical ways.1 This is true for Cennany, as Manfred Kuehn has shown in his extended study Swttish Common Sense in Germany, 1768-1800: A Contribution to the History aJCritical Philosophy.2 It is true also for France, although at a somewhat Iater time. The local adaptations of the Scottish doctrines in France were corn.mon to a degree that very few suspect today. In his classical paper "De l'influence c;le la philosophie écossaise sur la philosophie français'13, Emile Boutroux unëletlined that in France in the 1870s, Scottish doctrines stiI1 dominated the teaching of philosophy at the pre-university level (p.441). Theywere central to the philosophical climate during practically the whole 19th century. There is a link of some interest between the German and the French reception of Reid in the persan of Pierre Prevost (1751-1839), a philosopher and scientist from Geneva. Prevost stayed in Berlin in the 1780s before returning to Geneva ta teach a philosaphy clearly permeated by Scottish doctrines. I have found some new material on Prevost which has been published recently, but this will not i be my tapie in this paper.4 ~-/~,~. Germany and France are not the whole of Europe and the title of t:his paper may thus appear ambitious, net to say scandalous, to some readers. But in fact, ~~PL given that Scottish doctrines were more popular in Franœ than anywhere el.se on the Continent, and thatitwas largely France that contributed ta making them known elsewhere, I shall concentrate on that country.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Philosophy Outlines from Wheaton College (IL)
    Property of Wheaton College. HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 311 Arthur F. Holmes Office: Blanch ard E4 83 Fall, 1992 Ext. 5887 Texts W. Kaufman, Philosophical Classics (Prentice-Hall, 2nd ed., 1968) Vol. I Thales to Occam Vol. II Bacon to Kant S. Stumpf, Socrates to Sartre (McGraW Hill, 3rd ed., 1982, or 4th ed., 1988) For further reading see: F. Copleston, A History of Philosophy. A multi-volume set in the library, also in paperback in the bookstore. W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy Diogenes Allen, Philosophy for Understanding Theology A. H. Armstrong & R. A. Markus, Christian Faith and Greek Philosophy A. H. Armstrong (ed.), Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy Encyclopedia of Philosophy Objectives 1. To survey the history of Western philosophy with emphasis on major men and problems, developing themes and traditions and the influence of Christianity. 2. To uncover historical connections betWeen philosophy and science, the arts, and theology. 3. To make this heritage of great minds part of one’s own thinking. 4. To develop competence in reading philosophy, to lay a foundation for understanding contemporary thought, and to prepare for more critical and constructive work. Procedure 1. The primary sources are of major importance, and you will learn to read and understand them for yourself. Outline them as you read: they provide depth of insight and involve you in dialogue with the philosophers themselves. Ask first, What does he say? The, how does this relate to What else he says, and to what his predecessors said? Then, appraise his assumptions and arguments.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Sixth Sense”: Towards a History of Muscular Sensation
    Gesnerus 68/1 (2011) 218–71 “The Sixth Sense”: Towards a History of Muscular Sensation Roger Smith* Summary This paper outlines the history of knowledge about the muscular sense and provides a bibliographic resource for further research. A range of different topics, questions and approaches have interrelated throughout this history, and the discussion clarifies this rather than presenting detailed research in any one area. Part I relates the origin of belief in a muscular sense to empiricist accounts of the contribution of the senses to knowledge from Locke, via the idéologues and other authors, to the second half of the nine- teenth century. Analysis paid much attention to touch, first in the context of the theory of vision and then in its own right, which led to naming a distinct muscular sense. From 1800 to the present, there was much debate, the main lines of which this paper introduces, about the nature and function of what turned out to be a complex sense. A number of influential psycho-physiolo- gists, notably Alexander Bain and Herbert Spencer, thought this sense the most primitive and primary of all, the origin of knowledge of world, causa- tion and self as an active subject. Part II relates accounts of the muscular sense to the development of nervous physiology and of psychology. In the decades before 1900, the developing separation of philosophy, psychology and physiology as specialised disciplines divided up questions which earlier writers had discussed under the umbrella heading of muscular * The stimulus for writing up this paper, which I had long put off because I hoped to do some- thing more rounded, came from the participants, and especially from the organisers, Vincent Barras and Guillemette Bolens, of a project ‘L’intelligence kinesthésique et le savoir sensori- moteur: entre arts et sciences’, at a conference of World Knowledge Dialogue, ‘Interdisci- plinarity in action: a p ractical experience of interdisciplinary research’, Villars-sur-Ollon, Switzerland, 10–14 October 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Psychology: a Sketch and an Interpretation James Mark Baldwin (1913)
    History of Psychology: A Sketch and an Interpretation James Mark Baldwin (1913) Classics in the History of Psychology An internet resource developed by Christopher D. Green York University, Toronto, Ontario History of Psychology: A Sketch and an Interpretation James Mark Baldwin (1913) Originally published London: Watts. Posted December 1999 - March 2000 To EZEQUIEL, A. CHAVEZ PROFESSOR, DEPUTY, FORMERLY UNDER-SECRETARY OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION AND FINE ARTS IN MEXICO; A ZEALOUS PATRIOT, A PROFOUND SCHOLAR AND A LOYAL FRIEND PREFACE THE proposal to prepare the History of Psychology for this series appealed to me for other than the usual reasons. In the first place, singular as it may seem, :there is no history of psychology of any kind in book form in the English language.[l] Some years ago, I .projected as Editor a series of historical works to be written by various authorities on central psychological topics, the whole to constitute a "Library of Historical Psychology." These works, some twelve in number, are in course of preparation, and certain of them are soon to appear; but up to now no one of them has seen the light. The present little work of course in no way duplicates any of these. In French, too, there is no independent history. The German works, of which there are several,[2] had become hat old when last year two short histories appeared, written by Prof. Dessoir and Dr. Klemm. refer to these again just below. Another reason of a personal character for my entering this field is worth mentioning, since it explains scope and method of the present sketch.
    [Show full text]
  • Maine De Biran°S Philosophy
    DSQ PH A TH E S IS TH E UN I VE R S I TY FACUL TY O F CORN E LL UNIVE RSITY TH E D E GRE E O F D OCTO R O F P H I L OS O P H Y L B E R T TR UM AN A M H A N E , . N em ¥u tk M A N E D E 8 RAN S P H LOSO PHY P W LL A TH E SI S P RE SE NTE D TO TH E UNIVE RSITY FACULTY OF CORN E LL U NIVE RS I TY FOR TH E D E GRE E OF D OCTOR OF P HILOS OPHY R M AN A M N ATH A N E L B E R T T U , . N ein ¥0 t k TH E MACMI LLAN COM PANY N M ACM L L AN CO . L TD . L ON D O ! I , 1 90 4 E PR FACE . ’ No special account of Maine de B iran s philosophy has before appeared in English , and the sources are rendered somewhat dif ’ fic u lt . by the author s highly involved style It has seemed , there fore , that a somewhat extended exposition of his work may prove useful . In the composition of this monograph my object has been ’ - ! n H m two fold to give a stateme t of ira s system , and to show his exact position in the history of speculative thought . As a result I of careful investigation , have found it necessary to call attention to the unitary character of the system , which , as a matter of fact, — centers around the single idea will .
    [Show full text]
  • James Mark Baldwin – Wikipedia
    James Mark Baldwin – Wikipedia https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin James Mark Baldwin (* 12. Januar 1861 in Columbia, South Carolina; † 8. November 1934 in Paris) war ein US-amerikanischer Philosoph und Psychologe. Er studierte an der Princeton University u. a. bei dem schottischen Philosophen James McCosh sowie in Oxford, Leipzig, Berlin und Tübingen. Er leistete wichtige Beiträge zu den Anfängen der Psychologie, zur Psychiatrie und zur Evolutionstheorie und richtete 1898 das erste psychologische Labor im englischen Sprachraum ein. James Mark Baldwin (1917) Biografie Anfänge Princeton Johns Hopkins Mexiko Paris Baldwin und Maine de Biran Organische Selektion Wirkungen Einfluss Siehe auch Artikel Weblinks Anfänge Baldwin erhielt ein Forschungsstipendium der "Green Fellowship" das er für einen Studienaufenthalt in Deutschland nutzte (1884–85). Er studierte bei Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig und bei Friedrich Paulsen in Berlin. Im Jahr 1885 wurde er Lehrer für Französisch und Deutsch am Priesterseminar in Princeton. In dieser Zeit übersetzte Baldwin „La psychologie allemande contemporaine“ von Théodule Ribot in die englische Sprache und verfasste seine erste Veröffentlichung: „The Postulates of a Physiological Psychology“. Die Arbeit führte von den Ursprüngen der Psychologie bei Immanuel Kant über Johann Friedrich Herbart, Gustav Theodor Fechner, Rudolf Hermann Lotze bis zu Wilhelm Wundt. 1 von 5 06.02.2020, 10:16 James Mark Baldwin – Wikipedia https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin Während seiner Zeit als Professor für Philosophie am Lake Forest College (1887) heiratete er die Tochter des Seminar-Präsidenten, Helen Hayes Green. Hier veröffentlichte er den ersten Teil seines „Handbook of Psychology (Senses and Intellect)“ und verbreitete damit die Ergebnisse der aufkommenden experimentellen Psychologie von Weber, Fechner und Wundt.
    [Show full text]
  • Five the UNCONSCIOUS in EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
    Five THE UNCONSCIOUS IN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY In the second half of the nineteenth century, as the theory of the unconscious, metaphysically posited by Arthur Schopenhauer and Eduard von Hartmann, was applied to psychological philosophy by Henri Bergson, it was supplying literary inspiration and literary themes to Russian and Scandinavian literature. Experi- mental psychology was using a new approach to better study the nature of the unconscious and the problems it raises; it was just emerging from empirical prac- tices to become a scientific discipline. Applying rigorous methods and defined principles to an examination of psychological life, researchers discovered the unconscious at every step, in its normal and abnormal manifestations. Just beginning in the scientific age, experimental psychology lent its sup- port to theoretical principles that so far had dominated the study of the uncons- cious and later greatly increased the knowledge acquired in this way. Physicians sought ways of controlling and influencing the unconscious to cure neurotic dis- eases and in some cases traumatic illnesses. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the then dominant materialistic concepts inspired and guided these experiments. The theory of cerebral localizations still prevailed and all mental diseases were attributed to physiological causes. Mental life was still appraised according to the principles expounded in Hippolyte-Adolphe Taine’s De l’intelligence (1883) (About Intelligence), which, though subjected to violent attacks by Vincent de- Paul-Marie-Ferdinand Brunetière and Paul Bourget and losing ground in litera- ture, still reigned supreme in psychology. Eventually, the progress of spiritualism in speculative philosophy, notably through Bergsonism and the deeper knowledge of mental life, forced psychology to alter a position that was becoming increasingly untenable.
    [Show full text]
  • Indices Systema Tic Index
    PART THREE INDICES SYSTEMA TIC INDEX Selected headings from the Analytical Index, conveniently grouped. The most comprehensive headings are italicized. BASIC & COMPREHENSIVE ENTRIES bibliography, reference, research tools image of Descartes in scholarship & popular biography of Descartes mind Cartesian era influence of Descartes Descartes' role in science interpretations Descartes' role in Western philosophy personality & character of Descartes development of Descartes' work & thought philosophy of Descartes (general, chief ( chronology) orientation) general literature not cited in Part I (books, protophilosophy (axioms, presuppositions) chapters, articles, lectures) of Descartes seventeenth century GEOGRAPHIC INDEX Albania Bacon Argentina Cambridge Platonists Belgium Crashaw Cartesianism Cudworth Jansen Derham Louvain Digby Brazil Glanvill Bulgaria Harvey China: s. v. Chinese & Cartesian Hobbes Czechslovakia Huxley, T. H. Bohemia Locke Komensky Mill, J. S. Prague Newton White Mountain, battle Norris Denmark Priestley Brahe, Tycho Reid Kierkegaard Shakespeare England Whitehead Cartesianism France literature Cartesianism 421 literature Goethe French language Giinther, Anton Anjou Hegel Arnauld, Ie Grand Heidegger Baillet Husser! Bayle Jaspers Berulle Kant Bretagne Leibniz Caen Marburg School Chanet Marx Chanut Schelling Charron Schopenhauer Chatellerault Greece Clerselier Aristotle Comte Carneades Corneille Damodos Cournot Democritus Cousin Epictetus Daniel, Gabriel Epicureanism Diderot Euclid Fenelon Plato Fermat Plotinus Fontenelle Protagoras
    [Show full text]
  • The Bergsonian Moment: Science and Spirit in France, 1874-1907
    THE BERGSONIAN MOMENT: SCIENCE AND SPIRIT IN FRANCE, 1874-1907 by Larry Sommer McGrath A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland June, 2014 © 2014 Larry Sommer McGrath All Rights Reserved Intended to be blank ii Abstract My dissertation is an intellectual and cultural history of a distinct movement in modern Europe that I call “scientific spiritualism.” I argue that the philosopher Henri Bergson emerged from this movement as its most celebrated spokesman. From the 1874 publication of Émile Boutroux’s The Contingency of the Laws of Nature to Bergson’s 1907 Creative Evolution, a wave of heterodox thinkers, including Maurice Blondel, Alfred Fouillée, Jean-Marie Guyau, Pierre Janet, and Édouard Le Roy, gave shape to scientific spiritualism. These thinkers staged a rapprochement between two disparate formations: on the one hand, the rich heritage of French spiritualism, extending from the sixteenth- and seventeeth-century polymaths Michel de Montaigne and René Descartes to the nineteenth-century philosophes Maine de Biran and Victor Cousin; and on the other hand, transnational developments in the emergent natural and human sciences, especially in the nascent experimental psychology and evolutionary biology. I trace the influx of these developments into Paris, where scientific spiritualists collaboratively rejuvenated the philosophical and religious study of consciousness on the basis of the very sciences that threatened the authority of philosophy and religion. Using original materials gathered in French and Belgian archives, I argue that new reading communities formed around scientific journals, the explosion of research institutes, and the secularization of the French education system, brought about this significant, though heretofore neglected wave of thought.
    [Show full text]
  • The World As Will and Idea (Vol. 2 of 3) by Arthur Schopenhauer
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of The World As Will And Idea (Vol. 2 of 3) by Arthur Schopenhauer This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The World As Will And Idea (Vol. 2 of 3) Author: Arthur Schopenhauer Release Date: June 27, 2012 [Ebook 40097] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORLD AS WILL AND IDEA (VOL. 2 OF 3)*** The World As Will And Idea By Arthur Schopenhauer Translated From The German By R. B. Haldane, M.A. And J. Kemp, M.A. Vol. II. Containing the Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy, and the Supplements to the First and Part of the Second Book of Vol. I. “Paucis natus est, qui populum ætatis suæ cogitat.”—SEN. Sixth Edition London Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. 1909 Contents Appendix: Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy. .2 Supplements to the First Book. 154 First Half. The Doctrine Of The Idea Of Perception. (To § 1-7 of the First Volume.) . 155 Chapter I. The Standpoint of Idealism. 155 Chapter II. The Doctrine of Perception or Knowl- edge Of The Understanding. 175 Chapter III. On The Senses. 184 Chapter IV. On Knowledge A Priori........ 191 Second Half. The Doctrine of the Abstract Idea, or Thinking. 225 Chapter V. On The Irrational Intellect. 225 Chapter VI. On The Doctrine of Abstract or Rational Knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Maine De Biran's Leibniz
    This is a repository copy of A Universal and Absolute Spiritualism: Maine de Biran's Leibniz. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/97861/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Dunham, J. (2016) A Universal and Absolute Spiritualism: Maine de Biran's Leibniz. In: Meacham, D. and Spadola, J., (eds.) The Relationship between the Physical and the Moral in Man. Bloomsbury . ISBN 9781472579676 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ A Universal and Absolute Spiritualism Maine de Biran’s Leibniz Jeremy Dunham (University of Sheffield) In France during the nineteenth century the production of new editions, interpretations, and expositions of early modern philosophical texts was a flourishing activity. However, it is important to recognise when examining the scholarly works of this period that such interpretation and exposition was almost never produced without an agenda. A favourable interpretation of one of the giants of early modern philosophy that shows them to be the natural ‘father’ of one’s own philosophical perspective could act as a significant legitimation of this view and, consequently, could become a weapon in philosophical combat.
    [Show full text]
  • Michel Henry's Ontology of Corporeal Self-Knowledge
    MICHEL HENRY’S ONTOLOGY OF CORPOREAL SELF-KNOWLEDGE: AN INTERPRETATION OF PHILOSOPHIE ET PHÉNOMÉNOLOGIE DU CORPS ​ A.J. Smith School of Religious Studies Faculty of Arts McGill University Montréal, Québec ​ Supervisor: Dr. Garth W. Green A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts © A.J. Smith 2019 Table of Contents: Abstract 3 Résumé 4 Acknowledgements 5 A Note on the Texts 7 i. Introduction 8 i.1 The Place and Importance of the Body in Henry’s Œuvre 8 i.2 The Structure and Argument of this Thesis 12 1.1 L’être de l’ego 18 1.1.2 The Trajectory Toward a Fundamental Inquiry 20 1.2. The Genealogy of Ontological Monism: 26 1.2.1 The Task of Phenomenology 29 1.2.2 The Critique of Ontological Monism 35 2. The Philosophy of Maine de Biran: The Historical Background to Philosophie et phénoménologie du corps 42 2.1. The Significance of Kant for Maine de Biran 44 2.1.1 Le nouveau philosophe: Maine de Biran’s Reception of Kant 48 2.1.2 Maine de Biran’s Critique of Kant: The ‘critique de la critique’ 53 2.2. The Place of Maine de Biran in Henry’s Analysis 59 3. The Project of Philosophie et phénoménologie du corps: Le corps subjectif 66 3.1 The Integration of the Question of the Body into the Critique of Ontological Monism: 70 3.2 Immanent Knowledge and the Structure of Subjective Kinesthesia 76 3.2.1 The ‘corps subjectif’ in the Destruction of Ontological Monism 83 4.
    [Show full text]