Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jun. 1992)
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Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg Stephen J
University of Baltimore Law Review Volume 46 | Issue 3 Article 4 5-2017 A Court Pure and Unsullied: Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg Stephen J. Sfekas Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr Part of the Fourteenth Amendment Commons, International Law Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Sfekas, Stephen J. (2017) "A Court Pure and Unsullied: Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg," University of Baltimore Law Review: Vol. 46 : Iss. 3 , Article 4. Available at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr/vol46/iss3/4 This Peer Reviewed Articles is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Baltimore Law Review by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COURT PURE AND UNSULLIED: JUSTICE IN THE JUSTICE TRIAL AT NUREMBERG* Hon. Stephen J. Sfekas** Therefore, O Citizens, I bid ye bow In awe to this command, Let no man live Uncurbed by law nor curbed by tyranny . Thus I ordain it now, a [] court Pure and unsullied . .1 I. INTRODUCTION In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the common understanding was that the Nazi regime had been maintained by a combination of instruments of terror, such as the Gestapo, the SS, and concentration camps, combined with a sophisticated propaganda campaign.2 Modern historiography, however, has revealed the -
Black Hills Chapter GRHS News
Black Hills Chapter GRHS News April 2017 22nd Year Anniversary of this Newsletter! Volume 22, Issue 2 15th Annual German Dinner—It Takes a Village It really does take a village! We must: Reserve venue at Blessed Sacrament Parish Center a year in advance. Begin planning in November for the Dinner on March 5, 2017. Obtain beer license. Print tickets and pass them out in December. Sell 700 tickets. Purchase disposable dinner and kuchen plates, plastic tableware, coffee and water cups, and nap- kins. Wrap settings of tableware in napkins 800 times. Estimate food needs and place orders. Thursday, three days before the Dinner: Set out for Eureka, SD to pick up 630 pounds of Kauk’s sausage and to Ashley, ND to get 215 Grandma’s kuchen. Power wash all containers. Wash, steam and boil 300 pounds of potatoes. Peel and slice 168 pounds of on- ions to be fried. Chop up the uncut onion ends to be used in sauer- kraut. Chop three commercial bags of parsley and three more of green onions, both for German potato salad. Fry up 4 pounds freshly ground bacon bits for potato salad. Total, 16 volunteers. Friday: Measure out containers of dressing to be used for 24 ten-pound batches of potato salad. 19 volunteers peel all those potatoes in one hour. 5 more then cut out any remaining eyes and blemishes. 4 more slice the potatoes and mix in the dressing. Grate two galloons of potatoes for sauerkraut. Return from across the state with frozen sausage and kuchen. Total, 27 volunteers. -
Iowa's Prohibition Plague
The Annals of Volume 78, Number 1 Iowa Winter 2019 A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF HISTORY In This Issue GLENN EHRSTINE AND LUCAS GIBBS translate and annotate an account of the effects of Prohibition in nineteenth-century Iowa by the longtime editor of the German-language newspaper Iowa Staats-Zeitung. ELLIS HAWLEY reviews the state of the historiography on Herbert Hoover since the last such historiographical review in the Annals of Iowa in 1988. Front Cover This cartoon, published in the German-language newspaper Iowa Staats- Anzeiger on November 9, 1889, after the election of Democratic candidate Horace Boies, proclaims, in translation, “The end of the Prohibition Party in Iowa.” The patient wears a nightcap labeled “Rep[ublican] Party,” and the flask on the nightstand contains “Temp[erance] Reform.” For a German American’s account of the effects of Prohibition in nineteenth-century Iowa, see the feature article in this issue. Editorial Consultants Rebecca Conard, Middle Tennessee State R. David Edmunds, University of Texas University at Dallas Kathleen Neils Conzen, University of H. Roger Grant, Clemson University Chicago William C. Pratt, University of Nebraska William Cronon, University of Wisconsin– at Omaha Madison Glenda Riley, Ball State University Robert R. Dykstra, State University of Pamela Riney-Kehrberg, Iowa State New York at Albany University The Annals of Third Series, Vol. 78, No. 1 Winter 2019 Iowa Marvin Bergman, editor Contents 1 Iowa’s Prohibition Plague: Joseph Eiboeck’s Account of the Battle over Prohibition, 1846–1900 Glenn Ehrstine and Lucas Gibbs 75 Herbert Hoover and the Historians— Recent Developments: A Review Essay Ellis Hawley 87 Book Reviews and Notices 117 Announcements A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF HISTORY FOUNDED IN 1863 Copyright 2019 by the State Historical Society of Iowa ISSN 0003-4827 Book Reviews and Notices 87 MARTIN CASE, The Relentless Business of Treaties: How Indigenous Land Became U.S. -
Images of the German Soldier (1985-2008)
Soldiering On: Images of the German Soldier (1985-2008) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kevin Alan Richards Graduate Program in Germanic Languages and Literatures The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Professor John E. Davidson, Advisor Professor Anna Grotans Professor Katra Byram Copyright by Kevin Alan Richards 2012 Abstract The criminal legacy of National Socialism cast a shadow of perpetration and collaboration upon the post-war image of the German soldier. These negative associations impeded Helmut Kohl’s policy to normalize the state use of the military in the mid-eighties, which prompted a politically driven public relations campaign to revise the image of the German soldier. This influx of new narratives produced a dynamic interplay between political rhetoric and literature that informed and challenged the intuitive representations of the German soldier that anchor positions of German national identity in public culture. This study traces that interplay via the positioning of those representations in relation to prototypes of villains, victims, and heroes in varying rescue narrative accounts in three genre of written culture in Germany since 1985: that is, since the overt attempts to change the function of the Bundeswehr in the context of (West) German normalization began to succeed. These genre are (1) security publications (and their political and academic legitimizations), (2) popular fantasy literature, and (3) texts in the tradition of the Vergangenheitsbewältigung. I find that the accounts presented in the government’s White Papers and by Kohl, Nolte, and Hillgruber in the mid-1980s gathered momentum over the course of three decades and dislodged the dominant association of the German soldier with the villainy of National Socialism. -
The Fate of Western Hungary
The Fate of Western Hungary 1918-1921 By József Botlik CORVINUS PUBLISHERS BUFFALO – HAMILTON 1 Translated and edited by Peter J. Csermely Art: MÁRTA BUDA MARC KELLER ISBN: 1-882785-24-X Library of Congress No:2012947894 Printed in the United States of America 2 CONTENTS Foreword …………………………………………………………………..4 Chapter 1: From allied country to territory claiming neighbor Austria and Western Hungary (Westungarn) in 1918–1919………6 Chapter 2: The annexing of the western parts of Moson, Sopron and Vas counties to Austria Saint-Germain-en-Laye, October, 1918 – September 10, 1919 ….28 Chapter 3: The occupation of the Vend region of Vas County by Serbs – the Mura Republic December 1918 – August 1919……………………………..……62 Chapter 4: From the Treaty of Saint-Germain to the Peace Decree of Trianon September 10, 1919 – June 4, 1920………………………………72 Chapter 5: Austrian efforts and the failure of territorial transfer June 1920 – August 1921…………………………………… …90 Chapter 6: The Western Hungary insurrection August 28 – October 4, 1921 ……………………………………117 Chapter 7: The State of Lajta-Banat October 4 – November 4, 1921…………………………………..160 Chapter 8: From the Venice Protocol to the Sopron plebiscite October 11 – December 14-16, 1921……………………....…….182 Conclusion……………………………………………………….………..200 Bibliography………………………………………………………………205 Endnotes…………………………………………………………………..218 3 Foreword The writer of these few introductory lines was born Egyházasrádóc in the county of Vas, immediately in the vicinity of the Hungarian-Austrian Trianon defined border. He attended his four years of elementary school in a one room schoolhouse. (Then I became a student of the Reformed Middle School of Csurgo in 1941.) These biographical details were not put here for diversion, or reasons of boasting. -
Terror and Dissent
Simon Miller Terror and Dissent Towards the Social Structure of Popular Protest in the Third Reich 1941 -1945 Volume I Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Sheffield Department of History September 2005 Abstract Terror and Dissent:Towards the Social Structure of Popular Protest in the Third Reich 1941-1945 by Simon Miler This thesis explores the shape and form of acts of dissent committed by ordinary Germans between 1941 and 1945. Its purpose is to establish the motivations of individuals who contravened a draconian legal code which mandated the death penalty for even minor misdemeanour. In the period considered, German civilian courts sent over 15,000 people to their deaths. Specifically, it looks at the influence of the three milieux (the Social- democratic, Communist and Catholic) most antagonistic towards Nazism on those persons who confronted the Nazi regime. The thesis concentrates on the final four years of Hitlerian rule when Nazi terror was most arbitrary and violent. It makes use of an open-ended understanding of dissent and opposition first established by Martin Broszat in the Bavaria Project in the 1970s. Based on the empirical analysis of over three thousand Gestapo and police records taken from archive holdings in Düsseldorf and Munich, the thesis asks and provides answers to the following questions 1) Was political motivation a key factor in persuading individuals to become involved in oppositional actions? 2) Were opposition forms of action ‘circumstantial’ - that is a product of often spontaneous random reactions - rather than premeditated? 3) Did they follow from any specific known experiences and/ or a process of gestation? 4) Were those involved in such actions socially isolated ‘outsiders’, or were they a part of a distinctive social milieu or sub-culture? 5) Are sociological and geographical patterns of ‘everyday’ resistance perceptible? The thesis places renewed emphasis on the importance of terror, rather than consent, to the maintenance of Nazi rule. -
Stigmatization of Minorities in Times of Crisis
Stigmatization of Minorities in Times of Crisis Governmental Action and Rhetoric in the Stigmatization of Minorities during WWI, WWII and the War on Terror Nienke de Mol Master Thesis 1 2 Stigmatization of Minorities in Times of Crisis Governmental Action and Rhetoric in the Stigmatization of Minorities in WWI, WWII and the War on Terror Master Thesis American Studies Faculty of Humanities Utrecht University Nienke de Mol Student Number 3342433 Coordinated by Damian Pargas Utrecht June 15, 2012 Front page illustration: http://www.westernjournalism.com/wp-ontent/uploads/2012/03/Japanese- Americans-WWII-sign-SC.gif 3 4 Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Chapter 1- The Laws of Crisis…………………………………………………………… 11 World War I………………………………………………………………………. 12 World War II……………………………………………………………………… 15 War on Terror…………………………………………………………………….. 20 Chapter 2 – The Justifiable Response……………………………………………………. 27 World War I………………………………………………………………………. 28 World War II……………………………………………………………………… 31 War on Terror…………………………………………………………………….. 36 Chapter 3 – Policy Has Consequences: the Mobilization of Media and Public …………. 41 World War I……………………………………………………………………… 42 World War II……………………………………………………………………... 49 War on Terror…………………………………………………………………….. 54 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….. 61 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………… 66 Appendix A………………………………………………………………………………. 76 5 Introduction “A Jap’s Jap…it makes no difference whether he is an American citizen;…he is still a Japanese, and you can’t change him by giving him a piece of paper.” - General John L. DeWitt1 “Once lead this people into war, and they’ll forget there was ever such a thing as tolerance. To fight you must be brutal and ruthless, and the spirit of ruthless brutality will enter into the very fiber of our national life, infecting Congress, the courts, the police man on the beat, the man on the street.” - Woodrow Wilson2 In 2004 the U.S. -
The Limits of U.S.-Czechoslovak Relations from Munich to War
America, An Aloof Friend The Limits of U.S.-Czechoslovak Relations from Munich to War By Connor Schonta A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Liberty University 2018 Table of Contents Introduction – 1 Chapter One: “Realization” – 20 Chapter Two: “Consolidation” – 56 Chapter Three: “Occupation” – 99 Chapter Four: “Documentation” – 130 Conclusion – 174 Bibliography – 184 Introduction “There are times when Europe can seem alarmingly big, and two people alarmingly small.”1 It was fall 1938. George F. Kennan, a diplomat at the American legation in Prague, was moving into a new apartment with his wife, Annelise. Europe was at a crossroads, mostly because Adolf Hitler, chancellor of Germany, was snatching up territories he felt belonged to the Reich. He had already gotten Austria, and he now wanted parts of Czechoslovakia. Consequently, Prague, Czechoslovakia’s capital city, became the center of the world’s attention, as chaos and war threatened to swallow central Europe whole. The United States, though having a diplomatic presence in Czechoslovakia, made sure to stay out of Europe’s newest crisis. The administration of President Franklin Roosevelt was intent on remaining neutral to a European imbroglio. Thus, Kennan and his wife, along with all the other Americans working in Prague, could only watch the events transpire, contemplating their relative smallness in light of Europe’s big—immense—problems. Such feelings—that is, one’s smallness in the face of Europe’s sheer complexity—would continue to figure prominently into America’s relationship with Czechoslovakia over the next eleven months, and altogether, they aptly represent the peculiarities of U.S.-Czechoslovak diplomacy in the year leading up to World War II. -
© 2010 Peter Polak-Springer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
© 2010 Peter Polak-Springer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED MAKING ‘RECOVERIES’: THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF TERRITORIAL APPROPRIATION IN A POLISH- GERMAN INDUSTRIAL BORDERLAND, 1922-1953 by PETER POLAK-SPRINGER A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In Partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History Written under the direction of Professor Belinda Davis __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October 2010 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Making “Recoveries”: The Cultural Politics of Territorial Appropriation in a Polish-German Industrial Borderland, 1922-1953 By PETER POLAK-SPRINGER Dissertation Director: Professor Belinda Davis The present dissertation examines the development of a Polish-German transnational political culture of contesting and nationally appropriating a common territory over a three-decade time span. It is based on the case-study of the Upper Silesian Industrial District, an area that underwent three border re-drawings between 1922 and 1950. First, it focuses on how the bilateral national “cold war” over this borderland during the interwar era spurred the cultivation of revanchist discourses, acculturation programs, symbolic landscapes, and particular groups of Polish and German elites devoted to agitating for the territory. Second, it explores how these factors served as the supporting and legitimating basis of war- and postwar-era violence and ethnic cleansing that occurred in this borderland, as well as the totalitarian-minded regimes that promoted it. Third, it examines the transnationally interactive character of rivaling Polish and German revanchist cultural politics, the bilateral contestation of nationalization efforts, and the influence each rivaling side had on the other. -
Duke University Dissertation Template
“Colonizers Are Born, Not Made”: Creating a Colonialist Identity in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 by Willeke Hannah Sandler Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Claudia Koonz, Supervisor ___________________________ Dirk Bonker ___________________________ Tina Campt ___________________________ William Donahue ___________________________ Anna Krylova Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 i v ABSTRACT “Colonizers Are Born, Not Made”: Creating a Colonialist Identity in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 by Willeke Hannah Sandler Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Claudia Koonz, Supervisor ___________________________ Dirk Bonker ___________________________ Tina Campt ___________________________ William Donahue ___________________________ Anna Krylova An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by Willeke Hannah Sandler 2012 Abstract After the First World War, Germany lost its overseas territories, becoming Europe’s first post-colonial nation. After 1919, and especially between 1933 and 1945, however, German colonialists advocated for the return of these colonies and for their central importance to Germany. This dissertation tells the paradoxical story of these colonialists’ construction of a German national character driven by overseas imperialism despite the absence of a colonial reality to support this identity. In contrast to views of colonialism as marginal in Germany after the First World War or the colonialist organizations as completely subsumed under the Nazi regime, this dissertation uncovers both the colonialist organizations’ continuing public presence and their assertive promotion of their overseas goals in the Third Reich. -
American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
American Historical Society Of Germans From Russia Work Paper No. 23 Spring, 1977 Price $2.50 TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE Ruth M. Amen ........................................…………………………………………...................... i PRESENT-DAY NAMES OF FORMER GERMAN VOLGA COLONIES Emma Schwabenland Haynes Chart Furnished by Karl Stumpp .............……………………………..................................... 1 DOCUMENTS ON MENNONITE LIFE IN RUSSIA, PART III: THE GERMAN CAPTURE OF THE CHORTITZA VOLOST John B. Toews. .........................…………………………………………................................... .6 THE GERMAN SETTLEMENTS IN VOLHYNIA Friedrich Rink Translated by Adam Giesinger. ...........……………………………...............…..................... .14 REPORT ON THE 1976 CONVENTION OF THE LANDSMANNSCHAFT DER DEUTSCHEN AUS RUSSLAND Matthias Hagin Translated by Arthur E. Flegel ........…………………………………..........…..............................19 THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE VOLGA GERMAN SETTLEMENTS IN ELLIS AND RUSH COUNTIES IN KANSAS Lawrence A. Weigel................................………………………………………….........................21 VILLAGES IN WHICH OUR FOREFATHERS LIVED: TARUTINO, KRASSNA, KLOSTITZ, TEPLITZ, AND SARATA Adam Giesinger................................……………………………………………............................29 FOLKLORE FORUM: MARRIAGE BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS OF THE GERMANS FROM RUSSIA Timothy J. Kloberdanz and Contributors ................………………………………........................37 WE SING OUR HISTORY: A TRADITIONAL WEDDING SONG Lawrence A. Weigel. ........................………………………………………................................65 -
Gain Weight, Have Fun, Discover the Motherland: the German–Polish Children’S Summer Camp Exchange and Interwar Era Revisionism
Contemporary European History (2021), 30, 214–230 doi:10.1017/S096077732000051X ARTICLE Gain Weight, Have Fun, Discover the Motherland: The German–Polish Children’s Summer Camp Exchange and Interwar Era Revisionism Peter Polak-Springer Qatar University, Humanities Department, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar [email protected] This article examines a previously un-researched aspect of nationalist politics, borderland contestation, national indifference and the politicisation of youth and cultural diplomacy in interwar Central Europe: the German–Polish ‘summer vacation exchange for children’ (Ferienkinderaustausch). The Versailles territorial settlement, which left nationalists in both countries in discontent about territories and minority groups remaining in the hands of the neighbour, formed the basis for this venture in cultural diplomacy. Each party gave the other the right to rally ‘its youth’ living on the other side of the border to travel to its ‘motherland’ for summer camp. Focusing on the case study of the heatedly contested industrial borderland of Upper Silesia, this article examines the German–Polish children’s exchange on two levels. On the local level it examines how youth were rallied and transported to their ‘motherland’ for the sum- mer and what treatment and experience they received. On the international level it explores the paradox of German–Polish cooperation and the conflict that was an inherent aspect of this venture. In mid-July 1936 Ostland, the flagship publication of Nazi Germany’s eastern borderland organisation, the Bund Deutscher Osten (BDO), published an article entitled ‘German Children in Polish Summer Camps’. It noted the arrival of a special charter train to the border city of Beuthen in German Upper Silesia, which was returning home some 600 children who had attended summer vacation camps in Poland, which lay just a few kilometres to the east.