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The State of Violence

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The State of Violence Farr 1 The State of Violence: A Qualitative study of the Types of Violence committed against the Kurds by the Turkish State By: Michael Farr Advisor: Dr. Katrin Uba Department of Government, Uppsala University 2 January 2017 Farr 2 Abstract This study examines and analyzes the types of violence committed by the Turkish state against the Kurds. Using a comprehensive typology of violence and qualitative analysis of news and NGO reports, the researcher asks what types and forms of violence does the Turkish state and their affiliates commit against the Kurds? While answering this research question a rubric was formulated (actor, motivation, form of violence) to utilize with a typology of violence that fills gaps of State Repression theory (the leading theory used in this subject matter) analysis. The results of this analysis show that the Turkish state (and affiliates) have used all types of violence in a multitude of forms against the Kurds. Furthermore, the theoretical contribution is the recognition that types of violence overlap and should be analyzed in this manner to better understand the complexity and layers of violence to provide tailored solutions. Word Count: 19869. Farr 3 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Background Information ........................................................................................................................ 8 Early 20th Century Kurdish Revolts ...................................................................................................... 8 1980s and 1990s of Kurdish Uprisings and Guardian State Terror ...................................................... 9 Tempering of War on Kurds ............................................................................................................... 11 2000s: Kurdish Semi-Peace and the New Kurdish War ..................................................................... 11 Kurdish Opening ................................................................................................................................. 12 Kurdish Temporary Peace ................................................................................................................... 13 Theoretical Section ................................................................................................................................ 14 How has Violence been studied? ........................................................................................................ 15 Towards a Detailed Categorization of Violence ................................................................................. 16 1. Political Violence ............................................................................................................................ 16 2. Institutional Violence ...................................................................................................................... 18 3. Structural Violence ......................................................................................................................... 20 4. Symbolic Violence .......................................................................................................................... 23 5. Developmental Violence ................................................................................................................. 27 6. Everyday Violence .......................................................................................................................... 31 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 35 Data Collection ................................................................................................................................... 35 Sources ................................................................................................................................................ 38 Method of Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 38 Description of Events ............................................................................................................................ 39 Summarized Timeline from June 2015 to August 2015 ..................................................................... 39 Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 40 1. Political Violence: ........................................................................................................................... 40 Physical and Psychological Political Violence towards PKK and affiliates ...................................... 41 Political Violence committed against the HDP by the State and its affiliates .................................... 43 2. Institutional Violence: ..................................................................................................................... 47 Curfews ............................................................................................................................................... 47 Proxy Group Usage ............................................................................................................................ 49 Farr 4 3. Structural Violence: ........................................................................................................................ 50 Curfews ............................................................................................................................................... 51 Blocking Aid Arbitrarily...................................................................................................................... 52 Social Relations that Perpetuate Structural Violence against Kurds ................................................. 53 Prejudicial Treatment of Kurds in Justice System .............................................................................. 54 4. Symbolic Violence: ......................................................................................................................... 56 Opinion Columns and Presidential Speeches ..................................................................................... 56 Taped Confessions .............................................................................................................................. 57 Turkish National Anthem used as Humiliation ................................................................................... 58 5. Developmental Violence: ................................................................................................................ 59 GAP ..................................................................................................................................................... 59 Destruction, Resettlement, and Increased Competition ...................................................................... 60 6. Everyday Violence: ......................................................................................................................... 62 The Return of Forced Disappearances ............................................................................................... 62 Police Perpetuating Everyday Violence.............................................................................................. 63 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 64 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 65 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................................... 67 Appendix A1: Table of Acronyms ........................................................................................................... 80 Appendix 2: Types of Violence ................................................................................................................ 82 Appendix 3: Comprehensive Timeline .................................................................................................... 85 Appendix 4: Direction of Bias from Biased Sources ............................................................................ 104 Farr 5 Introduction On the 20th of July 2015, a suicide bomber who had been trained by the Islamic State (ISIS) detonated their explosive device in the middle of a gathering of Kurdish youth in Suruc, Southeastern Turkey. The bombing killed at least 33 people and injured more than 100 others. Following the bombing in Suruc, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), which had been largely dormant since 2013 due to a ceasefire brokered with then Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, located two police officers they claimed had been collaborating with ISIS and killed them. The Turkish government retaliated, ending their side of the ceasefire,
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