8400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 1 Mr. BARKLEY. I ask that the nomi­ Col. Waldo Charles Potter, Field Art1llery. THE JOURNAL nations of postmasters be confirmed en Col. Charles Morton Milliken (lieutenant colonel, Signal Corps), Army of the United On request of Mr. BARKLEY and by bloc. States. unanimous consent, the reading of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Lt. Col. Elmer Edward Adler (major, Air Journal of the proceedings of the cal­ objection, i.t is so ordered. Corps; temporary lieutenant colonel, Air endar day Friday, October 31, 1S41, was That completes the calendar. Corps), Army of the United States. dispensed with, and the Journal was RECESS approved. CALL OF THE ROLL Mr. BARKLEY. As in legislative ses­ CONFIRMATIONS sion, I move that the Senate take a re­ Executive nominations confirmed by Mr. HILL. I suggest the absence of a cess until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. the Senate October 31 (legislative day of quorum. The motion was agreed to; and Kansas CoL John Shirley Wood (lieutenant colonel, [Mr. REED], and the Senator from In­ Field Artillery), Army of the United States. May we blaze with indignation at selfish strength that strangles weakness and co­ diana [Mr. 'WILLIS]. Col. John Breitling Coulter (lieutenant The VICE PRESIDENT. Seventy-four colonel, Cavalry), Army of the United States. ercive might that crushes freedom. Col. Vincent Meyer, Field Artillery. Deliver us from discouragement and Senatcrs have answered to their names. Col. John Benjamin Anderson (lieutenant cynicism by the radiant faith that the A quorum is present. colonel, Field Artillery), Army of the United way of the Republic is down no fatal slope EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS. ETC. States. but up to sunnier heights and wider vistas Col. Paul John Mueller (lieutenant colonel, The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Infantry), Army of the United States. of an illumined freedom which shall yet Senate the following letters, which were Col. Ambrose Robert Emery, Infantry. flame as a beacon of hope for the whole referred as indicated: Col. Otto Frederick Lange (lieutenant world. Thou who through storm and PUBLIC LANDS IN CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA FOR colonel, Infant ry), Army of the United States. night art still guiding and guarding our !NDIAUS OF FORT MOJAVE RESERVATION Col. Thompson Lawrence, Infantry. national destiny, to Thee aloud we cry, A letter from the Acting Secretary of the Col. Edwin Pearson Parker, Jr. {lieutenant "God save the state." We ask it all Interior, transmitting a draft of proposed leg­ colonel, Field Artillery), Army of the United in that name which is above every name. islation to reserve certain public domain States. Amen. lands in California and Nevada for the use 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8401 and benefit of the Indians of the Fort Mojave "Whereas any such inequitable distribu­ "Adopted by the senate on October 10, Reservation (with an accompanying paper): tion of the burden of supporting the eco­ 1941. to the Committee on Public Lands and nomic structure of the Nation would be "Adopted by the house of representatives Surveys. highly detrimental to the American farmer on October 10, 1941." AMENDMENT OF ACTS AUTHORIZING APPROPRIA­ and would result in his being compelled to RESOLUTIONS OF THE CONTINENTAL produce farm products at prices below the TION OF NATIONAL FOREST RECEIPTS FOR PUR• CONGRESS FOR FREEDOM CHASE OF LANDS compensating standard of production costs: And be it therefore Mr. HILL presented resolutions adopted A letter from the Under Secretary of Agri­ "Resolved, That the senate memorialize culture, transmitting a draft of proposed leg­ by the final session of the Continental Congress to safeguard the interests of the Congress for Freedom, at Washington, Islation to amend the acts of August 26, 1935 American farmer by requiring that in the (49 Stat. 866), May 11, 1938 (52 Stat. 347), event any ceiling is placed upon farm prices n: c., which were referred to the Com­ June 13, 1938 (52 Stat. 699), and June 25, 1938 that similar ceilings be placed upon the mittee on Foreign Relations and ordered (52 Stat. 1205), which authorize the appro­ commodities and labor the farmer must pur­ to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: priation of receipts from certain national for­ chase to properly produce food for the Amer- · Resolution 1 ests for the purchase of lands within the lean people; and be it further boundaries of such forests, to provide that Our mightiest armament is the idea that "Resolved, That a copy of this resolution Is America-the concept that men are created any such receipts not appropriated or appro­ be forwarded to each Michigan Member of priated but not expended or obligated shall equal. This idea has been the birthright of Congress and to the Secretary of Agriculture all In our land, the goal of all in many lands. be disposed of in the same manner as other of the United States. national forest receipts, and for other pur­ It has lighted the way of mankind for more "Adopted by the· senate on October 10, than a century and a half. It is a moral poses (with an accompanying paper); to the 1941." . Committee on Public Lands and Surveys. force greater than any army or armada. A concurrent resolution of the Legislature Brought to bear, it always has and alwa;ys PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS of Michigan; to the Committee en Foreign will make tyrants blanch. Petitions, etc., were presented and re­ Relations: We assert that unflinching allegience to this ferred as indicated: "Senate Concurrent Resol\ltion 66 concept of freedom is our certain way of By Mr. CAPPER: crushing the Nazi onslaught upon it. Alle­ "Concurrent resolution urging the national giance to it means willingness to fight and die A petition, numerously signed, of sundry leadership of both political parties to give citizens of Reading, Kans., praying for the for it. There is not cut-rate choice between full aid and assistance to those countries freedom and slavery, and we know by the enactment of the bill (S. 860) to provide for fighting Hitler the common defense in relati-:m to the sale grief we witness that half the world is already of alcoholic liquors to the members of the "Whereas it is clearly recognized by the enslaved. land and naval forces of the United States people of the State of Michigan that freedom As delegates to the Continental Congress and to provide fer the suppression of vice In throughout the world will not be possible un­ for Freedom, we pledge ourselves, our hearts, the vicinity of military camps and naval es­ til forces of Adolf Hitler and his partners our lives to the preservation of the Amer­ In crime are completely smashed; and ican idea, and pray that it will pervade the tablishments; to the table. world. By Mr. VANDENBERG: "Whereas to accomplish full production A petition of sundry citizens of Mount toward this end it is necessary that the fullest We rededicate ourselves to the proposition Pleasant and vicinity In the State of Mich­ degree of national unity be realized; and that our democracy at home must ever be igan, praying for the enactment of legisla­ "Whereas it is necessary that all those en­ strengthened by practical devotion to its tion to remove the marketing penalties on the gaged in dividing the people by acts of anti­ principles. We declare that this is a two­ products of American agriculture; to the Com­ semitism and discriminations and by disrupt­ front struggle in which our example in the mittee on Agriculture and Forestry. ing the production of the country by anti­ practice of democracy is as vital as our share A resolution of the council of the city of labor acts of employers and unnecessary in the actual conflict. We say that we can­ Lincoln Park, Mich., favoring the prompt en­ strikes by labor, should be condemned and not oppress our neighbor at home, impose actment of legislation to provide for the de­ exposed as tools of Hitler: Now, therefore, unjust burdens upon the weak, seek material velopment of the St. Lawrence River; to the be it advantage in this emergency, allow politics Committee on Commerce. "Resolved by the senate (the house of rep­ to sway us, or permit religious or racial A resolution of the Greater Detroit and resentatives concurring), That on this lOth prejudices to divide us, without sharing part Wayne County Industrial Union Council, De­ day of October 1941 urge the national leader­ of the guilt for the plight of mankind. We troit, 1,11ch., favoring the infliction of proper ship of both political parties do everything in will tolerate no touch of the fascist spirit in punish1:9ent upon such persons and govern­ their power to give full aid and . assistance America. mental units as are responsible for the to those countries fighting Hitler and that We therefore call upon an our fellow citi­ lynching, beating, etc., of certain EOldiers on we urge the citizens of Michigan, the hub of zens and upon the Congress from this mo- · active duty in various States of the Union; · national defense, to outproduce Hitler as pro­ ment forward to bear these high considera­ to the Committee on Military Affairs. duction is the key to modern warfa1·e; and tions ever in mind. we call especially upon A resolution of the board of supervisors of be it further our representatives in Congress to be repre­ "Resolved, That we urge the people of this sentative in truth in both this sense and in Chippewa County, Mich., favoring the tak­ the sense of showing courage in facing the ing of certain necessary steps for the protec- · State to remember the American slogan, 'E pluribus unum.' In unity there is strength awful facts of our time. We submit these tion of the Sao locks at Sault Ste. Marie, considerations to our Commander in Chief Mich.; to the Committee on Military Affairs. by dropping all their petty differences and working together to maintain freedom as did and pledge to him our support in his leader­ A petition of sundry citizens of Saginaw, ship of the fight for freedom. Mich., praying for repeal of the neutrality law our early American forefathers in their fight and the extension of full aid to the Allies; for freedom; and be it further Resolution 2 to the table. "Resolved, That we condemn antisemitic We ask for the immediate repeal of the A memorial of sundry citizens of Detroit, propaganda and that we condemn all those Neutrality .Act because it is helping Hitler Mich., remonstrating against repeal or modi­ engaged in disrupting the production by un­ to win this war. We have never urged action fication of the existing neutrality law; to the fair acts of either labor or management; and against Hitler by saying such action would table. be it further keep us out of war because we honestly feel A resolution of the Senate of Michigan; to "Resolved, That copies of this resolution be that any effective resistance against nazi­ the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry: sent to the President of the United States, ism means war. Now in urging the repeal of our Senators and Representatives, and that the Neutrality Act we know that when our "Senate Resolution 61 this be published as a proclamation of public ships loaded with American goods are taken "Resolution for the purpose of safeguarding interest. into belligerent ports by the American Fleet, the interests of the American farmer in "Chas. C. Diggs, Ben Carpenter, M. Har- Hitler will fight back. This will mean war the event any ceiling is placed upon farm . old Saur, 0. W. Bishop, Joseph A. and a declaration of war will and should prices Baldwin, Geo. P. McCallum, Ches­ follow. We beUeve that unless we act soon • "Whereas the constantly mounting .cost of ter M. Howell, Earl L. Burhans, it will be forever too late, because Hitler­ living in America, resulting from the infla­ Carl F. DeLano, William C. Birk, ism cannot be beaten by halfway measures tionary tendency of the economic structure Elmer R. Porter, James T. Milliken, and the fight for freedom cannot be won by of this country, has created a threat to the D. Hale Brake, H. F. Hittle, Don the half-hearted. VanderWerp, Stanley Nowak, Jos­ agricultural economics of the Nation; and Resolution 3 "Whereas newspaper reports and official eph A. LaFramboise, Charles S. communications from the National Capital Blondy, James A. Burns, E. C. Let it be the sense of this congress that we indicate a possibility that Federal action will Brooks, Robert B. McLaughlin, declare war on Nazi Germany. be taken :to place a ceiling upon the prices Leo. J. Wilkowski, Ernest G. Nagel, REPORTS ON DISPOSITION OF EXECU· of products produced on the American farms D. Stephen Benzie, Clarence A. TIVE PAPERS without placing compensating cei11ngs upon Reid, J. T. Hammond, Earl W. the prices the far_mers and others will be Munshaw, J . T. Logie, Herman H. Mr. BARKLEY, from the Joint Select required to pay for labor and commodities; Dignan, Gilbert Isbister, Leonard Committee on the Disposition of Execu- · and J. Paterson. tive Papers, to which were referred for 8402 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER l examination and recommendation 37 know whether it will ·be of any conse­ war materials, they are sunk in the At­ lists of records transmitted to the Senate quence. lantic Ocean. They are sent to Ger­ by the Archivist of the United States, Mr. BARKLEY. Does the Senator ob­ many's opponents to help them resist the which appeared to have no permanent ject to my t.nanimous-consent request? invasion of their countries and to pre­ value or historical interest, submitted re­ Mr. JOHNSON of California. The vent the complete conquest of Europe. ports thereon pursuant to law. Senator's request was that the Senate When that continent is completely con­ EXEPUTIVE REPORTS OF A COMMITTEE adjourn until 11 o'clock on Monday? quered, Hitler's attention will be directed Mr. BARKLEY. That the Senate re­ to another continent, and America will As in executive session, cess until 11 o'clock on Monday at the doubtless be that one. The following favorable reports of end of the day's business; yes. Anum­ Hitler's friends, supporters, and de­ nominations were submitted: ber of speakers wish to address the Sen­ fenders in America seek to lull the By Mr. McKELLAR, from the Committee - ate on Monday, and the Senate shall American nations in both North and on Post Offices and Post Roads: have to meet a little early in order to South America into a false sense of se­ Sundry postmas~ers. accommodate them, unless it runs later curity. They seek to convince us that BILL INTRODUCED at night than the Senator from Cali­ he has no idea of extending his conquest fornia probably would desire. In view into this hemisphere. They have not Mr. THOMAS of Utah (for Mr. REYN­ of the fact that we have been all week on read, or, if they have, they do not un­ OLDS) introduced a bill (S. 2026) to this matter, I think we ought to begin derstand what he has written and spoken provide for the posthumous appoint­ an hour earlier on Monday. on the general subject of German world ment to commissioned grade of certain Mr. JOHNSON of California. I do domination, or his occasional references enlisted men and the posthumous- pro­ not think so. to America in particular. , motion of certain commissioned officers, Mr. BARKLEY. I will say to the Sen­ Dr. Rauschning, the former president which was read twice by its title and re­ ator that, of course, an earlier meeting ·of the Senate of Danzig, and an inti­ ferred to the Committee on Military can be brought about by motion if the mate friend of Hitler, has written: Affairs. Senator objects to my request. At the The present war, in the Hitler view, is not PROCEEDING RELATING TO S.V:NATOR conclusion of the day's session a motion a final event. It is one of a series of wars will be made to meet at 11 o'clock on and uprisings in which no corner of the world FROM NORTH DAKOTA-LIMIT OF will be spared by the internal and external EXPENDITURES Monday. Mr. JOHNSON of California. Very blows of this revolutionary dynamism. Not even America is safe from Hitler's threat. In Mr. HATCH submitted the following well, sir. I shall object to it. 1933 I dined at Hitler's table and heard his resolution (S. Res. 186), which was re­ Mr. BARKLEY. The Senator may views on the United States. He began with ferred to the Committee to Audit and vote against it, but-- the idea that, owing to its great social antag,. Control the Contir.. gent Expenses of the Mr. JOHNSON of California. But it onisms, the United States was on the verge Senate: will be only one vote. of a bloody revolution. He intimated that it Resolved, That the limit of expenditures Mr. BARKLEY. That is correct. Very would. be easy for him actually to stir up this under Senate Resolution 81 and Senate Reso­ well. We will let the matter go over revolution or to stimulate its outbreak. Then lution 167, seventy-seventh Congress, first ·until the end of the day. the United States would never again be in a session, agreed to on March 10, 1941, and position to help the western democracies of The VICE PRESIDENT. Objection is Europe. _ _September 15, 1941, respectively, relating to heard. the proceeding now pending before the Com­ Hitler went still further: National social­ Mr. GREEN. Mr. President, the pea­ mittee on Privileges and El~ctions to deter­ ism and its fuehrer had the mission of making -mine whether WILLIAM LANGER is entitled to pie of this country do not want to go .a real nation out of America's conglomera­ retain his seat in the Senate, is hereby in­ to war, and neither does the Congress, tion of races. He, Hitler, would take over and creased by $5,000. and neither do those who are in favor of continue Washington's task and transform a corrupt moneyed democracy into a· true peo­ FERDINAND AUGUST FRIEDRICH amending the Neutrality Act. The ques­ ple's democracy. At the same time the Ger­ tion is not, however, Shall we go to war? man character of the United States would be [Mr. BARBOUR asked and obtained leave The que~tion is rather whether the war .to have printed in the RECORD a resolution .'reestablished. All the German blood that .felicitating Ferdinand August Friedrich, will come to us. In other words, if we has streamed into America would wake up to .managing editor of the Paterson Morning do not want war here in America, we its origin. North America would become a Call, of Paterson, N. J., upon his service of ·must make every effort to keep it away . German state, closely connected with the 50 years in the newspaper field, which ap­ from here. German Empire in Europe. (See the Amer­ pears in the Appendix.) There has been a good deal of talk ican Mercury for December 1939 on p. 386.) EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF REGULAR here about keeping out of war. Almost At another time Hitler went still fur­ VETERANS' ASSOCIATION all of us want to keep out of war; yet ther into the subject with Dr. Rausch­ tMr. SCHWARTZ asked and obtained leave here on the floor of the Senate, as well ning, who reports that he said: to have printed in the RECORD the educa­ as elsewhere, anyone who disagrees with National socialism alone is destined to lib­ ·tional program adopted by the Regular Vet­ a proposal for keeping out of war ac­ erate the American people from their ruling erans' Association at its fifth national con­ cuses the proposer of trying to get us clique and give them back the means of be­ vention, which appears in the Appendix.] into war. There is no more reason for coming a great Nation. • • • I shall un­ MODIFICATION OF NEUTRALITY ACT the so-called isolationists making this ac­ dertake this task simultaneously with the cusation against those who make such restoration of Germany to her leading posi­ The Senate resumed the. consideration tion in America. (See the American Mer­ of the joint resolution (H. J. Res. 237) to a proposal than there is for their oppo­ cury for August.1940 at p. 398.) repeal section 6 of the Neutrality Act of nents making the .same accusation. In 1939, and for other purposes. fact, there is less reason, because in the . Listen to Hitler's own words: Mr. GREEN obtained the floor. present state of the World War we shall Latin America-we shall create a new Ger­ run a greater risk by doing nothing than many there. We have a right to this conti­ Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will the nent. • • • We require two movements Senator yield to me? by doing something to avert it. The most effective means of keeping abroad, a loyal and a revolutionary one. Do Mr. GREEN. I yield to the Senator war away from America is to prevent you think that's so difficult? I think we _from Kentucky. are capable of it. We should not be hete Germany from completing her list of con­ Mr. BARKLEY. I shall be compelled otherwise. We shall not land . troops like quered European countries; and this can William the Conqueror and gain Brazil by to leave the Chamber, prcbably, before best be done by rendering aid to the coun- the strength of arms. Our weapons are not the day's business is concluded. I ask ·tries that are fighting Germany on the visible . ones. It will be a simple matter for unanimous consent that when the busi­ other side of the Atlantic Ocean. So, we me to produce unrest and revolts in the ness of the day shall have been con­ should give all material aid to any na­ United States so that these gentry will have cluded, the Senate stand in recess until tion fighting Germany and her allies. their hands full with their own affairs. we . 11 o'clock a. m. on Monday. That means not only producing war ma­ shall soon have storm troopers in America The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob­ • • • we shall have men whom degen­ terials for them, but also making certain erate Yankeedom will not be able to chal­ jection? that the materials reach them. It is no lenge. (From Hitler's Mein Kampf; as cited Mr. JOHNSON of California. Yes; help to them, and a loss to us, if, after by Rauschning in The Voice of Destruction. there is an objection, though I do not ·producing by the sweat of our brow these 'See The Nation, March 22, 1941; p. 343.) 1941 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8403 The New York Times is authority for but never to America. We all· wish we this country upon itself, lest some un­ the assertion by Virginia Gayda, one of could have peace and ·quiet, but not the toward incident provoke it to go to war the Axis' satellites, that Italy and Ger­ kind which descends on a land after Hit­ against its will. The act proclaimed to mai\Y were forced "to consider their ler's conquest. The isolationists have no the world that this country woUld not frontiers to be the Panama Canal." (See interest in Europe, but Hitler is no isola­ enforce its undoubted rights under in­ New York Times, February 3, 1939.) tionist, and has a real interest in the ternational law, rights which the United This statement about frontiers fits in Western Hemisphere. In the same States had asserted for 150 years and had with Hitler's statement in his book, Mein speech he said: at times fought to enforce. Its passage, Kampf:. · Germany refrains from any intervention in therefore, emboldened the aggressor · Nature does not know political frontiers. American affairs and likewise decisively re­ nations. She first puts the living beings on this globe pudiates any American intervention in, Ger­ The preamble of the act itself declared and watches the free game of energies. He man affairs. The question, for instance, as to that this abrogation of the right was who is strongest in courage and industry re­ whether Germany maintains economic rela­ temporary. It gave no foreigner any ad­ ceives, as her favorite child, the right to be tions and does business with the countries of ditional right. It was simply a self-im­ the master of existence. (See Mein Kampf, Central and South America concerns nobody complete edition, New York, 1939, p. 174.) but them and ourselves. (Same reference.) posed restraint to be lifted whenever this country deemed it to its own best interest And later in the same book- I do not know whether our isolationist to lift it. It was an act of appeasement Just as the German frontiers are frontiers friends believe that Germany's doing toward Hitler in the hope that, if we of chance and temporary frontiers in the business with the countries of South and were not only neutral but also willing to day's passing political struggles, so are the Central America is of "no concern to us." give up some of our rights as a neutral, he frontiers of other nations' domain of life. If. they do, they agree with Hitler in would respect our remaining rights. The • • • State frontiers are man-made and repudiating the Monroe Doctrine.· If hope has proved futile. On the one hand, can be altered by man. (See same work, they do not agree with him, are they pre­ p. 949.) Hitler has failed to recognize the remain­ pared to defend the Americas, North, ing rights. He has, time and time again, These ideas are summed up in his book Central, and South, against Hitler's eco­ in the general phrase- sunk American vessels wherever they nomic or military attacks on them? happened to be. He has even sunk an Germany will be either a world power or Hitler ended up this notable speech by Americap ship carrying an American flag will not b~ at all. To be a world power, however, it requires that·size which nowadays offering some advice to the Members of and without cargo off the coast of Africa gives its necessary importance to such a pow­ Congress. He said: outside of any combat zone defined by er, and which gives life to its citizens. (See Germany at any rate is a great and sov­ the President of the United States or by same work, p. 950.) ereign country and is not subject to the Hitler himself. He has even attacked Last week Mr. Cudahy, our former Am­ supervision of American politicians. Quite American warships, torpedoed them, and bassador to Poland , and Belgium, ap­ apart from that, however, I feel that all killed members of their crews. The ap­ peared before the Senate Foreign Rela­ states today have so many domestic prob­ peasement policy has failed in the case lems to solve that it would be a piece of of every country which has tried it. The tions Committee and reported a conver­ good fortune for the nations if responsible sation he had had with Hitler when he statesmen were to confine their attentions extreme case was that of the Soviet went to see him as a correspondent of to their own problems. (Same reference.) Union, which not only tried appease­ an American periodical. Mr. Cudahy ment, but formed an alliance with Hitler, stated that he had told Hitler: Obviously some isolationist Senators only to find that without warning he That there were two main reasons why the have accepted his advice and passed it turned and struck would be vital blows American p·eople-were hostile to the Nazi .re­ along to their hearers at "America First" at his nominal friend and ally. So the gime and to himself. One of them was that meetings. In spite of all this and much appeasement policy has failed here, too, we felt the Nazi conquest threatened our more which I might have quoted from and that reason for the act has gone. security on this hemisphere, and the next Hitler and his standard bearers, we keep On the other hand, the American peo­ was that American business and international hearing the advice given us to mind our ple have not shown that emotional weak­ markets could compete with Germany's in­ own business, that Hitler has no interest ternational output. • • • But Mr. Cudahy ness on which the act was based. They reported that "he laughed at this and he said in America, and if we show no interest in have not clamored for war when our it was fantastic-as fantastic as an invasion him, he will let us' alone in peace and ships have been. sunk and the crews killed. of the moon." (See Hearings before Senate quiet. Unfortunately, that would be the They have been aroused to action, but Foreign Relations Committee, pp. 143-144.) peace and quiet of occupied France. they have remained calm. Hitler will This remark of Hitler's is in entire ac­ Let me conclude this part of my re­ not attack us, no matter what the provo­ cord with his speech before the Reichstag marks by one more quotation, taken from cation may be, until he is ready to strike, on January 30, 1939-about 2 years previ­ Rauschning's book, The Revolution of and when he is ready he will strike, no ously-wherein he stated: Nihilism-Warning to the West: matter whether our actions have been The assertion that national socialism in Thus at the back of Germany's continental friendly or hostile. America should show Germany will soon attack North or South empire stands the will to absolute dominion the same self-restraint. So that reason America, Australia, China, or even the In the world, the technical means of which for the passage of the act has gone also. Netherlands because different systems of gov­ are no longer lacking as hitherto. • • • In the meanwhile, our hands have been _ ernment are in control of these places, is on And America is already at the outset of in­ tied in our efforts to help both ourselves the same plane as the statement that we ternal convulsions produced by a war or intend to follow it up with an immediate ideologies. Here, too, a change may easily and those who are fighting the dictators occupation of the full moon. (See Wash­ come, incredible as it seems as yet, which will both. across the Atlantic and across the ington Post, January 31, 1939, p. 6.) convert American opposition into willing Pacific. We cannot exercise our rights You will note that the Netherlands was discipleship. In the National Socialist view under international law, and only be­ included and that an attack on North the political situation in America is unstable cause we have promised ourselves that we America and the attack on the Nether­ and can be developed into an outright rev­ will not do so. We have by this promise olution; to do this is both a tactical aim of to ourselves declared to the world that we lands were equally as fantastic as an in­ National Socialism, in order to hold America vasion of the moon. Yet the Netherlands aloof from Europe, and a political one, in will not go to the limit of our rights in was wantonly attacked, invaded, and de­ order to bring both North and South America opposing the aggressors and helping their stroyed. into the new order. By its ubiquity and 1ts victims. The proposed amendment to Later in the same speech Hitler said: tactics of universal menace, National Social­ the Neutrality Act merely restores those Actually the assertion that Germany is ism is preparing to {)Ccupy th~ key positions rights. We will, so far as the repeal of planning an attack on America could be dis­ for colonial domination, for domination cf sections 2, 3, and 6 are concerned, simply posed of with a mere laugh • • • The the great sea routes, and for the domination restore the rights which we have always German Nation has no feeling of hatred to­ of America and the Pacific. (See New York exercised under internatioJlal law and ward England, Americ_a, or France; all -it edition, 1939, p. 226.) under American law. We will again be wants is peace and quiet. (See same refer­ Mr. President, the amendment of the free to act as free men and assert and en­ ence.) so-called Neutrality Act is proposed so as force our rights to the freedom of the Germany has given "peace and quiet" to make possible the delivery of war ma­ seas. This does not mean going to war. to France; and, according to our isola­ terials to nations fighting Hitler. The It means simply a reassertion of our tionist friends, he may give it to England, act was a voluntary restraint placed by rights. War may follow, but lt 1s less 8404 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 1 -likely to follow if we repeal these pro­ which we derive the great bulk of our East Indies and. the Malay States, both visions than if we keep bound by them. stratEgic and vital materials. Both those of which are now threatened by Japan, B·:1t those who oppose the repeal say, in nations understand better than do we there would be a serious reduction in our efiect, that the rights which we have not what a source of economic power lies in supplies, which, if continued long, would exercised are of no particular value to us. the possession of vital strategic materials seriously cripple both wartime and p~ace­ What good is the freedom of the seas? which America needs. Both of them time production· here. They claim that this abandonment of our have suffered from the fear, more than As to tin, it is true that we import a historic doctrine of freedom of the seas the fact, that other nations might with­ certain amount from Bolivia, but the has cost us nothing and that it will cost hold such strategic materials without amount contracted for is only about one­ us nothing. They claim that this Nation which they could not wage this war. For fourth of what we normally use. So does not need to export to or import from year.s they have piled up great reserves for both these and other materials we or have any communication with the of such materials as copper, nickel, must keep the sea lanes open to Siiiga­ rest of the world. It is self-sufficient. chrome, tungsten, and other war mate­ pore. This is the fundamental theory of the rials. . When Norway offered a possible There are other materials vital to some isolationists' program. It seems to me, barrier to the delivery of iron ore she of our industries which we largely im­ therefore, important to give illustrations was conquered. The same thing would port from overseas, such as minerals like of the falsity of this theory. Here are a have happened to Sweden if she had not graphite and mica, which come to us few: complied with Germany's demands, and, from across Ceylon and Madagascar, and a. There is at the present time con­ as a result, Sweden is reduced to a state so are tied up with the fate of Singapore. siderable chrome now at Port Said, Egypt, of dependence. The war in Russia has There is also tungsten, which we need for awaiting shipment to the United states. already resulted in Germany getting our high-speed steels, and which comes We have American flag ships proceeding control of 60 percent of the latter's iron down the Burma Road, already threat­ as far as Suez which are unable to proceed production and a large part of her re­ ened by Japanese occupation of Thailand. to Port Said to load the chrome because serves of manganese. Not only do we need these and other of restrictions imposed by the Neutrality We need manganese here in our great metals from far off Asia, but we also need Act. The chrome, therefore, must be steel industries. The great bulk of it kapok for life-preservers, leather tanned shipped on foreign flag ships to some before the war came from Russia as well by mangrove extracts, palm oil, tapioca, port where American ships can pick it up, as from India, from Africa, and from the and, humorous as it may seem, pig or it must be shipped from Port Said to Philippines. We need chromium and bristles, which go into paint brushes of the United States in foreign ships. we are relatively almost as deficient in every kind. b. At the prEsent time there is a supply chrome as Germany was before the war. Suppose Japan should strike north of cork in North Africa which could be Without these our effort to build up a against the Russian Vladivostok, or south shipped to this country from Casablanca, national defense cannot be successful. If against the Dutch East Indies, or against M.:>rocco. We want the cork, but Ameri­ we lose control of the seas, we may be the English Singapore itself; under the can ships are not permitted to go to Casa­ cut off from them altogether. So we are terms of the Neutrality Act, the President blanca because of the restrictions im­ building up reserves, but they cannot be would have to declare the nearby waters posed by the Neutrality Act. built up to last long enough. These two a combat zone, and under the restrictions c. Americ2.n-flag ·ships handling de­ materials essential for our defense would of that act none of our flagships could fense material for Egypt, which is neu­ be insufficient if we could not keep enter that zone, and we would be de­ tral territory, cannot handle commercial American vessels sailing through the In­ prived of many basic materials necessary cargoes for Capetown, Union of South dian Ocean. If Japan can control the not only to our ordinaz:y peacetime life Africa, and other similar ports on the Malay Peninsula and the naval base but also to wartime production. route there because American flag ships which protects the straits at Singapore The same thing is true of .some . other with defense materials for neutral coun­ she will control the Indian Ocean. So materials in some other parts of the tries cannot call at ports which are in Singapore is in a sense a key to our na­ world. The point I am making is that territories associated with any of the bel­ tional defense. Yet I have heard people we are deeply interested in the fate of the ligerents on account of the restrictions express indifference as· to whether the places whence come these materials, be­ imposed by the Neutrality Act. control passed from Great Britain to cause America is not self-sufficient. d. American flag ships cannot carry Japan. Without regard to wars or rumors of defense materials to Australia, and so We usually associate Singapore with wars and without regard to any political foreign flag ships have to be used instead the two valuable materials, tin and rub­ considerations, we are vitally interested because of the restrictions imposed by ber. It is unnecessary to emphasize the in places far overseas and must protect the Neutrality Act. The same ships bring importance of both of these in our de­ our interest in them for the benefit not back ores and wools. So they come in fense production, and also in our ordi­ of the people of those countries but of foreign flag ships instead of American nary peacetime industries. Supposing, the people of the United States of Amer­ flag ships. however, we were cut off from them both; ica. Here are a couple of illustrations we are piling up a stock, but it is a great Notwithstanding our dependence in nearer home: question whether it will be sufficient. these respects on foreign nations we have e. American flag ships cannot carry The other day in Fall River, a few ourselves incomparably rich reserves of cargo from the United States to Halifax, miles from my own city of Providence, a many other materials. These, with our Nova Scotia, Qr St. Johns, Newfoundland, million and one-half dollars' worth of unparalleled industrial plants, must because of the restrictions imposed by crude rubber was destroyed by fire. The tempt plunderers. Our traditions of lib­ the Neutrality Act. However, cargo for danger of fire had been foretold by erty and our free institutions serve as Halifax can be sent by rail originating on experts and the manner of storing the a constant threat to the ideals of Hitler American railroads~ rubber had been adversely criticized, but and other aggressors like him. For both f. There is an air base at Clarenville, apparently nothing was done to prevent these reasons, apart from anything they Newfoundland, which is used largely by this almost irreparable loss. I trust that may have said or done, or may say or do the American and Canadian forces. an official report will be made justifying in the future, we must realize that we American flag ships cannot carry supplies this apparent neglect. Just as it is im­ are a natural target for totalitarian ag­ to that base because of the restrictions portant to deliver the war materials we gressors. Therefore, we must make an imposed by the Neutrality Act. manufacture and not have them sunk in all-out effort to prepare an adequate na­ But these illustrations of what has the Atlantic Ocean, so it is important tional defense; and I believe that the re­ happened are of minor importance in not only to bring from around the world peal of sections 2, 3, and 6 of the present comparison with illustrations I should these essential materials but also to pro­ misnamed Neutrality Act is a part of such like to give of what may happen in case tect them from destruction ·after they defense. the restrictions of the Neutrality Act are get here. Our Government is preparing Mr. CLARK of · Missouri obtained the not remo.ved, and events bring about to manufacture rubber substitutes, but floor. other restrictions imposed by either Ger­ they will supply only a small part of what Mr. NYE. Mr. President, will the Sen­ many or Japan, which may extend the we are using each year. If these raw ma­ ator yield? combat zones farther into regions from terials should be cut o.:fi from the Dutch Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I yield. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8405 Mr. NYE. I suggest the absence of a ent issues. I know that every Senator this measure to emasculate completely quorum. who casts his vote must do so with the the Neutrality Act and let down any legal The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk certainty that events either immediate or restrictions to the creation of an actual will call the roll. ultimate may prove him wrong. I pray state of war. I realized that the con­ The legislative clerk called the· roll, that every Senator may fully realize that trolling element as to the course to be and the following Senators answered to none of us as patriotic Americans can pursued would be a purely tactical one their names: afford to give any consideration wha.t­ as to whether, taking into consideration Adams George Nye ever to his personal political fortunes, the many pledges made by many people, Aiken Gerry O'Dan1el but must be governed with an eye single the objective could be accomplished at Andrews Glllette O'Mahoney Austln Glass Overton to the welfare of our beloved country. one fell swoop, or whether, in order to Bailey Green Peace It is in that spirit that I approach the save certain faces, it would be necessary Ball Guffey Pepper discussion of this great question. to attain the objective in one, two, or Bankhead Gurney Russell Barbour Hatch Schwartz "These are the times that try men's three bites. Barkley Hill Shtpstead souls," as was said by one of the greatest I was fully aware that it was the in­ Bilbo Ho,man Smathers patriots of our Revolution, Thomas tention of the administration to gut the Bridges Johnson, Calif. Stewart Paine. The issues presented to us today Brown Johnson, Colo. Taft Neutrality Act, either piecemeal or at one Bm1ker Kilgore Thomas, Idaho are so vast and so incalculable in their gulp, as the situation might develop. I Butler. La Follette ThClmas, Okla. effect upon the future of our people and knew that only two things held back the Byrd Langer Thomas, Utah our free institutions that they should be Capper Lee Truman effort to do it at one bite-one, the Caraway Lucas Tunnell decided not upon partisan adherence, pledges originally -nade to the leadership Chavez McCarran Vandenberg not upon real or simulated devotion to a of the House not to put their member­ Clark, Idaho McFarland Van Nuys glamorous chief, not upon considerations C!ark, Mo. McKellar Wellgren ship in the hole by extending and essen­ Connally McNary Walsh of personal political safety or expediency, tially changing the p:oposition as acted Danaher Maloney Wheeler not upon anything other than each Sen­ on by the House; the other, a doubt as Davis Murdock White ator's own independent judgment as to to the position of a very eminent and im­ Doxey Murray Wiley the very best measures to be taken for Ellender Norris portant Member of the Senate Commit­ the preservation of those great institu­ tee on Foreign Relations, whose vote they The PRESIDING OFFICER Illinois [Mr. LucAS], the eign nations could not call on American war­ icy by the President of the United States Senator from South Dakota [Mr. ships or soldiers to ball out their invest­ in 1940 or the pledges contained in the GURNEY], and many others-! say, Mr. ments. Was that right? President's message of 1939. If he meant President, that if I have omitted from my We made it clear that ships flying the to accuse President Roosevelt of advo­ American flag could not carry munitions to brief remarks at this time actual quota­ a belligerent, and that they must stay out cating in 1939 and 1940 a policy of na­ tions from their· passionate and cogent of war zones. Was that right? tional hypocrisy, it seems to me to be a exposition of the outstanding merits of In all these ways, we made it clear to every truly shocking thing. the Neutrality Act of 1939, now sought to American, and to every foreign nation, that As an item of history, Mr. President, it be destroyed, I do so through no lack of we would avoid becoming entangled through may be/proper to set it down at this time respect for their opinions in 1939, but some episode beyond our borders. that in truth and fact the source of in­ only through a disinclination unduly to And that included Iceland. The Pres­ spiration of the original Neutrality Act of detain the Senate at this particular time. ident continued: 1935 was the President of the United These records are, of course, easily avail­ These were measures to keep us at peace. States himself. I honor him ·for it. able, however, and upon the request of And through all the years of war since 1935, While .it is true that the Senator from any of these Senators I shall be glad to there has been no entanglement, and there. North Dakota [Mr. NYEl and I were the produce and insert in the RECORD the re­ w1ll be no entanglement. · actual draftsmen and introducers of the marks they made in 1939 for the purpose three resolutions, which taken together No more forceful statement of policy, of refuting Secretary Knox's charge that essentially constituted the Neutrality Act they were guilty of foisting on the Nation no more definite pledge for the future, of 1935, it is also true that in assuming was ever made by any American public in 1939 an act of "national hypocrisy." that responsibility and that honor we Mr. President, the most outstanding official or candidate for office. And if, were to all intents and purposes acting as as the President asserted in 1940, "these circumstance of the whole course of the agents and representatives of the events since the beginning of the present were measures to keep us at peace," how· Senate Munitions Committee. It is also can it be questioned that their repeal in conftict in Europe, so far as our own af­ true that the inspiration, indeed the in­ fairs are concerned, is the astonishing 1941 are measures to get us into war? ception, of the resolutions, came from the similarity of pattern between the un­ In his message to Congress on Septem­ President himself at a conference be­ happy train of procedure which led us ber 21, 1939, on the repeal of the arms tween the President and the members of into the last war-to my mind, one of embargo, the President said: the Munitions Committee, held at the · the most tragic calamities in its ultimate I say this because with the repeal of the White House offices and summoned by effects which ever befell any free nation­ embargo this Government clearly and defi­ the President himself ·shortly before we nitely will insist that American citizens and and the steps by which we have been ap­ American ships keep away from the imme­ introduced the resolutions. I may add proaching the awful implications of par­ diate perils of the actual zones of conflict- that the reason for the introduction of ticipation in the present conflict. This 1 believe that American vessels should, as far the resolutions by the Senator from North progress toward the shambles has been as possible, be restricted from entering Dakota and myself, individually and delayed, impeded, even averted, as the danger zone.!?. jointly, rather than their inclusion in the President indicated in October 1940, b~ This wise expression of policy is now recommendations of the Munitions Com­ the existence on the statute books of the to be cast upon the ash heap by the adop­ mittee, was the desire to avoid any pos­ Neutrality Act. New it is proposed to de­ tion of the pending measure. sible conflict with the Committee on For­ stroy that act. eign Relations on questions of committee I do not wish to discuss at length the Only so lately as October 4, 1941, less j·Jrisdiction. than a month ago, in an article in Col­ subject of armed merchantmen because lier's Magazine, the President said, in At any rate it seems to me quite late in that question has now been merged into referring to the act of 1939: the day for the egregious Secretary Knox the larger question of the complete re­ to attempt to stultify as "national hypoc­ peal of the Neutrality Act and because This time, after a protracted debate, the risy" a series of legislative acts originally recommendations were adopted, and a new the question was so ably discussed on neutrality law was passed on November 3, inspired by the President, passed by an Monday by the distinguished Senator 1939 • • • a month and a half after almost unanimous vote in both Houses in from Michigan [Mr. VANDENBERG l and on my appeal. 1935 and 1936, and signed by the Presi­ Wednesday by the able Senator from The adoption of these recommendations of­ dent in both instances, amended in exact Wisconsin [Mr. LA FOLLETTE]. I can add fered greater safeguards than we had before, accordance with the President's wishes in nothing to their complete discussion on to protect American lives and property from 1939, and championed and exalted by the the subject. At the risk of tedious repe­ destruction and in that ·way tended to avold President during his candidacy at the end tition, however, I desire merely to em­ the incidents and controversies likely to draw of October 1940 as a chief means by phasize again a few historic facts which us into the conflict, as they had done in the which the Nation had been kept out of go straight to the heart of the question World War. war. both of the efficacy and the desirability Now, it is proposed by the majority of I should like to have it of record, Mr. of arming merchant ships. the Foreign Relations Committee-that President, that if in this connection I We all know that in February of 1917, thin red line of one majority-to wipe out have confined myself to quotations from President Wilson having been recently the "greater safeguards" to which the the President of the United States and reelected on the slogan "He Kept Us Out President referred and thereby to pro- have omitted for the present the eloquent of War," suddenly revoked his former 84,08 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 1 policy and advocated the arming of mer­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ DIFFICULT TARGET FOR PLANE chant vessels. That measure was de­ sent to insert in the REcORD at this point Can aircraft effectively bomb a submarme? feated in this body . . President Wilson, an article appearing in yesterday's Wash­ "The problem of so doing," writes Lieutenant after denunciation of the Senators who ington Star, by Commander Louis J. Gul­ Willingham, "has not yet reached even the had defeated the armed ship bill, pro­ liver, United States Navy, retired, on the experimental stage. "The difficulty of a plane in getting set for ceeded to get an opinion from the Attor­ subject of the efficiency of armed ships an attack on and aiming at so small and ney General of the United States that he in sinking submarines. elusive a target as a periscope intermittently had not needed any congressional sanc­ There being no objection, the article exposed for short periods is very great. The tion in the first place-an opinion which was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, pilot of the plane will probably not be able to this day does not reflect any credit as follows: to draw a bead even with the best bomb sight upon the memory of Attorney General before the periscope disaprears and is lost (From the Washington Evening Star of Oc­ to him." Gregory, but which still stands. There­ tober 31, 1941 j upon the President proceeded to put into It is to be inferred from what Lieutenant effect the measure for which he had SUBMARINE PERISCOPE, SHOWING ONLY Willingham has written that surface-ship BRIEFLY, MOST DIFFICULT TARGET FOR NAVY commanders must place exclusive dependence sought congressional authority but which GUNNERS on their own broadside battery guns to com­ he had not obtained. Less than a month bat attacking submarines. The crews of these later I sat upon the rostrum of the House (By Commander Louis J. Gulliver, United guns must fire instantly at hostile peri­ of Representatives and heard President States Navy, retired) scopes-not wait for orders and not wait Wilson frankly admit the complete fail­ Orders issued to commanders of United while the fire-control system "works out the ure of his armed ship policy and ask for States naval vessels to capture or destroy Axis range and deflection." a declaration of war. raiders !ound on the sea lanes from the Lookouts for submarines have become out­ Atlantic Coast to Iceland give point to recent moded, it is implied by Lieutenant Willing­ No one upon this floor or elsewhere will warnings, addressed by a United States naval ham, and in their places are the men com­ have the hardihood to deny that the very officer to his brother officers, that "the sub­ posing the crews of the broadside batteries­ last step on the part of our Government marine danger be looked at with a cold and trained men of the gun-pointer group, accus­ before the active and avowed entrance calculating eye ' and that the surface Navy tomed to daily use with telescope sights for into war was the measure for arming be prepared for the worst." searching assigned areas inside the 4,000-yard merchant vessels, thereby divesting them This and what follows is taken from the range. of their character of merchantmen and April number of the United States Na\•al In­ Battle lookouts high up on masts for sub­ making them ships of war, subject to all stitute: Modern Submarine Versus Major marine periscope detection became a thing Warship, by Lt. S. D. Willingham, United of the past when modern submarine attack the hazards and responsibilities of ships States Navy. technique fixed the range for firing torpedoes at war. The author adds: "It is not too much to at not more than 1,500 yards; not less (for We are all familiar with the deliberate suppose that there are several foreign navies safety) than 500 yards. conclusion of the most distinguished who are very proficient in the submarine CAN FIRE UP TO 10 TORPEDOES American naval officer of the last war, branch of their servicES." Admiral Sims, after the conclusion of What is this submarine danger "to be Is any type of warship strong enough de­ the war, a man who undoubtedly had looked at with cold and calculating eye"? It fensively to stand up to modern submarine more opportunities for information than arises from the fact, according to Lieutenant torpedo attack? Lieutenant Willingham Willingham, that it is practically impossible answers this: "A submarine can hit a battle­ any other person alive at that time, when ship repeatedly in the same spot until her he said: for lookouts on warships--and merchant ships also-to see the periscope of an enemy sub­ back is broken • • • a submarine can All of the experience in this submarine marine during the few periods of about 10 and does fire her entire nest of torpedo tubes campaign to date demonstrates that it would seconds it is exposed while the submarine in rapid succession with as much accuracy as be a seriously dangerous misapprehension to is making her approach to attain the best she can fire one tube. base our action on the assumption that any range for firing. Even if the periscope be "She can deliver 4, 6, or even 10 torpedoes armament on merchantmen is any protec­ sighted, it disappears from sight so quickly in rapid succession." tion against submarines which are willing to that the lookout finds it most difficult to What are the chances of a surface warship use their torpedoes. convey the knowledge of what he has seen to escape if the submarine can get within In this connection it is but fair to and where he has seen it to the gun crews 1,500-yard range or less; can it, for instance, to enable them to shoot and hit. avoid being hit by dodging (changing state that Admiral Stark testified that course) on seeing the wake of an oncom­ while he served on Admiral Sims' staff SMALL PERCENTAGE OF HITS ing torpedo? he did not agree with the conclusions of The percentage of hits to be made on a Lieutenant Willingham writes: "The his renowned wartime commander, then submerged submarine, states Lieutenant Wil­ chance of the warship escaping destruction officially and universally regarded as the lingham, "will probably be very small. At is almost nil • • • zigzagging to avoid ablest naval officer sailing under the the depth at which submarines operate now­ submarines has now become nearly a use­ American flag. I make no pretense what­ adays, they will suffer little embarrassment less device due to the facility with which ever to being familiar with technical from surface-ship gunfire unless fiat-nosed the modern submarine torpedo-control prob­ matters concerning the Navy, but until and nonrichocheting shells are used, and even lem is speedily solved." It is only necessary then the percentage of hits will probably be for the submarine commander to ascertain someone else has proved his superiority very small." the ship-target's range, bearing, target angle, to Admiral Sims as a naval technician The author limits his discussion to "un­ and speed. I am perfectly willing to accept the con­ damaged submarines" which leave no wake or "In time of war," states Lieutenant ·wu­ clusions of that great seaman as to tech­ tell-tale oil sUcks and which never will will­ llngham, "submarine captains will drive in nical matters with which he had more ingly come to the surface except when driven close to ranges at which a miss will be almost opportunity than anyone else to be into very shallow water. impossible; few ineffective shots will be familiar. A modern submarine may be discovered fired." It will not be disputed that on the in­ only by sighting her periscope; she may be If a submarine can get to a 1,500-yard controvertible record no submarine is approximately located by the sound emitted range, her torpedo will traverse this distance known to have been sunk by armed by her propellers. in 75 seconds-insufficient time for the sur­ American merchantmen in the last war, Contrary to popular belief, "it is futile to ·face vessel to swing her bow or stern around look for a submarine by searching for such for the purpose of reducing the size of target while many armed merchant vessels were things as shadows, discolored water, oil even if her lookouts have sighted the peri­ sunk by submarines. slicks," says the author. scope exposure immediately before the shot It was testified before the Foreign Re­ Airplanes for locating submarines are a was fired. lations Committee by Admiral Stark that snare and a delusion, according to Lieutenant it will take 4 months to arm approxi­ Willingham. "Even when the submarine's SUBMARINE HAS ADVANTAGE mately 200 out of 1,200 merchant vessels. position is almost exactly known, the sub­ Lookouts for submarines on surface ships With the order to shoot on sight issued marine is extremely difficult to see from air­ should not expect to see the "feather" caused by this Government, it will become vir­ planes. This has been repeatedly shown by by the exposed periscope to travel fast. experiments. Whenever a submarine captain has com­ tually impossible for submarines to come "Aircraft can, of course, see the periscope menced an approach, he will never make ex­ to the surface to ascertain whether or exposures fairly well. But the great unsolved posure of his periscope at a higher speed than not the merchant vessel is armed, thus problem in this connection is: How transfer 2 knots. He will never make exposure at placing in tragic jeopardy the crews of this sighting from the brain of the man in more than 6 knots · unless his distance from the thousand vessels which will still be the plane effectively to the brain of the man lookouts is such as to make detection un­ unarmed. at the gun on the surface?" likely. .1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8409 While tt is a fact that the slow speed of to the very brink of war or, according to and shall rigorously enforce and defend the the periscope makes the submarine easier for one very reasonable interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine. The direction and aim of gun pointers, yet the advantage of this low President's Navy Day speech, actually our foreign policy has been and will continue speed is all with the submarine. "The short to be the defense of our land and the main­ exposure of the periscope at low speeds into the war, without the constitutional .tenance of its peace. makes it harder to be sighted by lookouts; sanction of Congress. it creates a feather very much like an ocean Two years ago I predicted in the Sen­ This plank was unanimously adopted whitecap and of the same approximate dura­ ate the steps by which we would be drawn by the Democratic Convention with the tion." down the pathway of participation in for­ specific approval of the President of the Lieutenant Willingham asserts that "to eign war. I said at that time: Unitej States. The Republican platform date the score is heavily in favor of the sub­ And do not forget that it will be done by was only slightly less specific and binding. marine. It is a mistake to continue with the small steps, no one of which by itself can be hopeful attitude that somehow, when the No less strilting were the forthright said to be a direct cause of our getting into declarations of our candidate-declara­ time comes, the submarine situation will take war. But mark my words, when we take the care of itself. first step we have set our compass. When I tions which enabled him to break the "If guns are to be depended on for defense was a boy I used to hear my father quote the Nation-old tradition and be sworn for a against submarines, they should be required words from Virga: "Facilis descensus third term. He was direct, explicit, elo­ to demonstrate their ability to defend. Sim­ averni"--easy the descent into hell. I fear quent. ilarly, planes and destroyers should demon­ that the small steps which we may take in During the campaign, in addressing the strate their ability." this crisis may eventually be steps which will . As a means to a d€sired e>nd, Lieutenant Teamsters Union convention at Washing­ land this country in the bottomless pit of ton on September 11, the President said: Willingham advocates required training of all war. From then on it is farewell to freedom, gunnery and ship-control personnel in par­ to liberty, to all of the cherished privileges I hate war now more than ever. I have one ticular in this phase-hostile submarine-of we have enjoyed under our democracy, at supreme determination-to do all that I can their duties to an unprecedented extent to least during the course of the war, and pos­ to keep war from these shores for all time. bring their proficiency as submarine detec­ sibly for a long time afterward. I stand with my party upon the platform tors and submarine destroyers up to a point adopted at Chicago: "We will not participate which will give surface Yessels a fighting Unhappily I have seen this melancholy in foreign wars, and we ·wm not send cur chance against modern submarines. prediction fulfilled, until today there re­ Army, naval, or air forces to fight in foreign "There are no instructions ur exercises now mains only the final step-in all proba­ lands outside of the Americas except in case available to train personnel to shoot at a bility ::ontained in the pending meas­ of attack." periscope. Nor is there a gunnery practice anywhere which gives any idea as to the ure-to plunge us into war. 'When our This was a solemn pledge made to the ability of a shipboard gun to hit anq damage feet were once set upon the path lead­ American people by the President as a a submarine. Such a practice might demon­ ing to war, when successive demands solemn consideration for his reelection. strate a glaring weakness in surface vessel have been made and acceded to under Yet today, li:tle more than a year later, defensive ability." the whip and spur of emergency, each an American cxpedition&.ry force is in Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi­ step has been easier, dispassionate dis­ Iceland under general supervision of a dent, I regret exceedingly to say it, but cussion has been more difficult. Com­ British general as the senior officer of it is true, and must be said, that our mitments made even clandestinely with­ joint control of a partnership wlth a bel­ whole foreign policy since the beginning out authority of law, form matters of na­ ligerent state. of this war, has been a succession of steps tional policy which cannot be retreated Again at Boston on October 30, 1940, toward war. from without national dishonor. We the President sa]d: In his great speEch at Chautauqua, N. found that out with the last war, al­ I have e:aid this before, and I shall say it Y., in 1936, when he was a candidate for though we did not learn the full details again and again. Your boys are not going to a second term, in the ringing pledge to until 20 years after our involvement in be sent into any foreign wars. keep out of foreign wars which brought the war. We have been going through the successive step.:; of extending loans I take it that applies to sailors as well him such widespread support, the Presi­ as soldiers. dent said: and credits and then of outright gifts, of denuding our own military and naval And at Philadelphia, in the very crisis We shun political commitments which defenses, already inadequate and scanty of the campaign, the President said: might entangle us in foreign wars; we avoid To Republicans and Democrats, to every connection with the political activities of for the protection of our own land, of permitting entry to our ports of armed man, woman, and child in the Nation, I say­ the League of Nations. ! repeat I stand on the platform of our I wish I could keep war from all nations, merchant ships and finaliy of ships of party. It is for peace I have labored; and it but that is beyond my power. I can at least war for repair, of imposing conscription is for peace I shall labor all the days of my make certain that no act of the United States upon our youth in time of peace, of life. helps to produce or to promote war. largely submitting to the Army's indus­ On the basis of the specific pledges I, If we face the choice of profits or peace, trial mobilization plan even in time of in company of millions of other Amer­ the Nation will answer-must answer-"We peace, which frankly and openly means choose peace." It is the duty of all of us to icans, supported the President for reelec­ encourage such a body of public opinion. dictatorship. Now our Navy, by the sole tion. It is but fair to say, however, that We can keep out of war if those who watch order of the President, is in the opening Mr. Willkie's pronouncements, though and decide have a sufficiently detailed under­ stages of an undeclared war. less eloquent and bearing less evidence of standing of international affairs to make cer­ The American people d.J not want war. sincerity, were to the same effect. tain that the small decisions- In every way in which they have ever Yet within 6 months of the election I had the opportunity of expressing them­ Mark th~t phrase- lived to see the exact words of the Demo­ selves they have so indicated. Their last cratic platform upon which the Presi­ of each day do not lead toward war, and if, at opportunity was just a year ago, in the the same time, they possess the courage to dent and our party appealed to the coun­ say "no" to those who selfishly or unwisely election of 1940. try and won the election, voted down by would let us go to war. • • • At this late Only 1 year ago we had a national a partisan majority in the United States date, with the wisdom which is so easy after campaign, involving not only the Presi­ Senate when I offered it word for word the event and so difficult hefore the event, we dential succession, but the future destiny as a declaration of national principle in find it possible to trace the tragic series of of this Republic. At the Democratic Na­ connection with the lease-lend-give bill. small decisions which led Europe into the tional Convention of 1940, as the chair­ So, we come to the lease-lend bill, or great war of 1914 and eventually engulfed us man of the Missouri delegation, I helped and many other nations. the Lenin-lease bill as it now appears to adopt the declaration of my party upcn be. No condition existed at the time of I have quoted these majestic words be­ foreign policy, to which I was and still its introduction and passage which had fore in this body, as have other Senators. am passionately devoted. Upon this not existed during the national campaign They cannot be repeated too often. To declaration we solemnly appealed to the and been known both to Mr. Roosevelt use the President's own expression, I shall country for support: and Mr. Willkie. Neither made any sug­ repeat them "again and again and again'' We will not participate in foreign wars, gestion of any such measure during the so long as freedom of expression is still and we will not send our Army, naval, or campaign. If either had advocated such permitted in this Chamber. air forces- a proposition he would, in my opinion, Ah, Mr. President, those "small deci­ Mark those words- have been decisively defeated. After the sions of each day" to which the President to fight in foreign lands cutside of the election both candidates ardently sup­ referred at Chautauqua have brought us Am:ericas e:Jcept in case of attack. We. favor ported the bill for dictatorial powers and LXXXVII--531 8!10 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 1 · for paying the expenses of the defense great enemy of Germany, traded with to fight in Europe or around the world, of the British Empire-ostensibly as a . Hitler, participated in the rape of Poland, wherever the imperial interests of far- · peace measure. I do not wish to discuss subdued the Baltic States, and made an flung empires might demand, to take that measure today in more detail than unprovoked and partly unsuccessful at­ such allies as Russia whenever it serves to remark that its already admitted ef­ tempt to ravish heroic Finland. Russia the British interest. fects will be to increase the national seized part of Roumania and acquiesced Further, I do not believe that we debt to the point of bankruptcy, cer-· in Hitler's stealing the rest and to all shoul,.d orient the fortune of America into tainly to double, in most cases treble, and intents and purposes seizing Bulgaria. the old, old, age-long quarrels of Europe, in many cases multiply by 7 to 10 our Now Hitler and Stalin are at each other's because I think that if we once get over taxes for the next and many succeeding throats-a case of dog-eat-dog- if there there again, we will never get our boys years-! am now referring only to the ever was such a case in the history of back. Vast numbers of them will die, of expenditures already authorized-and by the world. Now Hitler has started again course, and I think of that fact very increasing indirect and unseen taxes on on what were probably originally his solemnly. More of them will come back the poorest classes of our citizens, to in­ real objectives-the rich food and min­ but will wish they had died, a fact which crease the cost of living to the point where eral resources of the Ukraine, that vast I think of even more solemnly. I think it will be intolerable. We are already granary where only a few years ago un­ also of the fact that at the end of an­ having the dance. Soon we shall have der the beneficent rule of Josef Stalin other long war, no administration that to pay the piper. 2,000,000 people literally starved to death got us into it could face the people with­ The present situation abroad, Mr. Pres­ in the midst of the greatest wheat pro­ out attempting some huge world-reform­ ident, once more illustrates with bitter ducing country in the world. ing organization of which American sol­ clarity the age-old picture of the insta­ So today we are confronted with the diers, policing all the defeated nations bility of Old World alliances and friend­ bitter question of peace or war-not war and propping up all the victorious na­ ships and the danger of our parti-cipa­ in the defense of our own shores and tions, would be an integral part. I think tion on any side. In the last war we had the shores of this hemisphere, but war this certainly is one of the inevitable im­ many allies-or associates, which means around the world, war in Europe, war in plications of our participation in this the same thing-including England, Asia and Africa and the South Seas, war. France, Italy, Russia, Japan, Portugal, war in defense of other lands, some of Mr. President, let no one in or out of Rumania, Serbia, Greece, and a score of which we may not be able to defend and this Chamber hug the delusion to his others. If now we enter this war to wage some of which we ought not to defend, bosom that once we get into this war a contest in the Eastern Hemisphere, we war in which we will vastly weaken our we can foresee or control the extent or could count, and count for the present, ability to defend ourselves at home character of our participation in it. only on the British Empire, "Red" Rus­ against any aggressor. War knows no limit. Once in, for our sia, and China. Let me make it as plain as I possibly own preservation we must take any Even the names of places and locations can that I am by no means a pacifist, I measures necessary or advisable to win. of battles which are now appearing in have seen war; I hate war--offensive A few days ago I saw an eminent Sena­ the press despatches and have appeared war, unnecessary war. But in defense tor quoted in the public press to the ef­ since the war began have been the scenes of this land and of our institutions, I fect that he was willing to go into the of battle and carnage since the dark would shed every drop of my blood and war and then expressed the conclusion ages. The Crimea, sc~ne of so much every drop of my children's blood. that it will be a war in which only our bitter recent fighting, once was the scene Let me repeat what I have said before naval and air forces would be engaged of bloody warfare where English and on this floor as to why I do not think it but not our armies. French and Italian and Turkish troops is to the national interest of this great But that will be beyond our control. as allies faced the great armies of Russia. nation which we all love so much to Congress can declare war, but it cannot We all know that during centuries orient its policy toward participation in successfully conduct one. The nature there has been combination after com­ the struggles of the old and new empires and extent of our participation will then bination as to the maintenance of the pushing each other around on the Euro­ be governed by strategic and tactical balance of power in Europe, that wars pean Continent, and in Africa and Asia. considerations and we will all vote, have recurred time after time as a re­ It is primarily because I have in my where votes are necessary, for the recom­ sult of these alignments. We know that head and in my heart a dream of Amer­ mendations which the President may Great Britain, continually fishing in ica-a great and lofty belief in the fu­ make on the advice of the technical, mili­ troubled waters, has been first on one ture of our America, which I do not wish tary, and naval authorities. And I make side and then the other of these com­ to see gassed to death on ancient and the further melancholy prediction that binations. Even in the most modern· everlasting battlefields in a quarrel about once we are in the war we will all per­ history it is difficult to place two allies lands and power unworthy of being the force acquiesce in the surrender of any today who have not in the most recent death place of American men and ideals. of our civil rights that the President may times been bitter enemies, or two enemies I do not wish to see our boys come back see fit to demand. who have not within the memory of all home not only wr.acked with wounds but No, Mr. President, we cannot control of us been sworn friends. We need go shocked and poisoned by the revolution.­ or predict the extent or the duration of back no further than the outbreak of the ary excesses which every expert and· stu­ our struggle, once we have entered the present war. France and Great Britain dent expects to signal the end of this war. were sworn allies, bound by pledges of war-no matter who wins the war. As I said a moment ago, iYJ. 1917 I sat mutual faith and action which could I do not think that the United States on the rostrum of the House of Repre­ never be dissolved. Solemn mutual obli­ should participate in this war, because sentatives and heard President Wilson gations had been entered into as to the I do not think we require the help of the deliver his memorable War Message to conduct of each in the then unbelievable British Navy or the help of the military the Congress. In the debate which fol­ event that either should be forced to power of the far-flung British Empire or lowed, it was repeatedly said, and almost capitulate. France fell, and the fall of the Red Army to defend this nation or universally believed, that our effort in France led to mutual recriminations as this hemisphere. I think there would be the war would be confined to naval action to good faith which have led to battles far less damage to the hopes of our and that the sending of troops would not between them around the world. young men, the oncoming generation who be necessary, save possibly a small token In America we idealized LaBelle are the hope and heart of our future, to force. Yet within a week after the sign­ France and we rushed to her war ma­ their belief in our nation, to their re­ ing of the resolution declaring war, fran­ terials which were badly needed at home, spect for us as their. elders and advisors, tic cries were raised by the Allies: "Help some of which have since been used if we do not peddle their blood in return us, help us, save us or we sink." By against Britain and some of which will for military or naval help, which, in the November of 1918 we had 2,000,000 men in be used against us if we enter the war. first place, might never be given us, and, Europe and 2,000,000 more on the way. Italy turned on her old allies on the in the second place, under the changed In October 1918 I saw in the line boys ground that she had never been paid the techniques of modern warfare, might not who only 6 or 7 weeks before had been purchase price for her alliance in the be of any use to us, and which, in order to _inducted into service, some of whom had last war. Russia, expected to be the have at our disposal, would obligate us never even fired a rifle. We left tens of 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 841l thousands of graves in France and Russia, Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will Mr. McKELLAR. I also ask that the we filled our hospitals with the maimed the Senator from Minnesota yield to me President be immediately notified of the and disabled, the gassed and the insane, for a moment? confirmations of yesterday. we incurred billions of dollars of debt, Mr. BALL. I yield. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there which will not be paid off in the time of Mr. BARKLEY. Earlier in the day I objection? The Chair hears none, and our remote descendants. asked unanimous consent that when the the President will be immediately noti­ I know that if we go into the war we Senate concludes its business today it fied. will go in all the way. take a recess until 11 o'clock on Monday. MODIFICATION OF NEUTRALITY ACT So, Mr. President, believing, as I firmly At that time the Senator from California do, that the pending· measure is but the [Mr. JOHNSON] objected. I have since The Senate resumed the consideration immediate precursor to our entrance into consulted the Senator from California, of the joint resolution (H. J. Res. 237) · war, believing, as I do, that our participa­ and I think there is no objection to that to repeal section 6 of the Neutrality Acf tion in this war is a tragic, mayhap a course at this time. of 1939, and for other purposes. · fatal mistake for our national welfare Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, Mr. BALL. Mr. President, the great and our institutions, I oppose this resolu­ will the Senator yield? principle of freedom of the seas is in-. tion and the proposed amendments Mr. BALL. ·I yield to the Senator from valved ~n the issue before us in connection thereto with every fiber of my being, Wisconsin. with Joint Resolution 237. That aspect · Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I suggest the ab­ of the issue has been discussed com­ Mr. LA FOLLETTE. May I ask the pletely here by men whose knowledge o{ sence of a quorum. Senator from Kentucky how long he in­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk the subject and i~s history makes their tends to have the Senate continue in ses­ statements authoritative. will call the roll. sion this afternoon? The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the Maintenance of freedom of the seas following Senators answered to their Mr. BARKLEY. So far as I know, we for the United States, with its thousands names: · shall recess at the conclusion of the of miles of shores on the two great oceans speech of the Senator from Minnesota. Adams George Nye of the world, appears to me essential for. Aiken Gerry O'Daniel Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Then I shall our future growth and development and. Andrews G1llette O'Mahoney have .no objection to the Senator's re­ prosperity. It is clear that Hitler chal-: Ae.stin Glass Overton quest. Batley Green Peace leoges that principle by his unrestricted. Ball . Guffey Pepper The PRESIDING OFFICER. . Is there· submarine warfare. It is clear, also, that. Bankhead Gurney Russell objection to the. request of the Senator Barbour ·Hatch Schwartz in the self-imposed restrictions of the Barkley H111 Shipstead from Kentucky? The Chair hears none, Neutrality Act, the United States does· Bilbo Holman Smathers and it is so ordered. sacrifice some of its rights under tha:;. Bridges Johnson, Calit. SmJth Brown Johnson, Colo. Taft Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will principle and by so much bows to the will. Bunker Kilgore Thomas, Idaho the Senator from Minnesota yield to me? of aggression. Butler La Follette Thomas, Okla. Mr. BALL. I yield. But I am more concerned with the. Byrd Langer Thomas, Utah Capper Lee Truman Mr. WHEELER. I think it is quite ap­ effect of repeal of the Neutrality. Caraway Lucas Tunnell propriate at this time that I read a short Act-and repeal of sections 2, 3, and 6 is Chavez · McCarran Vandenberg tantamount to complete repeal-! am c:ark, Idaho McFarland VanNuys statement on the subject of neutralit.v Clark. Mo. McKellar Wallgren which was made by Vice Admiral William more concerned with the effect of repeal Connally McNary Walsh S. Sims, retired, United States Navy, on on our foreign policy, and its effect on· Danaher MalOney Wheeler the prospect of peace or war for this Davis Murdock White May 8, 1935, and placed in the CoNGREs­ Doxey Murray Wiley SIONAL RECORD Of the Seventy-fourth Nation. Ellender , Norris Congress, first session, volume 79f part 7, I find myself in agreement with the· The PRESIDING OFFICER. Seventy-· pages 7451-7452, in which the admiral opponents of. this resolution in their con-' four Senators have answered to their . says: tention that its passage will ·mark a sig~ : names. A quorum is present. From history it is clear that treaties and nificant change in the ctrection and t~e : · Mr. BALL obtained the floor. international law will be violated whenever objective of our foreign . policy insofar as Mr. GUFFEY. · Mr. President, will the a nation has its back to the wall. Congressional action is concerned. Senator yieid ·to me for a moment? Suppose, for example, a nation were fight­ When Congress passed the Lease-Lend· . Mr. BALL. I yield. ing for its life. And suppose the United Act last March, I interpreted, and I be-· Stat€s were sending vast quantities of goods lieve the majority of people in the United· Mr. GUFFEY. I ask to have read into to that ~ation's enemy, by way of trade the RECORD a telegram I have received to­ through neutral countries. It is quite certain States interpreted, the foreign i)olicy un~ · day from Westinghouse Local 601, in that the nation fighting for its life would stop derlying that act as committing this Na~ Pittsburgh, representing 17,000 members, as much of such trade as it cculd. t!on to furnish all possible material aid, asking for the immediate passage of the And no mere provision of any trade treaty short of shooting, to those nations resist­ legislation now pending before the or of international law would prevent this. ing Nazi aggression, with the objective of Senate. In the face of disaster the treaty would be­ helping them to halt Hitler's world-con­ come a scrap of paper. quering march before England fell and The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without That is, no nation at war can respect a objection, the telegram· will be read. treaty made in peace if compliance with it the Nazis won free access to the oceans The Chief Clerk read the telegram, as would cause defeat. Under such conditions of the world. follows: armed insistence upon the freedom of the I believed then, and I believe now, that PITTSBURGH, PA., October 31, 1941. seas would simply mean war. Such insistence this policy offered the best chance for Senator GUFFEY, on our rights would be the way to get into· the United States to remain at peace.' Washington, D. C.: a war, not the way to stay out. If by reason of our failure to assist those We the members of the executive board of CONFIRMATION OF POSTMASTERS nations resisting him Hitler had been Westinghouse Local 601, representing 17,000 able to overrun and conquer all of Europe,· members, wish to express our deepest sym­ Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, will including England and the British Navy, · pathy to the wives and families of the mem­ the Senator from Minnesota yield to me? the United States would have faced two· bers of the crews of the destroyers Reuben Mr. BALL. I yield. James and Kearny who have lost their lives alternatives. Either we could in such an in submarine attacks on the United States Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, as in event play Hitler's game and submit su­ Navy. We condemn this as a cowardly at­ executive session, I ask unanimous con­ pinely to whatever rules for world com­ tack on our national independence and the sent that the postmaster nominations merce he chose to lay down, or we could freedom of the seas. on the executive calendar be confirmed resist further Axis aggression with ev:ry We urge the immediate repeal of the Neu­ en bloc, and that the President be imme­ probability that resistance would mean trality Act, and such other measures as Will diately notified. halt these cowardly attacks on our ships and all-out war-war with the United States the taking of American lives. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there alone fighting enemies in both the Atlan­ EXECUTIVE BoARD, LOCAL 601, objection? The Chair hears none, and, tic and the Pacific. And so, while recog-: U. E. R. M. W. A., without objection, the nominations are nizing that the lend-lease policy did in­ CHARLES NEWALL, Business Agent, confirmed, and the President will be noti­ volve risks of war and shooting, it ap-· JOHN A. METCALFE, P1·esident. fied forthwith. ,Peared to me that in the long run that 8412 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 1· policy held out the most hope for real and more bluntly and more frankly to probably will increase the shooting which peace for the United States. the American people, but I believe that is already going on in the Atlantic. But In the 7 months since the Lease-Lend this new policy is clearly revealed in his whether it means all-out war, whether it Act was passed, many events have dark­ recent speeches. means another A. E. F., depends upon ened the world picture and increased our It is primarily Executive action and whether such measures will be necessary dane;er. speech, rather than Congressional action, to achieve our objective, which is the The brutal and mass reprisal execu­ which has brought about this change in defeat of the Nazis. I do not believe tions in France and the slaughtering of the direction and the objective of our for­ that any man living can say for certain hundreds of innocent men and women in eign policy. In the issue now before the whether such steps will be necessary. I Norway, in Czechoslovakia, and in Yugo­ Senate, Congress has an opportunity hope that the assistance of our merchant slavia by the Gestapo because they did either to ratify this fundamental change marine and the participation of our Navy not collaborate enthusiastically with the in the direction and objective of our for­ will be enough to do the job. If not. I Axis, have furnished new evidence of the eign policy or to reject it. I, for one, in­ am prepared to cross that bridge when barbaric cruelty ar.d inhumanity of the tend to support it with my vote. I shall we come to it. And I would remind the Nazis, and their ruthless disregard of support it, first, because I believe it is Senate that there can be no expedition­ every rule and ethic of our civilization in the right policy, the policy which best ary force to Europe without further ac­ their determination to conquer and im­ guarantees the future security and free­ tion by Congress, and we will have an pose their slave system on the entire dom of the United States, and, second, opportunity to pass on that issue if it because I believe that to turn back now comes before us. world. But to go further, the issue before this Hitler's invasion of Russia, his erst­ would be disastrous, would invite war in the Pacific, and would encourage Hitler Nation is not quite so simple as a clear­ while ally, in violation of his pledged cut choice between peace or war for the word, and the intensified efforts to force to continue his march of conquest. I agree with the · OI'POnents of the United States. The opponents of the France, whose leaders thought they could pending joint resolution have concen­ make an honorable peace with the Nazis, pending resolution that its passage, which presumably will be followed by trated entirely on the probabilities of back into the war on the side of the shooting involved in it, but they have Axis, demonstrated more forcibly than the arming of our American-:fiag ships and their sailing loaded with tanks and devoted little attention to what might any arguments could demonstrate how happen if they prevail, if this measure futile would be a negotiated peace which guns and airplanes, to ports of our bel­ ligerent allies, unquestionably means is defeated, and if the Government of the left the Nazis in power. shooting on the ocean. Perhaps that United States as a resUlt reverses its The frequently reported and undenied question is academic, because in self­ present policy and leaves to their fate efforts of Nazi emissaries to persuade defense we are already shooting in the the nations in Europe that are resisting Japan to go to wa:r against the United Atlantic. We are shooting because we Nazi aggression. I should like for only States in the Pacific gave us new proof, if were shot at. Defeat of the resolution a moment" to explore that side of the any were needed, that the United States presumably would amount to a repudia­ picture. and the Americas are not exempt from tion by Congress of actions taken by our Defeat of the joint resolution and re­ Hitler's plan for world domination. Government and our Navy. Whether it versal of our policy of doing whatever is This evil force that has spread its -actually would stop the shooting, I doubt, necessary to defeat Hitler will not launch black rule over most of the continent of but its defeat certainly woulrl leave the the United States down any path strewn Europe is the sworn enemy of everything responsibility for our more aggressive with the olive branches of peace. If we that we in America hold dear-freedom, foreign policy resting exclusively on the withdraw our aid to the nations resist­ education, equal opportunity, and those shoulders of the President. Those who ing Nazi aggression, or if we decline to ' spiritual and ethical values which consti­ sincerely believe that the future welfare take measures necessary to make our aid · tute our western civilization. It has be­ and security of the United States will be effective, then one of two things must come increasingly clear with the passing better served if Congress repudiates these happen: Either we shall have a stalemate months that so long as the Nazis hold actions of our Government and this in the European war with a negotiated sway in Europe; so long as there is a change in policy and refuses to share the peace of some sort, or else Hitler will be single Czech or Norwegian or Greek at responsibility, should honestly vote victorious, and that will be the signal for the mercy of the Gestapo, no man here against the resolution. But I, for one, Japan to launch new aggressions in the in America who values the freedom our believe the policy to be right, and I am Far East. In view of the events of the fathers fought for, and who wants to willing to assume my small share of re­ past 2 years, no thinking person can be­ preserve that freedom for his children sponsibility for that policy, lieve that a negotiated peace, leaving the and their children, can feel any sort of Mr. President, aside from this funda­ Nazis in control of most of Europe, with security. In order that the world, and mental issue involved in Joint Resolution their tremendous military machine intact the United States with it, may resume its 237, there is a more urgent and immedi­ and their dream of world domination still march of civilization and progress, that ate reason for its passage, The present driving them, could be more than a evil force must be crushed. cumbersome method of delivering the breathing spell while the whole world No individual and no nation can afford munitions we are making to the nations· prepared for a new war which would be to stand on the sidelines in this world­ resisting the Nazis is not fully effective inevitable. That would mean a continua­ wide :fight to the :finish between the dem­ at present and is virtually certain to tion for years, and probably for decades, ocratic way of life and the slave system break down when our production of the of. a tremendous defense program here in that Hitler calls his new order. needed weapons begins to increase as the United States. The only way we could In recent months there has taken place rapidly as I am confident it will increase be sure of any measure of security or a significant change in American foreign in the next few months. That situation peace within our own boundaries would policy, brought about by the pressure of may become particularly critical if Hit­ be to maintain a tremendous standing these events. Whereas our policy under ler succeeds in stabilizing his lines in Army and air force and a two-ocean Navy the Lease-Lend Act was to lend all pos­ Russia in the near future and is able to greater than any now contemplated. sible material aid, short of shooting, to the turn his entire energy to the battle of Even then, there would still be a strong democracies in order to stop Nazi aggres­ the Atlantic and his efforts to choke probability that we would have to fight. sion, today our policy is to do whatever England to death. I believe we shoUld If the alternative should occur, and Hit­ may be necessary to defeat Hitler and be forehanded and cut away now any ler should be victorious in Europe, and nazi-ism. That is the conclusion which restrictions which might hamper speedy Japan in Asia, then I think there is no i draw from the actions of the admin­ and effective action by our Government question that the United States eventu­ istration and the President's utterances when the need arises. ally would fight, would go to war. We in recent months. It is significant that The chief argument against the reso­ would go to war against both Japan and 1n his recent speeches the President has lution, which we have heard reiterated the Nazis, and we would fight alone and omitted the phrase "short of war," and over and over again on this :floor, is that in both oceans. Possibly we could win has spoken of our determination, not its passage is certain to mean shooting, such a war. I have great faith in the merely to halt aggresSion, but to smash that shooting will lead to war, and that spirit and the cour·age and the enterprise Hitlerism. I could wish that the Presi-· war will mean another Ameiican expe­ of the American people once they are dent bad stated the new policy earlier ditionary force. I agree that its passage aroused, and I believe we might win 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.-:-SENATE 8413

such a fight, even with all the rest of POSTMASTERS Mr. CONNALLY. I suggest the ab­ the world against us. But the odds woUld IOWA sence of a quorum. be·heavy, and the chances strong that we Rhode Carl Myers, Afton. The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk might lose. · Max L. Barton, Salem. will call the roll. So, until Nazi aggression is smashed The Chief Clerk called the roll, and finally and completely, I cannot see any MICHIGAN the following Senators answered to their hope of any real or lasting peace for the Ralph H. Premo, .Amasa. names: Waldo Whitehead, Atlanta. United States or for any other demo­ Adams Gillette O'Daniel cratic nation in the world. Orva W. Murphy, Auburn. Andrews Glass O'Mahoney Joseph Schneller, Calumet. Austin Green Overton Mr. President, we have heard over and Audrey J. Filley, Michigan Center. Bailey Guffey Peace over again here comparisons between William J. Faircloth, Onaway. Ball Gurney Pepper our present policies and actions and those Vera P. Ramsey, Pinconning. Bankhead Hatch Radcliffe which preceded our entry into the first Homer Edwin wassam, Temperance. Barbour Herring Rosier Barkley Hill Russell World War. The idea seems to be that TEXAS Bilbo Holman Schwartz it was incidents, sinkings of ships and Bridges Hughes Shipstead shooting at sea, which caused the United Walter G. King, Bogota. Bunker Johnson, Calif. Stewart Tilden B. Armstrong, Sunray. Burton Johnsen, Colo. Taft States to enter the first World War. It Butler Kilgore Thomas, Idaho is upon that idea that the present Neu­ WISCONSIN Byrd La Follette Thomas, Okla. trality Act was based. I do not believe Harvey E. Wanish, Boyd. Capper Langer Thomas, Utah that this Nation ever has gone to war or Theodore J. Helmke, Hamburg. Caraway Lee Truman Grace R. Miller, Rhiocton. Chavez Lodge Tunnell should go to war because of incidents. I Clark, Idaho Lucas Tydings think we went into the first World War Grover T. Pace, Stanley. Clark, Mo. McCarran Vandenberg William R. Collins, White Lake. Connally McFarland VanNuys because our right to use the ocean high­ Danaher McKellar Wallgren ways was challenged and because we as Davis McNary Walsh a nation became convinced that an im­ Downey Maloney Wheeler Doxey Murdock White minent victory for Germany would have Ellender Murray Wiley upset the balance of world power and en­ SENATE George Norris dangered our national security. ·I believe Gerry Nye MoNDAY, NovEMBER 3, 1941 our m;stake was not in going into the Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sen­ first V/orld. War, but our mistake was