MAX WEBER, DEMOCRACY and MODERNIZATION Also by Ralph Schroeder
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MAX WEBER, DEMOCRACY AND MODERNIZATION Also by Ralph Schroeder MAX WEBER AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE POSSIBLE WORLDS: The Social Dynamic of Virtual Reality Technology Max Weber, Democracy and Modernization Edited by Ralph Schroeder Professor School of Technology Management and Economics Chalmers University palgrave First published in Oreat Britain 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire R021 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-333-71254-2 ISBN 978-1-349-26836-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-26836-8 First published in the United States of America 1998 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-21244-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Max Weber, democracy and modernization 1 edited by Ralph Schroeder. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-21244-5 (cloth) 1. Weber, Max, 1864-192O--Contributions in political science. 2. Weber, Max, 1864-1920-Views on democracy. 3. Democracy. I. Schroeder, Ralph. JC263.W42M37 1998 301'.092-dc21 97-38682 CIP Selection, editorial matter and Chapter 6 © Ralph Schroeder 1998 Chapters 1-5,7-12 © Macmillan Press Ltd 1998 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Contents Abbreviations of Weber's Works vii Notes on the Contributors viii Introduction x The Concept of Democracy in Weber's Political Sociology Stefan Breuer 1 2 Democratization in World-Historical Perspective Randall Collins 14 3 State Formation and the Disciplined Individual in Weber's Historical Sociology Roland Axtmann 32 4 Max Weber and Plebiscitary Democracy Sven Eliaeson 47 5 The Nation-State, the Protestant Ethic and Modernization Sam Whimster 61 6 From Weber's Political Sociology to Contemporary Liberal Democracy Ralph Schroeder 79 7 Tocqueville and Weber on the Sociological Origins of Citizenship: The Political Culture of American Democracy Stephen Kalberg 93 8 Max Weber and European Integration Carl Levy 113 9 Back to 'Mitte/europa'? Weber, Germany, and Contemporary Central Europe Zdzislaw Krasnodebski 129 10 Soviet Communism and Weberian Sociology Stefan Breuer 145 v vi Contents 11 Western Impact and Asian Values in Japan's Modernization: A Weberian Critique Wolfgang Schwentker 166 12 Reframing Orientalism: Weber and Islam Mohammad Nafissi 182 Index 202 Abbreviations of Weber's Works The following abbreviations are used whenever reference is made to Max Weber's works. Where references in brackets list both the German and English versions of the same text, this indicates that authors have preferred to use their own translation. AC The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations. London: New Left Books, 1976. AJ Ancient Judaism. New York: Free Press, 1952. CS '''Churches'' and "Sects" in North America: An Ecclesiastical Socio Political Sketch'. Sociological Theory. 3: 7-13,1985. ES Economy and Society. New York: Bedminster Press, 1968. FMW From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1948. GEH General Economic History. New York: Greenberg, 1927. GSW Gesammelte Aufsatze zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Ttibingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1924. MSS The Methodology ofthe Social Sciences. New York: Free Press, 1949. MWG Max Weber Gesamtausgabe. Ttibingen: J.c.B. Mohr, 1984-. PE The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Allen and Unwin, 1930. PEK Die Protestantische Ethik I/. Hamburg: Siebenstern Taschenbuch Verlag, 1972. PS Gesammelte Politische Schriften. 4th edn. Ttibingen: J.c.B. Mohr, 1980. PW Weber: Political Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ROC The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism. New York: Free Press, 1951. ROI The Religion ofIndia: The Sociology ofHinduism and Buddhism. Glencoe, Ill., Free Press. RS Gesammelte Aufsatze zur Religionssoziologie. 3 vols. Ttibingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1920-1. STA 'Ein Vortrag Max Webers tiber die Probleme der Staatssoziologie (Wien)' . Neue Freie Presse. no.19102, 10,26.10.1917. WG Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. 5th edn. Ttibingen: J.c.B. Mohr, 1980. WIR Wirtschaftsgeschichte. 4th edn. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1981. WL Gesammelte Aufsatze zur Wissenschaftslehre. 5th edn. Ttibingen: J.e.B. Mohr, 1982. Vll Notes on the Contributors Roland Axtmann is a lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Rela tions at the University of Aberdeen. His publications include Liberal Democracy into the Twenty-First Century. Stefan Breuer is Professor of Sociology at the Hochschule fUr Wirtschaft und Po litik in Hamburg. He has published two books in German on Weber's political sociology, Max Webers Herrschaftssoziologie [Max Weber's Sociology of Domi nation] and Biirokratie und Charisma [Bureaucracy and Charisma]. Randall Collins is Professor of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. His publications include two books on Weber; Max Weber: A Skeleton Key and Weberian Sociological Theory. His most recent book is The Sociology of Philoso phies. Sven Eliaeson is Professor of Political Science at the University of Karlstad and a docent at the University of Stockholm. In addition to a number of articles on Weber, he has published Bilden av Max Weber [The Image of Max Weber] and the forth coming Max Weber's Methodologies. Stephen Kalberg is Associate Professor of Sociology at Boston University. He is the author of Max Weber's Comparative-Historical Sociology, the forthcoming Max Weber and the Sociology of Civilisations, and a number of articles on Weber and on comparisons of German and American society. He is currently researching the cultural foundations of citizenship. Zdzislaw Krasnodebski is Professor for Eastern European Cultural History at the University of Bremen. His main publications (in Polish) include The Understand ing of Human Behaviour, The Decline of the Idea of Progress, The Postmodern Cultural Dilemma, and a forthcoming book on Max Weber. Carl Levy is lecturer in European Politics at Goldsmith's College. He has writ ten a number of essays on Weber and has edited Socialism and the European Intelligentsia, 1880-1914 and Italian Regionalism: History, Identity, and Politics. He is also the coeditor of The Future of Europe: Problems and Issues for the Twenty-First Century. Mohammad Nafissi is Principal Lecturer in the Department of Policy, Politics and Social Research at the University of North London. He has completed a study of viii Notes on the Contributors ix Weber, Karl Polanyi and Moses Finley and published a number of essays on con temporary Middle Eastern politics. Ralph Schroeder is Professor in the School of Technology Management and Eco nomics at Chalmers University in Gothenburg. He is the author of Max Weber and the Sociology of Culture and Possible Worlds: The Social Dynamic of Virtual Reality Technology. Wolfgang Schwentker is lecturer in modem history at the University of Diissel dorf. He coedited Max Weber und seine Zeitgenossen [Max Weber and his Contem poraries] and volume 16 of Weber's Collected Works in German [Political Writings 1918-20]. He has published widely on German and Japanese history and his forth coming book, Max Weber in Japan. Eine Untersuchung zur Wirkungsgeschichte 1905-95 is about Weber's reception in Japan. Sam Whimster is Reader in Sociology at London Guildhall University. He has edited Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity and Max Weber and the Culture of Anarchy. Introduction Before the end of the Cold War, there was a constant rivalry between Marxian and Weberian sociologists which revolved around the economic determination of polit ical change (Marx's position) as against the autonomy of political institutions (Weber's). This volume takes as its point of departure that this pitched theoretical battle, which only ever reached a stand-off, is now over. After the collapse of com munism, it is clear that a number of areas - including nationalism, state-formation, legitimacy, and especially the preconditions of democracy and its strengthening - must be reexamined outside the constraints of this polarized debate. And at its broad est, the whole question about politics and modernization needs now to be recon sidered in sociology. Weber's political sociology has entered subsequent sociological thinking in two ways: on one side, there have been attempts to explicate and systematize his writ ings on politics. This literature has not, on the whole, brought Weber's thought to bear on contemporary change. Recent political sociogists who argue in a Weberian vein, on the other hand, have tended to make use of only a few of Weber's ideal types - the state, legitimacy, and bureaucracy - and ignored the question of the dis tinctiveness ofthe Weberian perspective. In other words, they have used Weber as a toolkit without engaging with the substance of his ideas. This split reflects a tension within Weber's own writings on politics, some of which were interventions in the political debates of his day, while others were part of the conceptual apparatus that he developed, mainly in Economy and Society. Here the distinction between his various writings will be left to one side; this book is not about the interpretation ofW eber' s work, but about applying his ideas to contempo rary political change.