MOVING ROCKS Harms Aquatic Wildlife!

SMOKIESThe Official Newspaper of Great Smoky Mountains GUIDE National Park • Spring 2019 In This Issue

Smokies Trip Planner • 2 Great Sights to See • 4 National Park News • 5-6 Things to Do • 7 Spring Driving Road Map • 8-9 Spring’s Return • 10 Climate Change • 11 Bats Hang in the Balance • 12-13 How to Help the Smokies • 14 Park Etiquette • 15 Visitor Information • 16

The Blue Ridge spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi) is found in the park’s higher elevations. Image by Kevin Hutcheson Mountain Streams are Fountains of Life Biodiversity thrives beneath the surface of Smokies streams he Smokies’ 2,900 miles of cold, there are spiny sculpins, miniature catfish, Top level predators—those that feed Tclear mountain streams are fed by darters and bizarre looking eels called primarily on fish—include river otter, tens of thousands of rain-fed springs, mountain brook lampreys. water snake (non-venomous) and a B e st constantly trickling water from crevices Two species of large, completely plethora of birds from the Belted King- ck gi y N olo in the ancient mountain range. Because aquatic salamanders—the hellbender and fisher to the Great Blue Heron. Perhaps ichol ntom s, E of the nature of the rock, water flowing common mudpuppy—lurk in the park’s natural history writer Loren Eiseley was from the springs is more acidic and larger streams and rivers. They grow thinking of the Smokies when he stated, Words with a Ranger contains fewer nutrients than limestone- to lengths of 29 inches and 16 inches “If there is magic on this planet, it is I work as an entomologist—a scientist or soil-lined streams. respectively. Shovel-nosed salamanders contained in water.” who studies insects—with the National Yet, what the waters here lack in also spend most of their time foraging Park Service. I’ve worked in the Smokies natural nutrients, they more than underwater and dusky salamanders are for 21 years, and my main responsi- make up for in age, quantity and usually found near springs. MOVING bilities include long-term monitoring biological variety. Residing beneath Most fish and salamanders make of aquatic insects, working on the All the waters’ surface is everything from their living preying on aquatic insects ROCKS Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) in native brook trout to 11 species of like mayflies, caddisflies and stoneflies. conjunction with our nonprofit partner crayfish to giant salamanders. Fortunately for these predators, Smoky harms aquatic Discover Life in America (DLIA), and Remarkably, 77 species of fish have Mountain streams offer a cornucopia of coordinating insect-related projects like been documented in the park, a variety bugs. If you include all aquatic groups, the synchronous firefly program (see greater than the number of park mammal such as dragonflies, damselflies and wildlife! page 5). species and a diversity rivaling all other water-loving flies and beetles, there are See details on page 6. The best part of my job is being in North American watersheds. Other than more than 900 species of aquatic insects Words with a Ranger continued on page 5 the game fish—trout, bass and perch— that have been documented here. SMOKIES TRIP PLANNER Maps and guides: SmokiesInformation.org Additional information: nps.gov/grsm

Camping in the national park Group sites must be reserved. Call Bicycling • Townsend 800.525.6834 or The National Park Service maintains 877.444.6777 or contact recreation.gov. Most park roads are too narrow and smokymountains.org developed campgrounds at nine loca- Group sites may be reserved up to a year heavily traveled by automobiles for safe tions in the park. Only Cades Cove and in advance. or enjoyable bicycling. However, Cades Pets in the park Smokemont are open in winter. There The list below shows number of Cove Loop Road is an exception. This Pets are allowed in front-country camp- are no showers or hookups other than campground sites, elevations, expected 11-mile, one-way, paved road provides grounds and beside roads as long as they circuits for special medical uses at Cades opening dates, nightly fees and bicyclists with excellent opportunities are restrained at all times. Pets are not Cove, Elkmont and Smokemont. maximum RV lengths. For more infor- for wildlife viewing and touring allowed on park trails, except for the Campsites at Abrams Creek, Balsam mation, visit nps.gov/grsm. historic homesites. Gatlinburg and Oconaluftee River trails. Mountain, Big Creek, Cades Cove, From May 8 to Sept. 25, on Dogs on these trails must be leashed. Cataloochee, Elkmont and Smokemont • Abrams Creek 16 sites, elev. 1,125', Wednesday and Saturday mornings from may be reserved. For reservations call opens April 26, $17.50, 12' trailers sunrise until 10 a.m., only bicycles and Special events 877.444.6777 or contact recreation.gov. • Balsam Mountain 42 sites, elev. 5,310', pedestrians are allowed on Cades Cove April 24–27, 2019 Spring Wildflower Sites may be reserved up to six months opens May 17, $17.50, 30' RVs Loop Road. Bicycles may be rented at Pilgrimage: parkwide in advance. Reservations are required at • Big Creek 12 sites, elev. 1,700', opens the Cades Cove Campground store. May 7–11, 2019 Wilderness Wildlife Abrams Creek, Balsam Mountain, Big April 19, $17.50, tents only Helmets are required by law for Week: parkwide Creek and Cataloochee campgrounds. • Cades Cove 159 sites, elev. 1,807', persons age 16 and under. However, June 15, 2019 Women’s Work Site occupancy is limited to six open year-round, $21-$25, 35'-40' RVs helmets are strongly recommended for Mountain Farm Museum people and two vehicles (a trailer = one • Cataloochee 27 sites, elev. 2,610', all bicyclists. vehicle). The maximum stay is 14 days. opens April 19, $25, 31' RVs Bicycles are permitted on park roads For rent Special camping sites for large groups • Cosby 157 sites, elev. 2,459', opens but prohibited on trails except Gatlin- The Appalachian Clubhouse and Spence are available seasonally at Big Creek, April 19, $17.50, 25' RVs burg, Oconaluftee River and lower Cabin at Elkmont can be rented for Cades Cove, Cataloochee, Cosby, Deep • Deep Creek 92 sites, elev. 1,800', Deep Creek/Indian Creek. daytime events starting April 1. Contact Creek, Elkmont and Smokemont. opens April 19, $21, 26' RVs recreation.gov. • Elkmont 220 sites, elev. Accommodations 2,150', opens March 8, • LeConte Lodge (accessible by trail Visitor centers $21-$27, 32'-35' RVs only) provides the only lodging in the Spring hours of operation are, • Smokemont 142 sites, elev. park. 865.429.5704 or lecontelodge.com Oconaluftee and Sugarlands: 8-5 in 2,198', open year-round, For information on lodging outside March; 8-6 in April and May. Cades $21-$25, 35'-40' RVs. the park: Cove: 9-6 in March; 9-6:30 in April; • Look Rock closed for repairs • Bryson City 800.867.9246 or 9-7 in May. Clingmans Dome (opens greatsmokies.com March 30): 10-6. Firewood • Cherokee 828.788.0034 or To prevent the spread of cherokeesmokies.com Picnic areas destructive insect pests, the NPS • Fontana 800.849.2258 or Picnic areas open year-round are: has banned outside firewood fontanavillage.com Cades Cove, Deep Creek, Greenbrier from entering the park unless • Gatlinburg 800.588.1817 or and Metcalf Bottoms. All other picnic it is USDA- or state-certified gatlinburg.com areas (except Heintooga) are expected heat-treated wood. Visitors are • Maggie Valley 800.624.4431 or to open on April 19. Heintooga is allowed to collect dead and maggievalley.org expected to open May 17. Please see down wood for campfires while • Pigeon Forge 800.251.9100 or the map on page 16 for locations. camping in the park. Certified mypigeonforge.com Picnic pavilions may be reserved for Spring can bring unpredictable weather with snow in the upper elevations. Image by Bill Lea wood may be purchased in and • Sevierville 888.766.5948 or $12.50-$80 at recreation.gov. around the park. visitsevierville.com SMOKIES GUIDE Smokies Guide is produced five times per year Late Summer: Writers Design Assistants Spring Planning Dana Soehn © 2019 Great E Printed on by Great Smoky Mountains Association and mid-August Steve Kemp Lisa Horstman Committee Paul Super Smoky Mountains recycled paper Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Autumn: mid-Sept. Valerie Polk Emma DuFort Matt Kulp Stephanie Sutton Association Winter: mid-Dec. Aaron Searcy Christine Hoyer P.O. Box 130 Publication dates are roughly as follows: NPS Coordinator Lisa Nagurny Gatlinburg, TN 37738 Spring: mid-March Editor Lead Designer Stephanie Kyriazis Jim Renfro SmokiesInformation.org Summer: early June Frances Figart Karen Key

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 2 when a sunny day in Fishing Spring hikers should be especially the 70s °F is followed Fishing is permitted year-round in aware of the danger of hypothermia— by a wet, bitterly cold the park, and a Tennessee or North the lowering of body temperature. The one. By mid- to late Carolina fishing license is required. combination of rain, cold and wind April, the weather Either state license is valid throughout is especially dangerous. At the park’s is milder. the park and no trout stamp is required. higher elevations, hypothermia can be a Fishing with bait is prohibited in threat even during summer. • Summer - the park. A special permit is required To prevent hypothermia, carry By mid-June, heat, for the Cherokee Reservation and reliable rain gear at all times. Layer haze and humidity Gatlinburg. Licenses are available in clothing that provides warmth when are the norm. Most nearby towns. wet (not cotton). Be prepared for precipitation occurs A free fishing map with a complete sudden weather changes, especially at as afternoon list of all park fishing regulations is avail- the higher elevations. Stay dry. thundershowers. able at visitor centers.

• Autumn - In Camping in the backcountry Driving distances and mid-September, a Springtime camping can be an exciting estimated times pattern of warm, adventure for persons properly equipped Cherokee, NC to: sunny days and and informed. To facilitate this activity, Gatlinburg: 34 miles (1 hour) crisp, clear nights the National Park Service maintains often begins. more than 800 miles of trails and more Cades Cove: 58 miles (2 hours) MOVING ROCKS HARMS However, cool, rainy than 100 backcountry campsites and days also occur. shelters throughout the park. One of Newfound Gap: 18 miles AQUATIC LIFE. Snow may fall at the the greatest challenges for backcountry (½ hour) higher elevations campers is deciding where to go. Here Clingmans Dome: 25 miles in November. are some tools to help. (¾ hour) 1. Go online to view the park’s offi- Cataloochee: 39 miles Other services • Winter - Days during this fickle cial trail map (nps.gov/grsm/planyour- (1½ hours) There are no gas stations, showers or season can be sunny and 65°F or visit/maps.htm), which shows all park Deep Creek: 14 miles (½ hour) restaurants in the national park. snowy with highs in the 20s. At trails, campsites and shelters. Park rules the low elevations, snows of 1" or and regulations are also listed here. If Gatlinburg, TN to: Park weather more occur 3-5 times per year. At you wish, you can purchase the printed Cherokee: 34 miles (1 hour) • Spring - March has the most change- Newfound Gap, 69" fall on average. version of the trail map for $1 by stop- Cades Cove: 27 miles (1 hour) able weather; snow can fall on any Lows of -20°F are possible at the ping at any park visitor center or calling Newfound Gap: 16 miles day, especially at the higher elevations. higher elevations. 865.436.7318 x226 or shopping online (½ hour) Backpackers are often caught off guard at SmokiesInformation.org. Clingmans Dome: 23 miles 2. Call or stop by the park’s back- (¾ hour) country office, which is open daily Cataloochee: 65 miles These temperature from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m, for trip plan- (2½ hours) and precipitation ning help. The office is located in Greenbrier Cove: 6 miles averages are Sugarlands Visitor Center, two miles (¼ hour) based on data for south of Gatlinburg on U.S. 441. the last 20 years. Deep Creek: 48 miles 865.436.1297. Temperatures (1½ hours) are in degrees 3. Make your reservation and obtain your permit through the backcountry Fahrenheit. An Townsend, TN to: average of over office at Sugarlands Visitor Center (by Cades Cove: 9 miles (¼ hour) 84" (7 feet) of phone or in person) or online at Newfound Gap: 34 miles precipitation falls smokiespermits.nps.gov. (1¼ hours) on the higher Reservations and permits are E Printed on elevations of the Gatlinburg: 22 miles (¾ hour) recycled paper required for all overnight stays in the Smokies. On Mt. backcountry. The cost is $4 per person Cherokee: 52 miles (1½ hours) Le Conte, an Look Rock: 18 miles (½ hour) average of 82.8" of per night. Reservations may be made snow falls per year. up to 30 days in advance. Cataloochee: 87 miles (3 hours)

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 3 GREAT SIGHTS TO SEE

1. Cades Cove Bicycles are allowed on Highlights: historic buildings, wildlife Deep Creek and Indian Creek BIG CREEK viewing trails to the points where the Cades Cove is one of the most old roadbeds end and the trail popular destinations in the Smokies treads begin. because it offers an unusual blend of Deep Creek Picnic Area is CATALOOCHEE ABRAMS both natural and cultural resources. open year-round. The picnic CREEK Road Deer are often sighted in the fields, pavilion can be reserved at Closed

to and their breeding season (or ‘rut’) recreation.gov. ed os cl hicles r ve Roadto continues through early winter. You Mileage from Cherokee—14 mo might also see bear, coyote or wild turkey. from Gatlinburg—48 Please use pullouts when viewing wildlife. from Townsend—65 Waterrock Knob Never approach or feed animals. A wide array of historic buildings, 3. Foothills Parkway some dating back to the mid-19th Highlights: views, Look century, are preserved throughout the Rock Tower, newly opened cove. These include a gristmill, a variety parkway section of barns, three churches, and a renowned See the Smokies in a new landmarks that can be viewed from this from Townsend—24 collection of log homes. light as you drive 32 miles of contin- vantage point. from Cherokee—41 An 11-mile one-way loop road uous parkway—without billboards, Mileage to the Wears Valley entrance takes you around the cove. A visitor utility poles, or commercial traffic— to Foothills Parkway (newest 5. Newfound Gap center (open daily), restrooms, and the offering stunning views of the park section): Highlights: mountain views, access to Cable Mill walking tour are located and the Tennessee Valley. Late in 2018, from Townsend––8 Appalachian Trail halfway around. the Walland to Wears Valley section from Gatlinburg––16 In Southern Appalachian vernac- Numerous trails start in the cove, of the parkway opened to the public, from Cherokee––46 ular, a gap is a low point in a moun- including the 5-mile round-trip trail connecting with the 17-mile segment tain ridge. New Englanders call such to Abrams Falls and the 8.5-mile Rich between U.S. Highway 129 at Chil- 4. Greenbrier places ‘notches,’ while westerners refer Mountain loop hike. howee Lake and U.S. Highway 321 in Highlights: bicycling, walking trails to them as mountain ‘passes.’ From Mileage from Townsend––9 Walland that was opened in 1968. Greenbrier is a hiker’s delight. Trails Newfound Gap, one can enjoy spec- from Gatlinburg––27 This newest portion of Foothills include Ramsey Cascades, Old Settlers, tacular views into both North Carolina from Cherokee—58 Parkway features nine bridges, the Grapeyard Ridge, Brushy Mountain and Tennessee and take a short stroll longest of which spans 800 feet and and Porters Creek. Ramsey Cascades is a along the famous Appalachian Trail 2. Deep Creek follows a curvilinear path around the strenuous 8-mile round-trip hike to the (AT). There are also restrooms and the Highlights: walking trails, waterfalls, mountain terrain. Known as Bridge 2, tallest waterfall in the park. Moderate historic Rockefeller Memorial. bicycling it is comprised of 98 pre-cast concrete Porters Creek Trail leads 1.8 miles (one- At nearly a mile high (5,046’), The Deep Creek area is an off-the- segments lowered into place by a way) past a historic cemetery to Fern Newfound Gap is significantly cooler beaten-path destination in the Great large, specially built gantry crane and Branch Falls. A short side trip takes you than the surrounding lowlands and Smoky Mountains, celebrated for its tensioned together in a cantilevered to the historic hiker club cabin and barn. receives much more precipitation. Snow rushing streams and waterfalls. Hikers construction. The result is an engi- Brushy Mountain Trail can be used for is possible here in March and April. enjoy the area because of the waterfalls neering marvel, presenting spectacular a 9.1-mile (one-way) trek to the summit A trip to Newfound Gap is a trip to and because there are several loop hikes views of the wide expanse of the Smokies of Mt. Le Conte. the Canadian-zone spruce-fir forest. This to choose from. Bicyclists can take to drivers on this new roadway. The roads in Greenbrier are mostly fragrant evergreen woodland is similar to advantage of one of the few park trails Look Rock, named for a natural rock gravel and motorists must travel at a the boreal forests of New England and where bicycles are permitted. ledge nearby, is the highest point on the slow pace. This makes the area appealing eastern Canada. There is excellent wild- Deep Creek area loop hikes western portion of Foothills Parkway. A to some bicyclists, although bikes are flower viewing along the AT between include Juney Whank Falls (0.6 mile), one-half-mile trail to the top of the ridge permitted only on roads and not on any Newfound Gap and the Road Prong Three Waterfalls Loop (2.4 miles), provides access to Look Rock Tower, with of the hiking trails. Trail intersection. and Deep Creek-Indian Creek Loop a 360-degree panoramic view of the Great Anglers have long frequented the Mileage from Gatlinburg––16 (4.4 miles). Longer loop hikes are Smokies and neighboring foothills. Thun- West Prong. See Park Etiquette, page 15. from Cherokee––18 also available. derhead and Gregory Bald are among the Mileage from Gatlinburg––4 from Townsend—34

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 4 Words with a Ranger PARK NEWS Great Smoky Mountains National Park news briefs continued from page 1 Predicting the Annual Firefly Light Show the park every day and working with people who have the same desire to better When visitors from around the globe Nichols said. “We then tabulate the of synchronous firefly can be found understand and protect it. When I’m swarm to the Great Smoky Mountains high and low temperatures for each day in the southern US, and yet another doing field work, I frequently go to places to observe the synchronized firefly light and plug them into a formula which species lives in parts of southeast Asia. I’ve been before, but it’s always a new show, their viewing success depends will tell us what stage of development adventure and there are still areas of the heavily on one park ranger/insect the insects are in.” The park has been park that I’ve yet to explore. I also enjoy specialist: Dr. Becky Nichols (see page using this method since 2013, and so THE FIREFLY LOTTERY meeting the many research scientists that 1). Like many other seasonal events in far the predictions have been accurate. The Elkmont area is open only to come through the park. the natural world, the precise dates of Biologists like Faust and Nichols have I became interested in entomolo- the peak of synchronized firefly activity documented 19 species of firefly (or campers and shuttle bus riders gy while I was in college working on a vary from year to year. And predicting lightning bug) beetles in the park. during the peak of the synchro- wildlife biology degree. I took a course in the peak is definitely a science. While most types of fireflies have a nous firefly display. To enter the entomology, and my college career took “In order to allow enough time for way to ‘light up the night,’ fewer than park lottery for a parking pass and a sharp turn. In graduate school I studied lottery and shuttle system planning, one percent assemble in groups that shuttle ride, visit recreation.gov fire ants in Texas, and aquatic insects we have to predict the fireflies’ flashing synchronize their flashes. and search for ‘firefly event.’ in Missouri, which led me to my current period five to six weeks in advance,” In the Smokies, a firefly called position in the Smokies. Nichols said. Photinus carolinus is the star attraction. The free lottery is open for three Stream life in the Smokies is diverse and Nichols worked with premier firefly Several groups of P. carolinus annually days in late April. If you are we continue to learn more about it. This past expert Lynn Faust of Knoxville to utilize choreograph a routine that features six among the 1,800 winners, you year, we collected a stonefly and a mayfly her degree-day method for predicting quick synchronized flashes followed by will receive a one-night park- that we had not seen in the park before, and the peak flashing time period. Faust six to nine seconds of darkness. It and-ride pass for a fee of an outside researcher recently published has spent nearly three decades doing is the males, flying low above the approximately $20-$25. The reports of stoneflies that were new to the firefly research in the Appalachians and ground, that create the most notable firefly display usually occurs in science books. This diversity occurs because authored Fireflies, Glow-worms and flashes. The females, stationary or late May or early June. there is such a large variety of habitat here, Lightning Bugs—covering species both walking on the ground, respond with from tiny high-elevation springs to the larger close to home and across the globe. She a subtle signal if a male’s flashing strikes In case you don’t win the lottery, rivers at lower elevations. was inspired by summers in her youth their fancy. park partner Discover Life in Long-term monitoring programs are spent at Elkmont observing synchro- Photinus carolinus is known to occur America also offers synchronous important for understanding the health throughout the southern Appalachians nous fireflies. firefly viewing opportunities. of the park. I monitor stream quality by “Starting in March, we monitor the in areas where the habitat is undis- Visit dlia.org. looking at the diversity of aquatic insects air and soil temperatures at Elkmont,” turbed. Additionally, a different species over time. There can be a lot of variation from year to year, but over the longer term, we can determine if the variation is normal or if something is happening in a particular watershed. The field data we collect will Trails Forever Celebrates Ten Years, Embarks on Park-wide Projects provide an early warning if something is After two years of rehabilitation as rehabilitation of Rainbow Falls, Alum work on other trails, including Deep impacting water quality and the animal life part of the Trails Forever partner- Cave, Chimney Tops and Forney Creek Trail, Rough Fork Trail and that depends on it. ship, the popular Rainbow Falls Trail Ridge trails. Many park trails expe- Noah Bud Ogle Nature Trail. I’m proud of the fact that our many reopened last November. Now hikers rience heavy foot traffic and erosion. Trillium Gap Trail will be closed years of monitoring data provide a continu- can enjoy improved trail condi- Crews work to enhance visitor safety Monday–Thursday (excluding holi- ous record of aquatic life that will help tions as they trek this popular route and build a more sustainable trail days) beginning May 13 due to the ensure the long-term health of park featuring a 75-foot waterfall and by improving drainage and reducing construction process. Hikers to Mount streams. Also, last year marked the 20th access to Mount Le Conte. impact on the trailside landscape. Le Conte may choose alternate routes year of the ATBI, and we reached a major The ribbon-cutting event was As Trails Forever embarks on the via Rainbow Falls, The Boulevard, Bull milestone with the discoveries of more a celebration of ten years for Trails next ten years, the crew will apply Head or Alum Cave trails. The trail than 1,000 species new to science. That’s a Forever, a partnership between Great their expert skills to multiple projects closure will last through November 14, good example of how important the Smok- Smoky Mountains National Park throughout the park. In addition to a 2019, and resume in May 2020 for a ies are as a refuge for an incredible variety and Friends of the Smokies that has signature rehabilitation of Trillium Gap second work season. of plant and animal life. resulted in the reconstruction and Trail, crews will perform major rehab

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 5 PARK NEWS Great Smoky Mountains National Park news briefs Moving Rocks Harms Aquatic Wildlife! Spring is finally here! And as temper- Geleynse says these aquatic areas are concepts of balance atures and humidity rise, visitors are home to a myriad of wild animals and and Zen and are tempted to dip their toes—and more— it is of utmost importance to keep their considered a chal- in the cool waters of the Smokies’ habitats undisturbed. lenge requiring skill; streams and other waterways. “Social media is a driver of rock building them gives This time of year, people also begin cairns,” she says. “People see photos of people something to to stack rocks and create “cairns,” chan- these creations online or see them in the do to pass the time. nels and rock dams in the park’s streams stream and want to build their own.” When building a and creeks. Park Ranger Julianne Rock cairns are connected to the rock channel or rock dam becomes Eastern hellbenders, also known as snot otters, are fully a family affair with aquatic salamanders which use rocks for protection. Their children collecting tails help them position safely under rocks without poking small rocks and out to give themselves away. Completely aquatic, they also adults moving huge have a lateral line similar to those of fish, with which they can detect vibrations in the water. Image by Brian Gratwicke boulders, aquatic wildlife are disturbed and driven away or may be “The temperature, flow and dis- injured or killed in the process. solved oxygen is altered, completely Besides detracting from wilderness changing the habitat and the aquatic character, rock cairns, dams and chan- life,” Geleynse says. “Some species of nels impact aquatic life such as eastern aquatic insects are immobile and die hellbenders, endangered Smoky Moun- once removed from the stream.” tain madtoms and Citico darters. Many What can you do if you see someone salamander and fish species lay their moving rocks in the park? “Share posi- eggs under rocks of various sizes. The tive messaging on how to protect aquatic removal or movement of these rocks life through your social media outlets,” Stacking river rocks is doing serious damage to the delicate river ecosystem. And it’s not can disrupt breeding behavior and can says Geleynse. “Parents can encourage just cairns; the same goes for moving rocks and creating dams to make chutes or pools completely destroy the nest and eggs of their children to respect our streams and in a stream for tubing. Image courtesy of NPS both salamanders and fish. leave no trace.” Mountain Streams are Deceptively Dangerous According to the book Into the Mist Especially during winter and spring, recede steadily after rains by David Brill, drowning is one of the heavy mountain rains can make streams cease. leading causes of death in Great Smoky unsafe to cross. Never attempt to cross There are no life- Mountains National Park. Water-based a stream unless you are sure you can guarded swimming activities that have ended tragically make it. Changing your route or turning areas in the national park. include swimming, ‘tubing’ and ford- around and retracing your steps are safer Swimming is at your own ing rain-swollen streams. The fact that than attempting to cross high water. It is risk and not advised by Smoky Mountain waterways can be important to keep your hiking shoes and the National Park Service. deadly comes as no surprise for those socks dry. Changing into a pair of water Those who decide to try who are familiar with their unexpected shoes will make crossings safer and more tubing often find them- depth and swiftness. comfortable. A stout hiking staff or hik- selves stranded by rising All hikers need to be prepared to ing poles can also be useful. Loosen your waters, requiring arduous safely ford streams. While some cross- backpack so you can quickly discard swift-water rescues. Some ings are bridged, many are not. Existing it if necessary. If you lose your footing ‘tubers’ have been severely footbridges may have recently been and are swept away, float with your feet injured or drowned. destroyed by floods or fallen trees. A list downstream to protect your head. Visitors need to seriously The Sinks has numerous signs posted advising visitors of strong currents and hidden hazards. Image by Bill Lea of some of the more challenging stream If you become stranded on the wrong consider these risks for crossings is included in the $1 official side of a stream because of rapidly rising themselves and their children before park trail map. water, be patient. Flooded streams will venturing into park waters.

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 6 Things to Do There are so many ways to explore and learn about the Smokies

Historic Grist Mills Junior Rangers Quiet Walkways Passport Stamps Two water-powered grist mills operate in Kids 5-12—earn your Great Smoky These peaceful pathways are scattered Ready to have your official Passport to the park seven days per week from spring Mountains National Park Junior Ranger around the park offering visitors an Your National Parks® stamped? You’ll through fall, demonstrating the historic badge today! Just stop by any park opportunity to step outside their vehicles find free site-specific stampers at all park necessity of grinding corn into cornmeal. visitor center and purchase the Junior and soak in the Smokies’ lush and intri- visitor centers and some campgrounds. Cable Mill, located near Cades Cove Ranger booklet ($2.50) appropriate cate beauty. Parking is limited to 3 or 4 If you don’t have one, pick up this Visitor Center, halfway around the Cades for your age. Complete the activities vehicles to keep the walkways quiet. A collector’s edition book in one of the Cove Loop Road, opens March 15. described in the booklet and you’re on few of the trails are short loops, but most park’s visitor centers! Mingus Mill, located 2 miles north of your way to Junior Ranger glory. are linear trails inviting walkers to go as Cherokee, NC, near the Mountain Farm far as they wish and then return the way Museum, opens April 1. they came. Look for the Quiet Walkways Image of Mingus Mill by Jackie Novak signs along many park roads. Image by Bill Lea

Self-guiding Tours Want to know a little about the sights you are seeing? Nonprofit park partner Great Smoky Mountains Association has published a series of colorful, in- In addition, expensive booklets keyed to numbered stop in at any posts along park roads. You’ll learn about park history as well as some of visitor center and the plants and wildlife you’ll encounter along the route. Self-guiding tour book- get information lets are available at park visitor centers as well as dispensers beside the roads. about current ranger Field to Fork Audio Tour Tours include: Cades Cove driving and The National Park Service and Great Smoky Mountains Association walking, Roaring Fork Motor Nature programs happening have partnered with Antenna Audio to create a compelling tour of the Trail, the Mountain Farm Museum, Mountain Farm Museum at Oconaluftee (2 miles north of Cherokee, Cataloochee, Newfound Gap Road, in the park! NC). You’ll learn how hard-working farm families scratched a living Tremont Logging History and from the steep, rocky soils of the Smoky Mountains and lived a rich and Mingus Mill. Image of Cades Cove (left) happy life while doing so. Image by NPS by Bill Lea

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a Falls w R Gap Trail Townsend V Fighting Creek k s Porters pring is an excellent time to appreciate the diversity of r 321 Little Trail Sugarlands a Visitors Center Flat Cataloochee Valley: 8 miles from P Greenbrier Laurel Visitor Center Grotto School P plant life harbored in the Great Smoky Mountains. Spring o I-40 (including 3 miles on a narrow s Falls Laurel Falls T Falls r R r t S e ill Trail Road a illi gravel road). The short road through 73 in um r s Fern Branch wildflowers make their showiest displays on the moist slopes th bo Tr Ga the valley oers wildlife viewing w ail p Townsend r T C Trail oo Rive Maloney ra Fa re Falls (including elk) and access to F il lls ek Heritage T n and coves of lower-elevation deciduous forests. The forest Meigs Point ra ia l Little Carlos i a historic church, school and homes. d Center Trai l h a t Top Falls Rainbow Mount c Cataloochee o nu Campbell a R st l PISGAH floor may be blanketed with tiny blossoms contrasted against e T h Elkmont Le Conte a C Falls Valley r L Overlook p e itt Alum Cave in m le p Overlook NATIONAL a R lush, green leaves. Ants, bees and other insects eagerly attend Schoolhouse o i Trail Charlies A t v C e n Gap Trail n uc r Alum Cave Bunion FOREST Look Rock u t um T o R GSM Institute be ra n r Gap tai Tra i n R to their work of dispersing seeds and pollinating plants. As the M d l il l Blu s u Tower at Tremont i o o h ra M a c T m d i ek alsa R e B weeks pass, temperatures warm and days lengthen, and the r Newfound Gap Road: This paved C Lynn Camp es Co k Chimney ve Ja road is the only route over the Great C Prong Cascades Ro re best displays creep toward higher elevations by mid-May. Tops Chimney Tops Smoky Mountains. It stretches ad ek Ab Trail ra Middle Prong for 31 miles between Gatlinburg m Trail Newfound Enjoying wildflowers is as simple as taking a drive along s Fa Oconaluftee and Cherokee and climbs from an Balsam Mountain Road: Abrams l Abrams ls Gap T Valley Overlook Kephart elevation of 1,300’ to 5,046’ Opens May 17. r park roads with a watchful eye, strolling along one of the Falls a Exit 20 Creek i l Prong (at Newfound Gap). Trail Quiet Walkways found on Newfound Gap and Little River GREAT SM INS OKY OUNTA Chasteen Cades Cove M r T

k Creek Falls roads, or hiking a trail like Chestnut Top, Deep Creek, Visitor Center r o Smokemont F H Clingmans e ti Loop i To a n 276 n Trail t Oconaluftee River Trail, Cove Hardwood Nature Trail or Dome Ka o Asheville o Cades Cove Loop Road: 11-mile g Clingmans Dome Road: 7-mile a

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l Hazel Creek 441 Twentymile Restrooms are available of the reduced timeline for seasonal staff hiring and project Calderwood Loop Trail Trail Cherokee Museum Camping Wolf l at visitor centers, Cades Cove and CHEROKEE Lake i Loop planning. For the most up-to-date information about road Ridge a Indian r CHEROKEE T Smokemont campgrounds, Cades Cove, Trail Trail e Creek Falls Deals il Deep Creek and Greenbrier picnic areas, Nature Trails WAYNESVILLE closures, go to nps.gov/grsm. tym Juney Whank Falls NATIONAL Gap Twen Newfound Gap and Great Smoky Mountains Tom Branch Falls 19 Fontana Juney Whank FOREST Twentymile Institute at Tremont. Vault toilets are La Major Hwys All roads are subject to temporary closures due to snow, ice Dam ke Falls Trail Deep Creek Lake Cascade F also available at Rainbow Falls, Alum Cave, vie Cheoah ontana w or flooding. Lak Abrams Falls and Clingmans Dome trailheads. Dr Major Roads E e E SS A 441 E IN N L BRYSON Paved Roads N O E R T A CITY C Gravel Roads A Swain County H FONTANA pp 28 T al Visitor Center B R ac 74 l O VILLAGE h Trails u N ia e

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28 NANTAHALA NATIONAL FOREST ©GSMA2019 143 441 23 To Knoxville To I-40 To Newport 321 SEVIERVILLE ay w Exit rk Pa 443 32 lls Hartford CHEROKEE NATIONAL FOREST hi ot Cosby Fo Exit Park View 447 129 416 411 TENNESSEE 441 Exit 451 32 NORTH C MARYVILLE AROLIN PIGEON FORGE A Pittman Mount Cammerer Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail: Center Cosby 321 321 73 Hen Wallow Falls Mount Big 321 Gatlinburg Welcome Center Paved, narrow, 5.5 mile one-way road Cammerer Creek Trail 40 Chasing Wildflowers oers old-growth forest, waterfalls il National Park 321 ra and historic buildings. No RVs allowed. T Information Center Ga n bes Mounta i ek Tra Cre il

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28 NANTAHALA NATIONAL FOREST ©GSMA2019 143 441 23 Spring’s Return is a Celebrated Time Great Smoky Mountains National Park is a world-renowned preserve of wildflower diversity

ildflowers arrive each spring in Public Engagement, the event includes knew exactly which Wthe Great Smoky Mountains with hikes, rambles, workshops and lectures plants were food and a parade of delicate colors and curious that connect attendees with the which were not. forms. Along with the sweet sounds of Smokies’ wondrous biodiversity. Those The Cherokee have songbirds, the cheery faces of hepatica, interested should register at Wildflow- long known the virtues bloodroot, spring-beauty and a myriad erPilgrimage.org. of many plants in this of others signal that the forest is waking Even as we anticipate the joys of region. When this up from a brief winter’s rest. spring today, people living in these land became a national Great Smoky Mountains National mountains before the establishment of park in the 1930s, Park is world-renowned for its biodi- Great Smoky Mountains National Park its rich biodiversity versity and boasts more than 1,600 also welcomed this time and its new was protected from different kinds of flowering plants. growing season, for it brought many of harvesting by federal Wildflowers bloom every month of the the necessities of life. The people living law, but a proposed year, but the peak of spring blooming here had an intimate understanding rule could soon allow is usually early to mid-April, with of the forest and its plant resources— for a limitied number flowers in the higher elevations begin- knowledge that sustained them long of Cherokee tribal ning later and persisting into May. before they had access to modern members, who must The incredible variety and intriguing doctors, grocery stores and other have permits, to collect beauty of wildflowers make this one of conveniences. The forest provided food, a favorite edible spring the most celebrated times of the year in medicine and the materials they needed green called sochan. the Smokies. This spring extravaganza to build their homes, and even offered Known to many as can be enjoyed from the road or along clues for when they should plant their green-headed cone- a trail, and visitors literally flock to this crops or herd their livestock. The first flower(Rudbeckia area to witness the spectacle. bunches of tender, wild, edible greens laciniata), sochan is The 69th annual Spring Wildflower were a welcome change to the palate an abundant, late- Pilgrimage will take place in Gatlinburg after a winter of dried, cured, sulfured or summer-blooming April 24-27. Winner of the 2018 Public otherwise preserved foods, and a lifetime perennial with tall Lands Alliance award for Outstanding of living close to the land meant folks stalks and large, yellow flowers. The Cherokee seek its young spring leaves, Top: Mountain families considered toothwort a favorite spring which emerge well herb. The fresh, green leaves were prepared with bacon grease before the flowers. or soaked in vinegar, and the peppery root was similar to These leaves are horseradish. Image by Charles Wilder. Middle: Green-headed coneflower, or sochan, is known for its showy late-summer rich in vitamins and blooms, but it is the young spring leaves, emerging well before minerals, including the flowers, which are sought by the Cherokee as a favorite Vitamin A, iron, spring green. Image courtesy of GSMA. Bottom left: Spring calcium and potas- Wildflower Pilgrimage leader points out ferns and wildflowers sium, and the spring along Porters Creek. The event features professionally-guided harvest is considered walks, exhibits and other learning opportunities to explore the a sacred family tradi- region’s rich natural and cultural resources. Image courtesy of Spring Wildflower Pilgrimage tion—a time to pass on knowledge of wild plants to the next generation. Under it is possible that the Cherokee will soon the guidance of the proposed agreement continue this culturally significant spring between the Eastern Band of Cherokee tradition on lands within the park where Indians and the National Park Service, their ancestors once trod.

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 10 Climate Changes Affect the Smokies—its Visitors and its Staff

Image by Bill Lea

pring is a notoriously fickle season, Over their millions of years “According to the National on which wildlife—and humans—rely Sreliably unfolding ‘early’ or ‘late’ of existence, spring wildflowers have Phenology Network, trees in our for food. each year. Now there is considerable adapted to rely on soil temperature region are greening up 15-20 days The higher temperatures also affect science to support that, since and moisture as their primary gauges earlier,” says Paul Super, the park’s human migrations. Over the past 40 1970, Smoky Mountain springs are for timing blooms. Since the sole research coordinator. Caterpillars, years, visitation to the park in March significantly earlier and warmer. objective of putting all that plant which dine voraciously on tree leaves, has more than doubled. Conversely, “In May 2018 we had our warmest energy into creating a big beautiful appear to be likewise emerging earlier. due to budget constraints, the number average low temperature on record flower is to attract pollinators and Unfortunately, migratory songbirds of park staff has decreased, and (going back to 1922 from the National make viable seeds, they don’t want that are flitting about in the tropics seasonal employees and those subject Weather Service monitoring site near their timing to be off. Blooms during March and April, contem- to furlough generally don’t start their Park Headquarters),” says Jim Renfro, generally only last a few days, so plating heading north for the summer stints until late April or May. Due to the park’s air quality specialist and flowering before the pollinators— breeding season, have no idea how the number of days the government the person in charge of collecting and butterflies, bumblebees, moths, ants, warm it is in the southern Appa- was shut down during the first part managing the park’s weather data. “The beetles, hummingbirds—show up lachian Mountains. “They rely on of this year, there may be even more average low temperature was 56.6° F last can be disastrous. changing day length to trigger their hiring delays in 2019. As a result, the May, seven degrees above the norm.” If the current 48-year-long trend migration,” Super says. Consequently, 2.5 million or more visitors who flood At Sugarlands Visitor Center, continues, park visitors hoping to the synchronization of trees, bugs and the park this spring may be frustrated since 1970, Aprils have warmed by an catch the peak of spring wildflowers birds is being disrupted. by closed roads, campgrounds, picnic average of 4.1° F, Mays by 5° F, and should plan their trip for early rather Earlier springs also mean trees areas, restrooms and other facilities Junes by 4° F. Most of the rise than late April. In 2012, when March are flowering earlier, making them that the park service lacks the staff to is reflected in the morning lows. was a whopping 10° F above average, vulnerable to ‘late’ frosts. Such maintain. Park employees appreciate “We’re not getting as cold at night,” many spring wildflowers had lost miscues can greatly diminish the your patience during this period of Renfro says. their shine by April 1. harvests of cherries, nuts and acorns low staffing.

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 11 Smokies Bats Hang in the Balance White-nose syndrome takes its toll on bat populations in the park Story by Aaron Searcy · Illustration by Emma DuFort s spring brings warmer weather short-term treatments for bats Ato the Smokies, park bats emerge affected by the disease, park staff from a long winter hibernation under and researchers continue to study threat from the deadly white-nosem- the ecology, habitat requirements syndrome. Some endangered park bat and behavior of bats in the pres- species have seen population declines ence of WNS. The hope is to better as sharp as 97 percent. support survivors of the disease and This year marks a decade since enhance reproduction for the species GSMNP closed all park caves and that seek refuge in the Smokies. mining complexes to the public in an attempt to limit the spread What is White-nose Syndrome? of the lethal disease known as White-nose syndrome takes white-nose syndrome (WNS). its name from the appearance of a At that time, the disease was white fungal growth on the muzzle primarily limited to caves and and wings of bats infected with mines throughout the Northeast, the disease. The fungus thrives where it had already brought in dark, cool environments and about precipitous declines for spreads among cave-dwelling bats the endangered Indiana bat and when they reduce their metabolic killed more than 90 percent of rate and lower their body tempera- the bats in some hibernacula. ture to enter winter hibernation. It Despite mitigation efforts can be transmitted through phys- by park rangers, biologists and ical contact with bats infected with researchers, the following year the disease or the surfaces of caves (2010), white-nose syndrome made or mines where they hibernate. its way to the Smokies. The first While humans cannot contract evidence of the disease was discov- WNS themselves given the cooler ered in a park cave when a little body temperatures it requires to brown bat collected from the site thrive, they can spread the disease tested positive for Pseudogymno- from one cave to another by unin- ascus destructans—the cold-loving tentionally carrying it on clothing, fungus responsible for white-nose shoes or gear. syndrome. Since then, the disease Although not necessarily has spread far beyond its original lethal by itself, the fungus induces boundaries to as far west as the far more frequent arousals from state of Washington, leaving in its torpor throughout bats’ five- to wake more than six million dead six-month hibernation, causing bats across North America and them to expend their valuable one of the fastest declines of wild stores of fat and energy before they mammal populations to date. can replenish them in the spring. Monitoring shows that GSMNP Researchers also believe that, in bat species have proven no excep- addition to forcing bats to burn tion to the rule, suffering devastating much more energy than usual, population losses over much of the WNS may disrupt other critical last decade. While emerging research physiological functions such as from elsewhere may offer possible water balance by causing dehydra-

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 12 tion through physical damage to wing equally affected by WNS. Of the 13 Capture rates, however, actually in a single night. Bats’ suppression of skin membranes. bat species found in the park, ten stay appeared to have increased since the forest and agricultural pests accounts Bats affected by WNS may fly over the winter, and only six hiber- previous pre-WNS survey for some for nearly $3.7 billion worth of insect erratically or congregate near the nate in caves and mines. Others, such other bats such as eastern small-footed control for US farmers every year. They entrances of caves. It is important to as Hoary and Seminole bats, usually and big brown bats according to a 2016 also pollinate night-flowering plants, avoid disturbing them. Posted area migrate to warmer areas. For those park survey. This squares with the find- provide valuable nutrients to cave ecosys- closures in the park refer not just to the that do hibernate in the park, moni- ings of some researchers that suggest tems through their guano, and serve as cave itself but also to the areas around toring suggests significant but varied big brown bats have fared better than prey for other animals including owls, cave mouths in order to give space to WNS impacts. other species and either have natural hawks, falcons, weasels and ringtail cats. weakened bats, says NPS biologist Paul Winter cave surveys in 2016 resistances to WNS or have adapted a While in GSMNP, remember to E. Super. “The bats are in such a rough found decreases in the overall number means of evading its deadly side effects. heed all cave closures, refrain from state they need not to be disturbed of bats and a 94.4 percent decrease touching or moving bats or other when they are roosting or flying.” in the Indiana bat population in a A Refuge in the Park wildlife, and report visibly sick bats Decontaminate your shoes or gear if cave that historically housed more The Smokies provide a valuable to a ranger. You can also contribute you’ve been in any cave outside of the than 2,400 bats. The most recent haven for endangered and regional to healthy bat populations near your park, as it might have been infected. If winter counts show that Indiana bats bat species through access to mature home by reducing outdoor lighting you happen to see a dead or sick bat, have suffered an overall loss of 91.8 forests, water sources, safe hibernacula wherever possible, minimizing tree please report your sighting to a park percent, tri-colored bats a loss of 97.6 and freedom from excess light and clearing and protecting local water- ranger. Do not attempt to touch or percent and little brown bats a loss of noise pollution. ways and wetlands. handle any bat and do not enter any 94.6. On the national level to date, Bats perform ecologically signifi- GSMNP biologist Paul E. Super, wild- closed areas. little brown bat populations have cant roles as the primary predators of life biologist Bill Stiver and University of decreased by about 90 percent, while nocturnal insects. One little brown bat Tennessee biologist Dr. Emma V. Willcox Monitoring Bats in the Smokies tri-colored and northern long-eared can eat as many as 1,000 mosquito-sized contributed helpful advice and insights for One bit of good news is that not bats have suffered losses of roughly insects in an hour, and a nursing female this piece from their invaluable work with all of the park’s bat species have been 97 percent. can consume her body weight in insects bats in the Smokies.

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 13 IF YOU LOVE THE SMOKIES Join the park’s partners in helping to protect this place for ourselves and future generations

Great Smoky Mountains adults who long to get out and explore milestone of the project—the 1,000th elk, native brook trout and other wildlife Association the park accompanied by expert guides. new species to science! DLIA formed • Intensive rehabilitation projects Since 1953, Great Smoky Programs are offered by the Smoky 20 years ago to carry out the ATBI, the on the park’s most impacted hiking trails Mountains Association Mountain Field School and include Mt. goal of which is to identify every variety like Alum Cave, Chimney Tops and has supported the Le Conte overnights and workshops of plant and animal in the park. The Rainbow Falls educational, scientific on wildlife, edible plants, wildflower organization works with leading biolo- • Hands-on, and historical efforts photography, animal tracking, bird gists from around the globe to conduct curriculum-based of the National Park watching, salamanders and mountain the inventory and identify species that environmental Service through cash cooking. One-day programs start at as are observed. education donations and in-kind little as $79. Contact: 865.974.0150 or DLIA recruits legions of volunteers for school services. By the end of 2019 visit smfs.utk.edu. and interns to become ‘citizen scien- children in alone, the association will have provided tists’ who help with the work. These Western North more than $2 million in assistance that Great Smoky Mountains participants get an insider’s look at the Carolina and includes saving hemlock trees, living Institute at Tremont park, as well as firsthand knowledge of East Tennessee history demonstrations, environmental Great Smoky Mountains Institute biology, field science and laboratory • Facilities and improvements to education programs, historic preserva- at Tremont turns 50 this year and practices. Funding for DLIA comes maintain a world-class visitor experience tion, and salaries for wildlife personnel. continues its from donations from individuals and • Historic preservation of cabins, Association members receive a long tradition of institutions and also from the national churches and mills in Cades Cove and number of benefits to keep them providing resi- park. Cataloochee Valley informed about special events in the dential environ- Learn more at dlia.org or by calling Your support of Friends of the park and issues affecting the Smokies: mental education 865.430.4756. Smokies makes these projects and much • Subscription to the semi-annual, programs in more possible. full-color magazine Smokies Life Great Smoky Friends of the Smokies Make a donation and become • Digital access to the award-win- Mountains National Park. Up to 5,000 Friends of the Smokies is an official a member today at FriendsOf ning quarterly park newspaper, Smokies students and adults annually attend nonprofit partner of the National Park TheSmokies.org, purchase a specialty Guide, and the association’s newsletter, workshops and school programs at the Service and Great Smoky Mountains license plate at BearPlate.org, or join The Bearpaw Institute. Tremont’s adult workshops National Park that helps to raise funds FOTS for one of its special events • A 15-20% discount on books, include birding, backpacking, envi- and public awareness and provide volun- like the Evergreen Ball or Smokies music, gifts and other products sold at ronmental education, teacher escapes, teers for park projects. Stomp Barn Party. Your donations park visitor centers and at GSMA’s naturalist weekends and photography. Since 1993, Friends of the Smokies help preserve and protect Great Smoky web store GSMI at Tremont also offers a has raised $65 million to support Mountains National Park for genera- • Special GSMA group hikes, back- variety of summer youth camps in the critical park projects and programs tions to come. For more information, packing excursions and educational national park lasting from six to 11 including: visit FriendsOfTheSmokies.org or sessions led by experts invite members days and starting at $589. Fees include • Management and research of bears, call toll-free 800.845.5665. to immerse themselves in the sights, meals, lodging and most equipment. sounds and smells of the outdoors and Offerings include Discovery Camp learn more about nature and history in (ages 9-12), Wilderness Adventure Trek, GSMA MEMBERS SIGN ME UP! Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Girls in Science (ages 12-15), and Teen Get Rooted in the Smokies! Name(s) ______Check out GSMA’s Branch Out events High Adventure (ages 13-17). Contact at SmokiesInformation.org/events. 865.448.6709 or visit gsmit.org. q Acorn (youth) Membership $15 ______Join today using the coupon to the q Buckeye Annual Membership $35 Address ______right, visit SmokiesInformation.org, or Discover Life in America q Chestnut Annual Membership $100 call us at 888.898.9102 x349. Member- The Smokies are known for their biodi- ______ships start at just $35 per year. versity and Discover Life in America q Dogwood Membership $200 Email (for Cub Report) ______recently celebrated the 20th year of q Hemlock Lifetime Membership $1,000 ______Smoky the All Taxa payable in 5 installments Phone # ______Mountain Biodiversity q Lookout League Business Memberships Field School Inventory with Please include your check with this form. $250-$10,000 Mail to: GSMA, P.O. Box 130, An exciting variety the announce- Gatlinburg, TN 37738 of adventures awaits ment of a major

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 14 Going Fishing? Healthy Streams Means Cleaning Your Gear

Smokies’ aquatic life vulnerable to accidentally transferred pests

Illustration by Emma DuFort

Whirling Disease—spread by the in the South Holston, Lower Watauga Smokies. Nevertheless, NPS fisheries European parasite Myxobolus cerebralis— and Doe rivers and, like gill lice, is more technician Caleb Abramson says park lethally disables and deforms young prevalent in fish raised in hatcheries. staff are staying vigilant through regular trout species, causing them to ‘whirl’ So far neither gill lice nor Whirling sampling and monitoring efforts. in place. The disease has been detected Disease have been discovered in the “What’s concerning is that stocked s the weather warms, you (non-wild, hatchery reared) trout Amay be planning a trip to one can travel significant distances or several of the park’s mountain from where they are originally streams. But maintaining healthy distributed by the state agencies,” waterways for the 77 species of fish he says. As long as these stocked that call the park home relies on fish and the diseases they carry keeping these waters free of invasive remain downstream, the Smokies’ parasites and disease. Make sure your wild, self-sustaining fish popula- clothing and equipment are clean tions will remain a popular draw and free of mud before entering park for anglers in search of a challenge. waterways to stop destructive aquatic In addition to never trans- nuisance species and disease from porting fish alive or dead from spreading into the Smokies. one body of water to another, Park fisheries biologists are on alert you can significantly contribute after the discovery of Didymosphenia to maintaining healthy fish- geminata, often called “Didymo” or eries and ecosystems in the “rock snot,” in regional rivers like the park through these responsible Clinch, Holston, South Holston and cleaning practices: Lower Watauga. While these rivers • Clean all clothing and remain popular destinations for many equipment on site before leaving anglers who may also frequent the water access park, the algae Didymo can ‘hitchhike’ • Drain all water from equip- on clothing or gear and quickly spread ment such as live wells, bilges, in cold water to blanket the substrate motors or buckets of streams with a thick, felt-like carpet, • Dry equipment thoroughly dramatically reducing the insect and between use in tailwaters for a food availability for trout and other minimum of 48 hours fish species. Fishing is permitted year-round in the park, and a TN Other downstream threats detected or NC fishing license is required. Either state license You can also reduce the in Western North Carolina include is valid throughout the park, and no trout stamp is chances of introducing harmful non-native gill lice and Whirling species to the park by designating required. Fishing with bait is prohibited. A special Disease. Gill lice, which can inhibit a pair of wading boots specifi- fish’s ability to breathe, have been permit is required for the Cherokee reservation and cally for use in GSMNP. Take found spreading among native brook Gatlinburg. A free fishing map with a complete list of all advantage of wash and treatment Please include your check with this form. trout and may impact the trout’s stations where possible. Mail to: GSMA, P.O. Box 130, park fishing regulations is available at visitor centers. Gatlinburg, TN 37738 ability to compete with non-native fish species.

Smokies Guide Spring 2019 • 15 VISITOR INFORMATION For more information, go to nps.gov/grsm

Primary Alt. Rt. Secondary Alt. Rt.

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SWAIN COUNTY VISITOR CENTER

Information Emergencies Hospitals Haywood County All-access Avoid the fine General park info: For emergencies after hours: Le Conte/Sevier County 828.456.7311 Restrooms at park visitor Picking or digging plants is prohibited in the park. 865.436.1200 • nps.gov/grsm Park Headquarters 865.446.7000 Waynesville, NC centers (Cades Cove, Backcountry information: Middle Creek Rd., Oconaluftee and Sugarlands) Persons feeding wildlife 865.436.9171 Swain County are subject to a $5,000 fine. 865.436.1297 Sevierville, TN are fully accessible. 828.488.2155 Pets are only permitted smokiespermits.nps.gov Cherokee Police Sugarlands Valley all-access 828.497.4131 Blount Memorial Bryson City, NC on the Gatlinburg and To order maps and guides: 865.983.7211 nature trail is on Newfound Oconaluftee River trails, 865.436.7318 x226 Gatlinburg Police U.S. 321, Maryville, TN Gap Road just south of which allow dogs on SmokiesInformation.org 865.436.5181 Sugarlands Visitor Center. a leash.