SECTION 1 The Italian Renaissance Getting Started BEFORE Y OU R EAD In a Use the Interactive Reader and Study Guide graphic to familiarize students with the section MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS AND P EOPLE organizer like this one, take notes on content. In Italy the growth of 1. What changes in society and in Renaissance the beginnings of wealthy trading cities cities stimulated the beginning humanism the Renaissance, its Interactive Reader and Study Guide, and new ways of thinking of the Renaissance? secular ideas, and its art. Section 1 helped lead to a rebirth 2. What ideas formed the founda- Baldassare Castiglione of the arts and learning. tion of the Italian Renaissance? Niccolò Machiavelli Beginnings Ideas and Art Name ______Class ______Date ______This era became known Lorenzo de Medici Renaissance and Reformation 3. What contributions did artists as the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci Section 1 make to the Renaissance? Michelangelo Buonarroti MAIN IDEA In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead Raphael to a rebirth of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance.

Key Terms and People Renaissance an era of renewed interest and remarkable developments in art, literature, science, and learning in Europe beginning in Italy in the 1300s secular having a worldly rather than spiritual focus humanism a movement that emphasized the possibilities of individual accomplishment and the almost limitless potential of the human mind Baldassare Castiglione Italian aristocrat who wrote The Courtier, which became a handbook for how to succeed in society Niccolò Machiavelli Florentine political philosopher and statesman who wrote The A Prince , which advised rulers to separate morals from politics Lorenzo de Medici ruler of Florence who was an important patron of arts and learning Michelangelo, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci “Renaissance man” who became famous as a painter, architect, inventor, and engineer; painter of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Raphael famous painter of both classical and religious subjects and accomplished architect Michelangelo Buonarotti sculptor and painter famous for works such as the Sistine VISION OF Chapel, the statue David , and the design of the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral Creation of Creation the Stars and Planets Taking Notes As you read the summary, take notes on the beginnings of the Renaissance, GOD its ideas, and its art in a graphic organizer like this one.

This painting by Michelangelo

. Detail .of Detail God. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. shows a Christian-inspired view of Modern Era Chapter 1 2 Interactive Reader and Study Guide God creating the stars and planets. The painting decorates part of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Academic Vocabulary How did one man’s vision turn a Yet when the agony of the work was finally done, Review with students the high-use academic ceiling into a masterpiece? Weak Michelangelo had created one of the world’s great master- term(s) in this section. light filtered through the arched win- pieces. One observer wrote that the Sistine Chapel was so dows of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. High above the ground, beautiful “as to make everyone astonished.” deviate to turn away from a course or the artist Michelangelo stood on a platform. He looked up, topic (p. 43) raised his brush to the ceiling, and carefully applied paint to The Beginning of the Renaissance CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 1 the wet plaster. For almost four years, this ceiling had been his canvas. Across it, he had painted vivid scenes of events Michelangelo’s painting was not only beautiful but also and people from the Bible. The expressive, detailed figures very different from the art of the Middle Ages. A new Taking Notes were monumental, so they could be seen from far below. direction in art was only one of the ways in which Euro- Beginnings:—thriving cities, increased Each day, Michelangelo and his assistants climbed a pean society began changing after the 1300s. trade, wealthy merchant class, renewed 40-foot ladder to a scaffolding. From there, steps rose interest in art, literature, science, and another 20 feet to a platform 7 feet beneath the chapel’s Changes in Society The Black Death, starvation, immense, vaulted ceiling. All day Michelangelo stood, his and warfare had overtaken Europe about 1300. These learning, desire to beautify cities; Ideas and head craned back, his arm raised high to the ceiling. catastrophic events and the enormous loss of life may Art:— rebirth in art, literature, and science, have led to some of the changes of the 1300s. secular focus, humanism, individualism, vernacular literature, interest in ancients RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 39

Teach the Main Idea At Level The Italian Renaissance 1. Teach Ask students the Reading Focus 3. Review As you review the section, have questions to teach this section. students take notes about each picture or chart, describing its significance to the 2. Apply Have students scan the section, examine the pictures and charts, and read broader themes of the Renaissance. the captions. Tell students to make a list of 4. Practice/Homework Have students these elements, leaving space for notes. Ask create a resumé for one of the artists or students what these elements reveal about writers of the Italian Renaissance. the section. Visual-Spatial, Verbal-Linguistic Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 31: Resumés

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 39 The decrease in population allowed farmers along the Mediterranean Sea. Shipbuilding to produce more food than they needed. Food prospered, and sailors traveled to the Near prices declined, allowing people more money to East. As a result, Venetian merchants became spend on other things. The demand for agricul- some of the wealthiest in the world. They used Reading Focus tural goods increased, allowing various areas this wealth to build a unique city that has been of Europe to begin to specialize in the products described as “a work of art.” that were best suited to their environment. For Milan, to the west of Venice, based its econ- What changes in society and in cities example, England began to produce more wool omy on agriculture, silk, and weapons. Florence, stimulated the beginning of the and areas of Germany, more grain. As special- to the south, was famous for its banking and growth of important city- ization increased, regions had to trade for the cloth. Monarchs appealed to Florentine bank- Renaissance? products they did not produce. ers for money to fund wars or other endeav- states; increased trade; new wealth ors. Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth The Rise of City-States Urban areas also and sold it abroad. The leading merchants and READING began to specialize, particularly in Italy. The bankers poured their wealth into creating a The Beginning of the SKILLS territory that today makes up Italy was divided city that rivaled any other in Europe. A citizen Renaissance Predicting How into several large city-states in the north and might the change of Florence expressed his admiration: Which groups dominated in economic various kingdoms and the Papal States in the Identify south. The northern city-states of Venice, Milan, HISTORY’S VOICES society in the city-states? the Roman structure change other parts of and Florence became bustling centers of com- “What wealth of buildings, what distinguished Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, society? merce. In these city-states, the Roman Catho- architecture there is in Florence! Indeed, how the artisans lic Church, nobles, merchants, and artisans great genius of the builders is reflected in these dominated society. Merchants were usually buildings, and what a pleasure there is for those who live in them. Recall How did the merchants of either bankers or traders. Artisans practiced ” —Leonardo Bruni, Panegyric to the northern Italy use their wealth? built such crafts as goldsmithing. Knowledge of arts City of Florence , 1403 up their cities, made them magnificent such as painting, sculpture, and architecture increased as nobles and merchants sought to What advan- Find the Main Idea How Draw Conclusions display their new wealth. did society and cities change in the 1300s? tage might banking have over other Venice, a city with access to the sea, built industries? possible answer—easy its economy and reputation on trade. Its people had a long history of trading with other ports access to money, money can be used for investment

Florence and the Medici Family Lorenzo the Magnificent

Info to Know Communication Speed Although Venice

established connections with ports around , Anonymous the Mediterranean Sea, the rate of travel and communication remained quite slow by today’s standards. It took 9 days for The Medici family news from Venice to reach Naples, 22 helped finance many days to reach Sicily, and 37 days for it to new buildings in Flor- reach Constantinople. Even by the year ence. This portrait 1500, journeys were typically measured depicts the influential Lorenzo de Medici. by weeks, not days. How does Lorenzo’s portrait show his importance?

40 Detail from “Catena Map”

Skills Focus: Summarizing At Level Answers Reading Skill Research Required Reading Skills possible answer— City-State Newspapers The wealthy classes might sponsor art and science. 1. Review with students the information in the text one editorial about how society has changed about Italy in the 1300s. Tell students that bitter after the Black Death. Remind students to Florence and the Medici Family possible answers—His appearance rivalry existed between the Italian city-states. include some references to appreciation of ancient Greece and Rome. suggests that he is wealthy, he sits perched 2. Organize students into small groups. Assign on a chair with Florence behind him. each group an Italian city-state. 4. Have groups present their newspapers to the Reading Check Specialization in class. 3. Have each group prepare a newspaper from Verbal-Linguistic, Visual-Spatial agriculture increased, resulting in more its city-state in the 1300s. Have students write Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 14: trade; urban areas became centers of articles on politics, current events, and daily Group Activity; and 23: Newspapers commerce; merchants and artisans life of the period. Have them include at least became important; some cities became displays of wealth. 40 Renaissance Ideas CAUSES OF THE RENAISSANCE As the economy and social structure changed, • Increased trade with Asia and other regions as a result of the Crusades new ideas began to appear. The ideas led to a sustained period of renewed interest and • Growth of large, wealthy city-states in Italy remarkable developments in art, literature, Reading Focus science, and learning. This era became known • Renewed interest in the classical learning of ancient Greece and Rome as the Renaissance . (The word renaissance is What ideas formed the foundation of • Rise of rich and powerful merchants, who became patrons of the arts French for “rebirth.”) The Renaissance arose inspiration in Italy, in part because of its thriving cities, the Italian Renaissance? increased trade, and wealthy merchant class. • Increased desire for scientific and technical knowledge from the ancient Greeks and Romans; humanism; secular focus Inspiration from the Ancients Along • Desire to beautify cities with goods for trade, the ships of Venice carried Renaissance Ideas Greek scholars seeking refuge in Italy from the Ottomans. These scholars brought works by Recall When did the Renaissance ancient writers that the Italians had thought The roots of humanism are sometimes take place? from 1300s to 1550 to be lost. traced back to the work of Dante Alighieri, a Suddenly the doors to a new world of ideas Florentine poet of the late middle ages. His Contrast How were Renaissance opened to Italians who could read. They began work contains glimpses of what would become viewpoints different from previous looking for more information, reading Arabic the humanist focus on human nature. Many ideas? Renaissance viewpoints stressed translations of original texts and searching the historians believe the Renaissance itself began libraries and finding lost texts. As they read, with two humanists who lived a generation the importance of individuals, and they began to think about art, philosophy, and after Dante. Giovanni Boccaccio (bo- KAH -chee- individual accomplishments; previously science in different ways. Along the way they oh) and Francesco Petrarch ( PEHT -rahrk) both group and society were considered began to think more like the classical thinkers wrote literature in the vernacular, or everyday more important. who had believed in the human capacity to cre- language of the people. In the past, most writ- ate and achieve. ing had been done in formal Latin. Make Inferences How do you Humanists rediscovered ancient texts on think the use of vernacular languages Humanism The interest in ancient Greek anatomy, geography, and astronomy. Advances might bring Renaissance ideas to a and Roman culture drove scholars to think were made in medicine—notable among them about the characteristics of a good education. were Leonardo da Vinci’s studies of human new audience? possible answer—They Under their influence, the church’s scholastic anatomy. Progress was also made in astronomy. could be read by the common people education began to give way to the classics: Philosophers and writers produced works that who did not read Latin. rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, and Latin would influence Europeans for centuries. and Greek. These subjects came to be known as Quick Facts Transparency: Causes of humanities, and the movement they inspired Secular Writers After a period of war in the the Renaissance is known as humanism . early 1500s, life in Italy seemed insecure and In contrast with Church teachings that precarious. The church no longer served as a individuality and achievement were relatively source of stability and peace. Looking for com- unimportant, humanists emphasized individ- fort and guidance in the midst of this instabil- ual accomplishment. They believed that the ity, some people turned to a form of humanism Biography potential of the human mind was almost limit- developed from Petrarch’s ideas. Their focus Domenikos less. A humanist from Florence, Giovanni Pico El Greco (1541–1614) was also secular; that is, they had a worldly Theotokopoulos, better known as El della Mirandola (mee- RAN -oh-lah) wrote about rather than a spiritual focus. the importance of the human mind: These humanists argued that individual Greco, meaning “The Greek,” was born achievement and education could be fully HISTORY’S VOICES on the island of Crete. Little is known expressed only if people used their talents and of his early life as a young artist, but he “On Man . . . the father conferred the seeds of . . . abilities in the service of their cities. Under every way of life . . . If [a man is] rationale, he will their influence, the ideal Renaissance man was inspired by Italian artists Titian and grow into a heavenly being. If [a man is] intellec- came to be the “universal man,” accomplished Michelangelo. In 1576 El Greco departed tual, he will be an angel and the son of God. ” in the classics, but also a man of action. Such a —Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, for Spain and soon received a commission On the Dignity of Man , 1486 man could respond to all situations. to paint The Assumption of the Virgin in a church in Toledo. This painting distin- RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 41 guished El Greco’s style from that of his Italian teachers. After several church commissions, El Greco painted The Buri- Skills Focus: Identifying Problem and Solution At Level al of Count Orgaz , which is considered a Reading Skill masterpiece. El Greco became successful Justifying the Arts and often entertained friends in his fine 1. Review with students the information in the text city of Florence. Encourage students to form home in Toledo. He died in 1614, leaving about the role of the Medici family, particularly their own arguments to justify spending on a rich legacy in his paintings. Lorenzo, in financing Renaissance art. the arts. 2. Have students write two letters. The first 3. Have volunteers read their letters to the class. letter should be to Lorenzo from one of his 4. As an extension, have some students play the relatives, criticizing his extravagant spending roles of Lorenzo and his relative, and informally on the arts. The second should be a reply from debate this issue. Verbal-Linguistic Lorenzo, in which he justifies his spending and explains the importance of the arts to the Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 10: Debates; and 25: Personal Letters

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 41 One of these humanists, the Italian diplo- At about the same time that Castiglione was mat Baldassare Castiglione (cas-steel- YOH -nay) finishing The Courtier , a fellow Italian, Niccolò wrote a book called The Courtier . Published in Machiavelli (mahk-ee-uh- VEL -ee) of Florence, 1528, it describes how the perfect Renaissance was writing another influential book. Machia- Reading Focus gentleman—and gentlewoman—should act. velli was a political philosopher and statesman In the book Castiglione creates a fictional con- whose experiences with violent politics of the versation between a duke and his guests. They time influenced his opinions about how gov- Renaissance Ideas discuss how courtiers and court ladies should ernments should rule. He set down his ideas in behave, suggesting that they should a book called The Prince . How Identify Cause and Effect • Speak of serious subjects as well as amus- Much of Machiavelli’s advice seemed to did The Courtier influence society? ing ones, encourage harsh treatment of citizens and rival states. He describes men as “ungrateful, It was used as a handbook for how to • Have a knowledge of Latin and Greek, succeed in society. fickle, liars, and deceivers” and advises rulers • Be well-acquainted with poetry and to separate morals from politics. Power and history, Analyze How were Machiavelli’s ruthlessness, Machiavelli says, are more useful views shaped by his experiences? pos- • Be able to write prose as well as poetry. than idealism to a ruler. He insists that a ruler sible answer—saw political violence; Merchants also used Castiglione’s book as a must do whatever is necessary to maintain guide to behavior. They hoped that if they acted political power, even if it is viewed as cruel, for came to believe that morals should like courtiers, they would raise their status. without it the state will cease to exist. play no part in politics Do you think Make Judgments THE ARTS AROUND THE WORLD Machiavelli was right when he said The Individual Leon- that a ruler must do whatever is neces- Art and Architecture ardo da Vinci painted this sary to maintain power? Why or why portrait of an upper-class woman with her pet ermine not? possible answers—Yes, if not, the The Italian Renaissance in about 1490. The emotion state would cease to exist. No, a ruler shown on the woman’s face, must always be fair and just, even if it What is it? Art and architecture of the Italian Renaissance did her clothing and jewelry, means losing power. not follow a single style or method. Instead, works from the period and the way she holds her of about 1350 to 1550 display a change in attitudes. Renaissance pet express her unique per- attitudes about the value of people affected artists and architects. sonality. These talented individuals competed with one another for paid assignments and for fame. Subject matter went beyond reli- Cecilia Gallerani , Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1490 Primary Source gious scenes to real people and their places in the natural “[A gentleman should] speak not always world. Moreover, the works produced were for people to enjoy, not solely for the glory of God. Realism and Classical Influence of serious subjects, but also of amusing This statue by Michelangelo is of the things such as games and jests and jokes, What are the key characteristics? Israelite king David. The muscular statue according to the occasion. He should • Realistic portrayals of people and other subjects realistically portrays the human body. Its always of course, speak out fully and • Use of perspective natural pose and perfection show the influ- ence of classical Greek and frankly and avoid talking nonsense … • Influence of classical Greece and Rome • Beauty, balance, and harmony Roman statues. [A gentlewoman should] know how to • Value of the individual choose topics suitable for the kind of David , Michelangelo, 1501–1504 person she is addressing … She should Why is it important? With the Italian Renaissance, art and architec- not introduce jests and jokes into a ture entered the modern era. Not only are the discussion about serious things. She paintings, sculptures, and buildings beautiful should not … [pretend] to know what and inspiring, but they also reflect modern she does not know, but she should seek people’s interest in competition, achieve- modestly to win credit for knowing ment, and the world we see around us. what she does.” 42 CHAPTER 1 —Baldassare Castiglione, The Courtier

Collaborative Learning At Level Design Competition Materials: drawing paper design. The design proposal should include doors, an entry hall, a conference room, and a 1. Organize students into groups of four to six students. Each group should designate a sample of the exterior façade. sculptor, a painter, at least one architect, and a 3. Have groups present their design proposals detail person to work out design elements. to the class. You may wish to show students’ proposals to another class and have them 2. Tell students that they will compete with other groups to design a city hall for an Italian vote on the best design. Visual-Spatial, town during the Renaissance. Have students Interpersonal sketch concepts for each element of the Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 3: building. Students may need to create several Artwork; and 14: Group Activity sketches before they arrive at their final

42 CHAPTER 1 HISTORY’S VOICES as history, geography, and politics, new ideas “A prudent ruler cannot, and must not, honor his word when it places him at a disadvantage and about the natural world were beginning to be when the reasons for which he made his promise explored. Science would soon become an impor- no longer exist. ” tant avenue of inquiry, challenging the church’s —Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince , 1513 teachings about the world. Reading Focus Among other scientists who challenged the Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justi- church’s ideas about nature, viewers of the ACADEMIC VOCABULARY Renaissance Ideas fies the means” deviated from accepted views night sky began to claim that Earth was not of correct behavior. However, its idea that the deviate to turn the center of the universe as the church taught. Compare How were the theories of state was an entity in itself, separate from its away from a course Nicholas Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, sug- or topic Copernicus and Galileo similar? Both ruler, became the foundation for much later gested that the Sun sat at the center of the political philosophy. universe, orbited by the planets and stars. Gal- theories said that the sun was at the ileo Galilei, an Italian astronomer who wrote center of the universe. Science of the Renaissance As human- that Earth orbited the Sun, was placed under ists searched archives and Arab translations Based on the house arrest by church officials for expressing Make Inferences for classical texts, they discovered a wealth of his views. reaction to Galileo’s universe theory, scientific information. Although the majority how do you think the Roman Catholic of humanist scholars and writers during the Draw Conclusions What Renaissance focused on human sciences such were some important new ideas of the Renaissance? Church viewed Renaissance science? did not agree with the new scientific theories; tried to silence scientists who

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View of an Ideal an City of View Perspective In this painting, Perspective relies on an optical illusion. Coordinate with the art depart- Piero della Francesca used perspec- Lines that in reality are parallel appear ment of your school to create tive, a technique that shows distant to meet as they recede toward a spot some interdisciplinary lessons objects as smaller and closer together on the horizon, called a vanishing than nearer objects, to create the point. Renaissance artists calculated on the Renaissance that include illusion of three dimensions on a flat, these lines to create perspective in art, architecture, and history or two-dimensional, surface. their paintings. content.

Beauty, Balance, and Harmony Filippo Brunelleschi designed the dome of the Cathedral of Florence, also called the Duomo. Modeled after Skills FOCUS INTERPRETING VISUALS the Pantheon in Rome, the dome is proportioned to create a sense of har- 1. Analyze How is the use of perspective mony and balance. a type of realism? 2. Evaluate How do Renaissance works display a change in attitudes?

43

Differentiating Instruction Above Level w8nafs_ren_sec1.indd 441 Prep10/24/06 Required 10:50:33 AM Materials: excerpts from Machiavelli’s The Prince 4. Have students write a short essay in which they defend Machiavelli’s theories, or 1. Hand out excerpts from The Prince to each student. Allow enough time for students to disagree with them. Essays should include a Answers read the excerpts. clear thesis and several supporting statements. Interpreting Visuals 1. uses optical Verbal-Linguistic illusions to portray objects as they 2. Guide students in a discussion of the ideas Machiavelli presents in The Prince. Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 11: are seen in real life; 2. show realistic Discussions; and 37: Writing Assignments portrayals, not idealistic portrayals of 3. Ask students whether they agree with religious subjects; value beauty, balance, Machiavelli that morals should be separated harmony, and the individual from politics. What would be the results of Reading Check inspiration from the this type of rule? ancient Greeks and Romans; humanism; secular focus; new theories in science 43 FACES OF HISTORY Two Renaissance Masters

Reading Focus LEONARDO MICHELANGELO Da Vinci Buonarroti What contributions did artists make to 1452–1519 1475–1564 the Renaissance? new styles and tech- niques; focus on human personality; works inspired by Greek and Roman art Leonardo was born in Vinci and moved to Florence Michelangelo considered himself a “son of Florence,” when he was 15. He was apprenticed to an artist, but although he was born in Caprese. His father was an Leonardo’s skill soon surpassed his master’s. He left official who relied on the Medici family for support. Renaissance Art for Milan, where he served the duke. While continu- As a young artist, Michelangelo studied in the Medici How did wealthy patrons ing as a painter, he advised the duke on architecture garden school. Identify and weaponry. When Lorenzo de Medici died in 1492, Florence support Renaissance art? purchased Leonardo spent time in Milan, Florence, and was torn into political factions. Michelangelo’s art artwork; gave money to artists, intel- Rome as power struggles gripped Italy. Today he is career became tied up with power struggles there lectuals, and musicians remembered for his masterful painting and for his and in Rome. The artist continued to receive impor- wide-ranging knowledge of many topics, including tant commissions, however, and to create what many Contrast How did the subject matter anatomy, physics, and engineering. consider to be the finest art in the world. of Renaissance art differ from the sub- Analyze How did Leonardo achieve fame? Infer Why was Michelangelo a successful artist? ject matter of medieval art? included scenes from Greek and Roman myths; Compare and Contrast How were the careers of these two artists alike and different? focused as much on human personality as on religious significance Renaissance Art Styles and Techniques Renaissance art- ists wanted to paint the natural world as real- Even more than politics, the arts reflected the istically as possible, which was a change from new humanist spirit. Whereas medieval artists the style of the Middle Ages. To help with this Info to Know had used idealized and symbolic representa- goal, they studied perspective. Using perspec- tions of religious themes, Renaissance artists tive, artists could represent three-dimensional Renaissance Rivalry According to depicted the things they observed in nature. several sources, there was a bitter objects on flat surfaces. Painters also experi- mented with new ways of using color to portray Patrons of the Arts In medieval times, art- rivalry between Leonardo da Vinci and shapes and textures accurately. work was created by anonymous artists who Renaissance art also differed from that of Michelangelo. When the two artists met Today the U.S. gov- worked for the church. During the Renais- the Middle Ages in its subject matter. Although in Florence, the young Michelangelo ernment helps sup- sance, artists worked for whoever offered them many artists continued to choose religious sub- port artists and art the highest price. The buyers of art, or patrons, jokingly referred to one of da Vinci’s education through jects, artists began to paint and sculpt scenes might be wealthy individuals, city govern- failed projects, a bronze statue of a horse grants and special from Greek and Roman myths. In addition, reli- programs. The ments, or the church. Wealthy individuals gious paintings focused as much on the human and rider. The comment apparently National Endow- competed against one another, displaying their personality of the figures as their religious sig- offended the old master. The two great ment for the Arts wealth and modernity through the purchase of oversees many of nificance. This shift in themes displayed the artworks. artists’ mutual dislike for one other only these programs. humanist interest in classical learning and In Florence, the Medici—a wealthy and increased when they were commissioned human nature. powerful family who ruled the city—supported During the Renaissance, the design of to paint battle scenes on opposite walls the arts. They gave huge sums of money to buildings also reflected humanist reverence of of the city hall in Florence. artists, intellectuals, and musicians. Lorenzo Greek and Roman culture. Churches, palaces, de Medici , himself a well-educated poet, sup- and public buildings incorporated columns and ported some of the most talented artists of the domes inspired by those of classical Greek and day. The Sforza family, rulers of Milan, were Roman architecture. also benefactors of artists and others.

44 CHAPTER 1

Skills Focus: Identifying Main Idea and Details At Level Reading Skill Artists and their Works 1. Draw the chart for students to see. Omit the italicized answers. 2. Have students copy and complete the chart. Have volunteers fill in the class chart. Visual-Spatial Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 7: Charts Answers Artist Field(s) Achievement Faces of History alike—served as Raphael painter, architect “The School of Athens” artists to important figures, lived in painter, architect, engineer, mathema- “The Last Supper”; “The Mona Lisa”; Leonardo da Vinci Florence, careers affected by power tician, musician, etc. observations and designs struggles in Italy; different—Leonardo da Bramante architecture designed St. Peter’s Basilica Vinci also known for accomplishments in physics, engineering, anatomy Michelangelo Buonarroti painter, sculptor, architect, poet Sistine Chapel; “Pieta”; “David” 44 Leonardo da Vinci The genius Leonardo da The statue’s representation of the human form, Vinci was a highly talented painter; but he was suppressed energy, and depth of expression are also a writer, an inventor, an architect, an engi- unsurpassed. neer, a mathematician, a musician, and a phi- In painting, Michelangelo is most famous losopher. Two of his paintings, The Last Supper for his artwork on the ceiling of the Sistine Reading Focus and the Mona Lisa , continue to be studied and Chapel in Rome. The ceiling shows sweeping admired today. The Last Supper shows a gath- scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible. ering of the disciples of Jesus the night before Many art historians consider it one of the Renaissance Art his crucifixion. The Mona Lisa tries to capture greatest achievements in the history of paint- What important sculpture the complexity of the human spirit with its ing because of the personalized characteriza- Identify mysterious smile. tions of Biblical figures. did Michelangelo create when he was Leonardo filled some 20,000 pages with twenty-four? Pietà, sculpture of Jesus Raphael Raffaello Sanzio, who became notes recording his ideas for building an and Mary armored tank and a flying machine, sketches known as Raphael , was a renowned painter of human anatomy, and countless other things. and an accomplished architect. His most Explain Why is Michelangelo’s work He designed and built canals, developed a famous work, The School of Athens , is a fresco, on the Sistine Chapel considered so a painting made on fresh, moist plaster. The machine to cut threads in screws, and designed amazing? showed personalized char- the first machine gun. His interests and enthu- fresco shows Plato and Aristotle surrounded siasms were boundless. by philosophers from the past and present who acterizations of Biblical figures were admired by the humanists. He is also well What do you think it would Michelangelo The sculptors of the Renais- known for his many paintings of the Madonna, Predict sance studied anatomy to make their statues or mother of Jesus. be like to meet Michelangelo? possible more lifelike. One of the most accomplished of answer—he would offer fascinating these was Michelangelo. Bramante Renaissance architecture reached its height with the work of Donato Bramante. information about the process he used In Rome at the age of 24, Michelangelo to create his masterpieces. Buonarroti won fame with his Pietà, a sculpture He had already achieved fame with his designs when he was chosen architect of Rome. His of Mary, the mother of Jesus, holding her son CRF: Biography: Sofonisba Anguissola after his death. Michelangelo’s Pietà commu- design for St. Peter’s Basilica influenced the nicates themes of grief, love, acceptance, and appearance of many smaller churches. CRF: Primary Source: The School of immortality. Michelangelo soon amazed Rome Find the Main Idea What Athens by Raphael again with his 13-foot marble statue of David . was the ideal of Renaissance art?

go.hrw.com SECTION ASSESSMENT Online Quiz 1 Keyword: SHL REN HP Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Recall Which groups came to dominate Italian city-states 4. Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes on the section Close in the 1300s and 1400s? and the graphic organizer below, show what effect humanism Have students explain how the Italian b. Identify Cause and Effect How did the Black Death influ- had on arts and ideas during the Renaissance. Renaissance represented a major shift ence the economic system of Europe? from the period before it. 2. a. Define What is humanism ? Painting Sculpture Architecture Thinkers b. Draw Conclusions How did Machiavelli’s The Prince reflect humanist and Renaissance ways of thinking? Review c. Evaluate How did Castiglione’s book reveal a new idea Online Quiz, Section 1 about the role of achievement? 3. a. Describe How were Renaissance artists funded? 5. Exposition Choose a person from the chapter and write a b. Explain For what reason(s) is Leonardo da Vinci consid- short paragraph explaining why he was important in the Assess ered a Renaissance man? Renaissance. You should include a list of his achievements. c. Predict How might the new ideas of the Renaissance SE Section 1 Assessment affect society? Progress Assessment: Section 1 Quiz Alternative Assessment Handbook

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 45 Reteach/Intervene Interactive Reader and Study Guide, Section 1 Assessment Answers Section 1 Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM w8nafs_ren_sec1.indd 1. 443 a. church, nobles, merchants, artisans c. possible answer—might encourage10/28/06 people 8:56:33 AM b. transformed it from farm-based system to to question accepted teachings commerce-based system 4. Painting—captured the human spirit; 2. a. a school emphasizing the potential of the Sculpture—more lifelike, showed depth human mind of expression; Architecture—reflected b. possible answer—emphasized individual humanist love of Greek and Roman culture; accomplishment, lacked idealism Thinkers—human mind is almost limitless, c. described new rules for social behavior focus on individualism 3. a. wealthy individuals, city governments, 5. Student paragraphs should provide details the church about one of the artists, thinkers, or political Answers b. He pursued knowledge and achieved suc- figures in this section. Reading Check capturing the human cess in many subjects. personality, realism, human form 45 SECTION2 The Northern Renaissance Getting Started Use the Interactive Reader and Study Guide BEFORE Y OU R EAD Using a to familiarize students with the section graphic MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS AND P EOPLE organizer like this one content. list key facts about Renaissance ideas soon 1. How did the Renaissance spread Johannes Gutenberg philosophers, writers, Interactive Reader and Study Guide, spread beyond Italy to northern Europe? Desiderius Erasmus and artists. Section 2 to northern Europe by 2. What contributions did writers Sir Thomas More means of trade, travel, and philosophers make to the William Shakespeare Northern Renaissance and printed material, Christine de Pisan Name ______Class ______Date ______northern Renaissance? Renaissance and Reformation influencing the art and Albrecht Dürer Section 2 3. How did the works of northern ideas of the north. Jan van Eyck artists differ from those of the MAIN IDEA Renaissance ideas soon spread beyond Italy to northern Europe by means of trade, travel, and printed material, influencing the art and ideas of the north. Italian Renaissance?

Key Terms and People Johannes Gutenberg German man credited with the invention of movable type in the mid-1400s Desiderius Erasmus priest and Christian humanist philosopher who wrote about the need for a simple Christian life without the rituals and politics of the church Sir Thomas More English humanist who wrote Utopia , a book that told about a perfect but nonexistent society based on reason William Shakespeare English playwright and poet; author of such famous works as Hamlet , Romeo and Juliet , Macbeth , and A Midsummer Night’s Dream Christine de Pisan Italian-born woman who wrote the first important work focusing on How did a German artist find the role women played in society Albrecht Dürer German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s, learning techniques of realism and perspective, influencing later German Renaissance artists hope in Italy? In 1506, the German Jan van Eyck Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life artist Albrecht Dürer was soon to end a Taking Notes As you read the summary, take notes in a graphic organizer like this one. visit to Italy. He wrote to a friend, “I want to ride to Bologna In the boxes, list key facts about philosophers, writers, and artists. to learn the secrets of the art of perspective, which a man is willing to teach me. I will stay there about eight or ten days and then return to Venice . . . Here I am a gentleman; at home only a parasite.” Dürer’s letter provides evidence of the spread of Renaissance techniques and ideas to other parts of Europe. It also comments on the low position of art- ists in most parts of Europe during the 1400s and 1500s.

Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Era Chapter 1 5 Interactive Reader and Study Guide That would soon change, as the Renaissance passion for art and culture raised the status of artists everywhere. Dürer’s 1500 self-portrait shows his view of the importance of art- CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 2 ists by portraying himself as the subject of a painting. Taking Notes The Renaissance Spreads North Northern European cities and trade grow, SECRETS In the 1200s and 1300s, most cities in Europe were trade spreads ideas to northern Europe, OF THE MASTERS in Italy. By the 1500s, however, large cities had also printing press speeds spread of ideas; sprouted in northern Europe. Soon the ideas of the Dürer brings Renaissance techniques Renaissance reached the growing cities of London, Paris, Amsterdam, and others. Trade, the movement of to Germany, van Eyck and Brueghel use artists and scholars, and the development of printing techniques for everyday subjects; Christian helped spread Renaissance ideas northward. humanism, Erasmus writes about simple Christian life, More’s history and philosophy; Trading Goods and Ideas As cities grew, a vast Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets trading network spread across northern Europe. This network was dominated by the Hanseatic League, a Albrecht Dürer, son of a Nuremberg gold- merchant organization that controlled trade through- go.hrw.com smith, is well known for his woodcuts. out northern Europe. The league operated from the Self Portrait at the Age of Twenty-Eight, by Albrecht Dürer, 1500 DB?D;Å;IEKH9;I 1200s to the 1400s, working to protect its members from KEYWORD: SHL REN ACTIVITY: The Printing 46 CHAPTER 1 Press Teach the Main Idea At Level The Northern Renaissance 1. Teach Ask students the Reading Focus 3. Review As you review the section, have questions to teach this section. students use their flashcards to quiz each other on the different writers and artists. 2. Apply Have students create flashcards to learn the names of the important writers 4. Practice/Homework Have students write and artists in this section. Have students a short compare-contrast paper on the Italian write the name on one side of the card and a Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance. description of the person’s achievements or Visual-Spatial, Verbal-Linguistic famous work on the other side. Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 9: Comparing and Contrasting

46 CHAPTER 1 pirates and other hazards. It also made ship- Philosophers and Writers ping safer by building lighthouses and train- ing ship captains. Along with goods, northern As Renaissance ideas spread beyond Italy, Europeans exchanged ideas with people from northern humanists expressed their own ideas other places. Thus, trade helped the ideas of in works that combined the interests of theol- the Italian Renaissance spread to the north. ogy, fiction, and history. They created philo- Reading Focus Renaissance ideas were also spread by sophical works, novels, dramas, and poems. Italian artists who fled to northern Europe to Some northern philosophers com- How did the Renaissance spread to escape violent clashes between the armies of Erasmus bined Christian ideas with humanism to create northern Europe? ideas exchanged with northern monarchs and the wealthy Italian Christian humanism. The leading Christian trade; artists and scholars traveled cities. The artists brought their humanist ideas humanist was . Working as and new painting techniques with them. Desiderius Erasmus between Italy and north; printing press a priest in what is now the Netherlands, Eras- In addition, some northern scholars trav- allowed easier bookmaking, ideas mus wrote extensively about the need for a eled to Italy for an education. When these spread with printed material pure and simple Christian life, stripped of the scholars returned home, they brought the rituals and politics of the church on earth. He humanist ideas they had learned with them. also advised readers on educating children. The Renaissance As newly wealthy northern Europeans became Erasmus’s writings fanned the flames of able to afford higher education, universities Spreads North a growing discontent with the Roman Catho- were established in France, the Netherlands, lic Church. He himself was dismayed by this Why did artists flee to north- and Germany. Recall effect, but his works were later censored in ern Europe? to escape violent clashes A Book Revolution In the mid-1400s, the Paris and condemned by the Church. between northern monarchs and the German Johannes Gutenberg cast the letters wealthy Italian cities of the alphabet onto metal plates and locked those plates into a wooden press. This movable Identify Cause and Effect What type, which had its roots in China and Korea, Advances in Printing was the effect of the printing press on resulted in one of the most dramatic upheavals the world has ever known. Other people had books and bookmaking? Text could made steps toward this invention, but Guten- be quickly printed on both sides of a berg is traditionally given the credit. page; books could be made quickly With movable type, text could be quickly and cheaply. printed on both sides of a sheet of paper. Until this time, the only way to reproduce writing Journal Entries Have was by hand, which was a long, painstaking students write a journal entry from the process. Movable type made producing books point of view of a young German artist and other printed material faster and cheaper, !CTIVITY making them available to more people. traveling through Italy during the Gutenberg’s first publication was a 1,282- Renaissance. Verbal-Linguistic page Bible. Soon printers in other cities, such as Rome and Venice, appeared. Within 35 Alternative Assessment Handbook, years, a Gutenberg press appeared as far away Rubric 15: Journals as Constantinople. Books could now be made CRF: History and Geography: Trade quickly and inexpensively. A scholar wrote that Fuels City Growth “thirty buyers rise up for each volume . . . tear- ing one another’s eyes out to get hold of them.” Printed books provided more rapid access to The illustration above shows new ideas. With easier access to books, more Johannes Gutenberg in his print- people learned to read and more books were ing shop, inspecting a page that printed. The explosion of printed material has just been printed. The book quickly spread Renaissance ideas. to the right is one of the Bibles printed by Gutenberg in the Find the Main Idea How 1400s. Why was Gutenberg’s did Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe? printing press such an impor- tant invention? RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 47

Skills Focus: Identifying Cause and Effect At Level Reading Skill The Printing Press 1. Draw the graphic organizer for students to Effects of the Printing Press see. Omit the italicized answers. printing press press easier and Have students copy and complete the graphic 2. invented in technology cheaper to Answers organizer, showing the effects triggered by the Germany spreads make books invention of the printing press. Have volunteers Advances in Printing new ideas fill in the class chart. Visual-Spatial spread; more people learned to read people want Ideas were exchanged Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 13: ideas spread more books Reading Check to learn to through trade; artists and scholars Graphic Organizers quickly available read traveled between Italy and the north; printing press allowed easier bookmaking; ideas spread with printed material. 47 The Promenade, Northern Renaissance Art by Albrecht Dürer, by Albrecht 1495 Reading Focus

What contributions did writers and philosophers make to the northern Renaissance? created Christian humanism; fanned flames of discontent with Church; introduced humanism to England, spread Renaissance ideas to a mass audience Philosophers and Writers Recall Explain the effects of Erasmus’ writings. fanned flames of discontent Return of the Hunters, by Pieter Brueghel the Elder, 1565 with Catholic Church Summarize What is Utopia about? criticizes English government; describes Sir Thomas More Humanism was intro- audience. His dramatic plays were a shift from perfect society based on reason duced to England by Italians living there and the religious morality plays that had become by English people who had studied in Italy. popular during the Middle Ages. Unlike moral- Analyze In what ways is Shakespeare's Erasmus also lived in England for a time. Dur- ity plays, which focused on teaching ideal work a good example of Renaissance ing his stay, he became friends with an impor- behavior, Shakespeare focused on the lives of realistic characters. The first public theaters ideals? drew inspiration from ancient tant fellow humanist and English statesman, Sir Thomas More . were not built in London until the end of the works; explored topics of humans and More’s best-known humanist work is the 1500s, but by Shakespeare’s death in 1616, nature; included realistic characters novel Utopia . The book was meant for a human- London was the scene of a thriving theater ist audience, and it was widely read across district, with some theaters able to hold up to CRF: Literature: The Canterbury Tales Europe. More’s book contains both a criticism 2,000 spectators. Shakespeare’s plays were a of English government and society and a vision popular pastime for people from every class. of a perfect, but nonexistent, society based on reason. The title of his work has become a com- Christine de Pisan Italian-born writer mon word for any ideal society. Christine de Pisan wrote important works focus- Info to Know ing on the role women played in society. Pisan Erasmus was an William Shakespeare In an age of great grew up in the French court of Charles V. After The Praise of Folly writers, many scholars believe the greatest was she was widowed, she turned to writing as a educated man and was also a great English playwright William Shakespeare . As way of supporting herself and her three chil- satirist. He took a light-hearted approach one contemporary writer noted, Shakespeare dren. Her writings included poetry, a biography in writing a book called The Praise of “was not of an age, but for all time.” of Charles V, and works that guided women on Folly . In the book, Folly is personified Shakespeare drew inspiration from ancient proper morality. and contemporary works of literature. A wide Pisan was recognized as a great writer dur- as a woman, who explains why people knowledge of natural science and humanist top- ing her lifetime. In her book The City of Women , of various rank and status choose her ics, as well as a deep understanding of human she discusses different views of women and over common sense. Erasmus used this nature, were expressed in his plays. His use of their roles in society. She was one of the few to clever device to critique the church as language and choice of themes, however, made champion equality and education for women. his plays appeal even to uneducated people. Summarize What were well as society at large. Through his plays, Shakespeare helped some characteristics of Renaissance writers’ work? spread the ideas of the Renaissance to a mass

48 CHAPTER 1

Skills Focus: Making Generalizations At Level Reading Skill Research Required Becoming a Docent 1. Tell students that docents are people who give information about the artist or the work tours of art and historical museums, so they that a crowd of museum visitors would find need to be experts in art and history. interesting. 2. Have students choose a work of art from the 3. Have students present the artwork as a docent Renaissance to research. Research should would in an art museum. Encourage students focus on the artist’s approach to the subject to use a pointer to refer to specific elements in Answers matter, techniques and visual effects, and the piece. Verbal-Linguistic, Kinesthetic when the piece was created. Encourage Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 24: Reading Check expressed humanist students to locate unusual or anecdotal Oral Presentations ideas, scientific knowledge, realistic experiences, and social conditions 48 The Merchant The Georg Gisze, Merchant

to Germany, he used the Italian techniques of realism and perspective in his own works. Dürer’s paintings also exhibit features that were unique to the northern Renaissance. For by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1532 example, Dürer painted in oils, a medium that characterized the art of northern Europe. Oil Reading Focus paints also suited the northern artists’ love of detail. They reproduced the texture of fab- How did the works of northern artists ric, wood, and other material; the reflection of differ from those of the Italian objects in a room in a mirror; scenes outside a Renaissance? Northern artists tried to window; and other tiny details. depict things as they actually were Northern artists in the area of the Neth- erlands known as Flanders developed their Northern Renaissance art contains more realistic own distinct style. Known as the Flemish Artists scenes than Italian Renaissance art does. The School, they used a technique of oil painting hunting scene on the left portrays daily life, while that had been perfected in the 1400s by the Identify What Renaissance tech- the woodcut and portrait display intricate details Flemish painter Jan van Eyck . Van Eyck’s work niques did Dürer learn in Italy? real- and textures of clothing and objects. How did often focused on landscapes and domestic life. ism, perspective northern artists adapt Italian techniques to Northern artists fused the everyday with the their own subject matter? religious through the use of symbolism in Evaluate What do you think Italian their paintings. A single lit candle or the light Renaissance artists would think about streaming through a window are representa- the Northern Renaissance artists’ works? tions of God’s presence. German painter Hans Holbein used objects as symbols to character- possible answer—They probably would Artists ize the subjects of his portraits. be impressed by the northern artists' Like their literary counterparts, the artists of In the 1500s Flemish artist Pieter Brueghel techniques, but would find the subject northern Europe were influenced by the Italian (BROY -guhl) the Elder used Italian techniques. matter strange. Renaissance. They adopted Italian techniques, In subject matter, however, Brueghel’s art but their works reflected a more realistic view followed that of earlier northern artists. His CRF: Biography: Jan van Eyck of humanity. Whereas Italian artists tried to paintings showed scenes from everyday peas- capture the beauty of Greek and Roman gods ant life, very different from the mythological in their paintings, northern artists often tried scenes of Italian paintings. to depict people as they really were. Contrast How did northern German artist Albrecht Dürer ( DOOR -uhr) Renaissance artwork differ from that of Italian artists? visited Italy in the late 1400s. On his return

go.hrw.com Close SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT Online Quiz Have students explain how Christian Keyword: SHL REN HP humanism was connected to the ideas of Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking the Renaissance. 1. a. Identify Name four ways in which Renaissance ideas 4. Sequence Using your Italian Northern spread to northern Europe. notes and the graphic Renaissance Renaissance b. Make Judgments Was the printing press or trade networks organizer below, describe Review more important in spreading Renaissance ideas? Explain your some of the differences Online Quiz, Section 2 answer. between Italian and north- 2. a. Define What is Christian humanism? ern Renaissance painting. b. Interpret Explain the meaning of the description of Assess William Shakespeare as “not of an age, but for all time.” SE Section 2 Assessment 3. a. Identify Who was Albrecht Dürer , and how did he influ- 5. Persuasion Write a short speech that an Italian might make ence German painting? to a northern European to convince him or her that the Progress Assessment: Section 2 Quiz b. Explain What was new in the subject matter of Northern Renaissance would bring beneficial changes to the culture. Alternative Assessment Handbook Renaissance painting? Give at least three reasons.

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 49 Reteach/Intervene Interactive Reader and Study Guide, Section 2 Assessment Answers Section 2 Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM 1. a. Trade spread new ideas; Italian artists b. focused on people as they actually were went north; northern scholars went to Italy; 4. a. Italian Renaissance: try to capture beauty printing press quickened the spread of ideas. of Greek and Roman gods, used realism and b. possible answers—Printing press made perspective, mythological scenes books accessible; trade spread ideas faster. b. Northern Renaissance: more realistic, 2. a. school of thought seeking to simplify showed people as they were, love of details, Christian life, separating it from rituals and used oils, showed scnes of everyday life politics of the church on earth 5. possible answers—will encourage new Answers b. possible answer—Works can always be ways of thinking about the world; will inspire Northern Renaissance Art showed appreciated; themes are timeless. great writers; will inspire artists to try new a more realistic view of humanity 3. a. German painter; incorporated techniques techniques Reading Check depicted everyday of Italian Renaissance objects, people as they actually were 49 World Literature

Petrarch and Shakespeare About the Reading A form of poem called a sonnet became popular during the Renaissance, when poets began Meet the Writers writing about more worldly matters, such as love or politics. Petrarch (1304–1374) Francesco Petrarca, A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem that follows a strict pat- Sonnet 116 (1609) better known as Petrarch, grew up in the tern of rhyme and rhythm. Italian poet Francesco Petrarch Italian province of Tuscany, and later in perfected the Italian sonnet, which consists of two sections. English poets created their own version of the sonnet, per- Shakespeare Avignon, France. He studied law and fected by English poet and playwright William Shakespeare. 1564–1616 entered the service of the church around The English sonnet consists of three sections followed by two Let me not to the marriage of true minds lines, called a couplet. A major theme in Renaissance sonnets 1330. Petrarch spent much of his life Admit impediments [barriers]. Love is not love traveling through Italy, France, Germany, is how the best things in life, such as youth and beauty, are fleeting and should be enjoyed before they fade away. Which alters when it alteration finds, and the Low Countries as a diplomat; his Or bends with the remover to remove: duties involved writing formal speeches. Think about how each poet expresses his personal feelings about love. He wrote in Latin and Italian and pro- O no! It is an ever-fixed mark [navigational beacon] duced poems, historical pieces, and artful That looks on tempests [storms] and is never shaken; personal letters. It is the star [North Star] to every wandering bark [ship], Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken. William Shakespeare (1564–1616) Known for his many sonnets and plays, Shake- Sonnet 61 (1329) Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks speare displays an impressive knowl- Within his bending sickle’s compass come: edge of human motivation and behavior Petrarch Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, through his characters. Born in the Eng- 1304–1374 But bears it out even to the edge of doom. lish town of Stratford-upon-Avon, he was Blest be the day, and blest the month and year, If this be error and upon me proved, married at the age of eighteen to Anne Season and hour and very moment blest, I never writ, nor no man ever loved. Hathaway. Shakespeare arrived in London The lovely land and place where first possessed around 1588 and acted in a theater troupe. By two pure eyes I found me prisoner; He began writing plays to be staged by And blest the first sweet pain, the first most dear, Which burned by heart when Love [Cupid, the god the troupe; he also produced sonnets. The go.hrw.com company became successful, opened the of love] came in as guest; Skills World Literature FOCUS READING LIKE A HISTORIAN Keyword: SHL WRLIT Globe Theater in 1599, and frequently And blest the bow, the shafts which shook my breast, And even the wounds which Love delivered there. performed at the courts of Queen Eliza- 1. Find the Main Idea How would you summarize the main Blest be the words and voices which filled grove idea of Petrarch’s sonnet? beth I and King James I. And glen [valley] with echoes of my lady’s name; 2. Analyze In what ways does Shakespeare’s sonnet explore the theme of the nature of love? Poetic Letters Have stu- The sighs, the tears, the fierce despair of love; And blest the sonnet-sources of my fame; 3. Interpret Literature as a Source Both sonnets focus on dents write a letter to one of their friends. worldly romantic love. How might the focus of these son- Tell students!CTIVITY to use poetic language in And blest that thought of thoughts which is her own, nets have been different if they had been written during the the style of Petrarch or Shakespeare. Of her, her only, of herself alone. Middle Ages? Explain your answer. —translated by Joseph Auslander See Skills Handbook , p. H28 Verbal-Linguistic Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 25: Personal Letters 50 CHAPTER 1

Skills Focus: Analyzing Primary Sources At Level Reading Like a Historian Skill Standard English Mastery Analyzing Sonnets Background: Tell students that sonnets follow demonstrate the meter to students by tapping strict guidelines. The two main forms of sonnets on your desk. are represented here: the Italian or Petrarchan 3. Have students copy some lines of Shakespeare’s Answers sonnet, and the English or Shakespearian sonnet. sonnet onto their own papers. Then, have them Reading Like a Historian 1. Have students analyze the rhyme scheme of divide the feet with vertical lines, placing an 1. possible answer—Love is a blessed each sonnet. accent mark above accented syllables. Then thing. 2. explains that love does not Tell students that Shakespeare wrote in have students use iambic pentameter to write change with the passage of time 2. their own sonnets. Verbal-Linguistic 3. possible answer—might have focused iambic pentameter, a line of verse with five on love for God instead of love for metrical “feet,” in which unstressed and Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 26: another human stressed syllables alternate. You may want to Poems and Songs 50 SECTION3 The Protestant Getting Started Reformation Use the Interactive Reader and Study Guide to familiarize students with the section content. Use a BEFORE Y OU R EAD graphic Interactive Reader and Study Guide, MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS AND P EOPLE organizer like this Section 3 one. Take notes Criticism of the Roman 1. What was the state of Protestant Reformation about the causes of Catholic Church led to a reli- Catholicism in the 1400s? indulgences Name ______Class ______Date ______the Protestant Renaissance and ReforReformationmation gious movement called the Martin Luther 2. How did Martin Luther chal- Reformation. Section 3 Protestant Reformation and theocracy lenge the Catholic Church? MAIN IDEA Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called brought changes in religion John Calvin Protestant the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics 3. How did Protestantism across Europe. and politics across Europe. predestination Reformation spread to other areas? Henry VIII Key Terms and People Protestant Reformation a movement beginning in the 1500s to reform the Roman 4. What were the effects of the annulled Catholic Church, which led to a split of the church between Catholics and Protestants Reformation in England? indulgences exchange of money for forgiveness of sin Elizabeth I Martin Luther critic of the Roman Catholic Church whose theses sparked discussion about its practices and beliefs and to the founding of Lutheranism theocracy a governmentgovern ment in which church and state are joined andand whose officials are considered to be divinely inspired John Calvin important Protestant reformer whose writings became the basis of Calvinism predestination religious doctrine that states God has already determined who willwill be Why did a humble monk defy the saved and so nothing people do can change their fatefate Henry VIII English king who broke with the Catholic Church in order to divorce his Holy Roman Emperor? In the fall first wife A MONK Defies annulled declared invalid based on church laws Elizabeth I daughter of Henry VIII and queen who firmly established England of 1517 a monk nailed a list of items to as Protestant the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. He listed certain THE Taking Notes As you read, take notes in a graphic organizer like this one. Write the financial and religious practices he wanted to debate with EMPEROR causes of the Protestant Reformation. Add more circles as needed. Catholic leaders and bring to an end. His list of complaints, posted where many people could see them, shocked the In 1517 a Catholic monk people who read it. In the early 1500s no one criticized the named Martin Luther posted church publicly, certainly not a monk. Ninety-five Theses criticizing As people read the list, word spread around Germany. the Roman Catholic Church.

Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. The complaints, called the Ninety-Five Theses, were soon Modern Era Chapter 1 8 Interactive Reader anda nd Study GuideGu ide printed and distributed around Europe. The pope, upset by the monk’s defiance, banned the work, telling Roman Catholics not to read it. CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 3 Eventually the Holy Roman Emperor and German par- liament got involved, demanding that the monk take back his words. The monk refused, saying that he must obey his Taking Notes conscience and stand by his work. The actions of that monk, Causes—financial corruption, abuses of named Martin Luther, are considered the beginning of the power, immorality, unfair taxes, rise of movement called the Protestant Reformation. nationalism Catholicism in the 1400s go.hrw.com Over the centuries since its beginning, the Roman Cath- olic Church had gained power and wealth in Europe. DB?D;Å;IEKH9;I As the influence, extravagance, and worldliness of the KEYWORD: SHL REN church grew, some people thought it had strayed too far ACTIVITY: Reformation from its spiritual roots. By the early 1500s, the concerns Leaders crystallized into a reform movement that eventually came to be called the Protestant Reformation .

Martin Luther , by Hugo Vogel, 1890 51

Teach the Main Idea At Level The Protestant Reformation 1. Teach Ask students the Reading Focus 3. Review As you review the section, questions to teach this section. have students explain how the actions of Protestant reformers challenged traditional 2. Apply Draw four ladders for students to see. Label the tops of the ladders with Catholic doctrine. the names of the topics in this section: 4. Practice/Homework Have students write Catholicism in the 1400s, Martin Luther, a letter to the editor about church problems The Spread of Protestantism, and during the 1400s. Visual-Spatial, Verbal- Protestantism Spreads to England. Have Linguistic students copy the ladders onto their own Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 13: paper and fill in the rungs of the ladders Graphic Organizers; and 17: Letters to Editors with the main ideas of each topic.

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 51 Dissatisfaction with the Church As the Reading wealth and worldliness of the Church grew, like a Historian so did instances of financial corruption, abuse of power, and immorality. In return, people’s Reformation Reading Focus respect for priests, monks, and even popes weakened. Heavy taxation also caused discon- Woodcuts tent. The church financed Renaissance artists Analyzing Visuals Historians can learn about What was the state of Catholicism in in elaborate projects, but it was the middle how events or people were viewed by analyzing the 1400s? Church was wealthy and class and peasants who were taxed to pay for visuals that convey a point of view. Some German powerful, involved in politics, had those projects. Protestant reformers used woodcuts to spread their ideas. Woodcuts were cheap to produce and moved away from spiritual roots, In the early 1500s Pope Leo X needed money for the construction of Saint Peter’s Basilica in easy to print, and people did not have to be able often financially corrupt, immorality Rome. To help raise money, he approved the to read to understand them. The two woodcuts of some clergy sale of indulgences . Indulgences were pardons here, made in 1521, attack Pope Leo X by compar- ing him unfavorably to Jesus. issued by the pope that people could buy to To interpret these woodcuts, think about reduce a soul’s time in purgatory. For almost Catholicism in the 1400s • the subject of each illustration a thousand years, Catholics had believed that What were common criticisms • the details and symbols in each illustration Recall after dying people went to purgatory, where • the overall message of the pair of illustrations of the Church? financially corrupt, abu- their souls worked off the sins they had com- sive of power, immoral, taxed unfairly mitted. The sale of indulgences, however, was Skills one of the church’s most criticized practices. FOCUS READING LIKE A HISTORIAN If you had been a Church Develop As unhappiness with taxation, the sale of 1. Subject How are the subjects of the two official during this period, what would indulgences, and other church practices grew, woodcut illustrations related? another major shift was occurring in Europe. you have done to fend off criticism and 2. Details What details in each of the woodcut Nationalism, or the devotion to a particu- controversy? possible answers—would illustrations show how Jesus and Pope Leo X view lar state or nation rather than to the church, themselves and live their lives? try to reform Church from inside; would began to grow. People began to consider them- 3. Message What is the overall message of the pair try to suppress criticism by focusing on READING selves citizens of a government separate from of woodcut illustrations? SKILLS the church. positive aspects of the Church See Skills Handbook , p. H26 Predicting How CRF: Biography: Jan Hus might reformers Early Reformers Earlier, two men had change the Catholic stepped forward to challenge the church. The Church? first, John Wycliffe, was born in England about Martin Luther 1330. He believed that the church should give Although scholars, priests, and laypeople had up its earthly possessions. His views proved criticized the church before 1517, this year Info to Know unpopular with church officials, who removed symbolically marks the beginning of the Prot- him from his teaching position. estant Reformation. It was in this year that Example of Corruption Most Germans Another reformer, Jan Hus (yahn HOOS ), Martin Luther made public his complaints who bought indulgences believed that was born in southern Bohemia about 1370. He about the church. the money would go to the construction became a priest and was soon preaching against the immorality and worldliness of the Catholic The Ninety-five Theses To Martin Luther, of St. Peter’s Basilica. The public didn’t Church. In 1412 Hus was excommunicated by selling indulgences was sinful. In his theses, realize, however, that some of the money Pope Gregory XII. Hus was later arrested, tried Luther flatly denied that indulgences had any was going to Albert of Brandenburg. for heresy, and burned at the stake. power to remit sin. He also criticized the power Albert had purchased the position of arch These two men were some of the first and of the pope and the wealth of the church. most influential theologians to openly criticize Luther’s theses were not intended for the bishop of Mainz, but was too young to the church. Their views, though condemned by common people of his parish but for church occupy it according to church law. Pope the church and not widely accepted by ordinary leaders. They were written in academic Latin, Leo decided that Albert could take the people, began a discussion that would eventu- which most people did not understand. In nail- office provided that he pay the church a ally lead to reform. ing them to the church door, Luther was fol- lowing a common practice of the time. Church Summarize What conditions large sum of money, which he did by bor- doors then served much as community bulletin led to the Protestant Reformation? rowing. Half the money raised by indul- boards do today. gences went to Albert to pay off his debt. 52 CHAPTER 1

Differentiating Instruction Below Level English-Language Learners 1. Review with students the information in the 4. Have volunteers present their political Answers text about church abuses, Protestant criticisms cartoons to the class. Visual-Spatial Reading Like a Historian 1. Both of the Church, and various Protestant groups. Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 27: involve leaders; but the leaders’ attitudes 2. Organize students into mixed-ability pairs. Political Cartoons toward their followers differ. 2. Jesus is on 3. Have students create two political cartoons, his knees washing a disciple’s feet; pope is one that portrays Protestants as crusaders sitting high above his visitors in a throne; against the evils of the Church, and the other they are kissing his feet. 3. possible answer—The pope has departed from the that minimizes the Church problems and original teachings of Jesus. shows Protestants as fanatics. Reading Check Church’s financial corruption; immorality; abuse of power 52 Reading Focus

How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church? wrote Ninety Five Theses; claimed Christ was the only head of the Church, salvation by faith alone, questioned basic beliefs of Catholicism Martin Luther Identify Cause and Effect What by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1521 Lucas by CranachElder, the was Luther’s intention when he posted his theses? to spark a discussion by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1521 Lucas by CranachElder, the among intellectuals Jesus is washing the feet of his The pope has visiting world Make Inferences Do you think that

disciples. He taught that people Antichrist, the as Pope The leaders kiss his feet. He raises The Life of Christ, of Life The Luther’s writings put him in physical should serve others and not put himself above others and has themselves above others. them serve him. danger? Definitely, he was challenging the most powerful institution of his time.

Luther’s theses, as he had intended, stimu- Reactions to Luther In 1520 Pope Leo X lated a discussion among university intellectu- excommunicated Luther, or expelled him from als. Soon, thanks to the newly invented printing the Church. In 1521 Martin Luther was sum- Info to Know press, the theses were published. The work moned to appear before the newly crowned The inven- spread across Europe and was widely read by Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, and the Ger- “The Daughter of Printing” intellectuals, clergy, and laypeople. The ideas man Diet, or assembly, at the city of Worms. tion of the printing press greatly affected expressed in the theses made sense to many Luther refused to change his opinions. change during the Renaissance and people, and the desire for reform grew. The Holy Roman emperor handed down the Reformation. Martin Luther’s religious Edict of Worms. This decree declared Luther ideas spread quickly by print. Some his- Luther’s Message Following the publica- to be an outlaw and condemned his writings. tion of the theses, Luther continued to study The edict did not prevent Luther’s ideas from torians have called the Reformation, “the and debate. He contradicted basic Catholic spreading, however. Although Martin Luther daughter of printing.” During Luther’s beliefs when he insisted that God’s grace can- himself had not intended to begin a new reli- not be won by good works. Faith alone, he said, lifetime, about 4,000 editions (books gion, by 1530, Lutheranism was a formally rec- printed from one set of type) of his writ- was needed. In Leipzig in 1519, he shocked ognized branch of Christianity. many when he declared that the only head of In 1529, Charles V moved to suppress ings were published. In fact, one third of the Christian Church is Jesus himself, not the Lutherans in Germany. Lutheran princes in the books in Germany were written by pope. He also insisted that individual Chris- the German assembly issued a protestatio , or tians should be their own interpreters of scrip- him. Luther’s Address to the Christian protest, against these measures. This is how Nobility, which appeared in the 1520s, ture and that Christian practices should come the term Protestant came into being. only from the Bible. To further this aim, Luther sold 4,000 copies in one week. translated the Bible into German. The trans- Identify Supporting lation enabled many more people to read the Details Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how Bible without the aid of the clergy. they contradicted the church’s teachings of his day.

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 53

Skills Focus: Summarizing At Level Reading Skill Press Conference with Martin Luther 1. Organize students into three groups: a small reporter. Give a copy of the questions to the group of speechwriters, a medium-sized group advisors. Have colleagues discuss how they of colleagues, and a large group of the press. will answer any tricky questions. 2. Have speechwriters write a speech for Martin 4. Begin the press conference. Choose one of Luther to be given a few months after he the speech writers to present the speech. Answers posted his theses. Have colleagues learn as Have members of the press stand up, ask their Reading Check God’s grace cannot be much as they can about Luther’s ideas and questions, and have colleagues answer them. won by good works but by faith; leader prepare to answer questions on his behalf. Kinesthetic, Verbal-Linguistic of church is Jesus, not pope; people can interpret scripture; practices come from Guide the press in narrowing down their Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 14: 3. Bible; challenged Catholic practices and questions to no more than one question per Group Activity the authority of the pope 53 FACES OF HISTORY John Calvin Next to Luther, John Calvin was Born into the French the most important Protestant reformer. Born John middle class, John in 1509 and educated in France, Calvin was CALVIN Calvin studied law and influenced by Erasmus and other Renaissance Reading Focus the humanities. Calvin, humanists. He also supported the reforms of 1509–1564 unlike Martin Luther, Martin Luther in Germany. was never a monk or Inspired by the ideas of Augustine, Calvin How did Protestantism spread to other priest in the Catholic Church. Calvin and Luther disagreed on several preached the doctrine of predestination . Pre- points of theology, but both rejected Catholicism. areas? Luther’s stand against the destination holds that God knows who will be Calvin arrived in Geneva in 1536 and became an influential saved, even before people are born, and there- Church opened the door for others to leader of the reform movement there. Under his influence, his fol- make differing ideas known fore guides the lives of those destined for salva- lowers created a system of worship they called “the religion.” He and tion. Thus, nothing humans can do, either good his supporters instituted a religious government in Switzerland that or bad, will change their predestined end. The Spread of controlled almost every aspect of people’s lives. Calvin’s ideas soon Calvinism took root in Geneva, Switzerland, Protestantism spread. People still follow his ideas today through religious denomina- and the city became a theocracy under Calvin’s tions called “Reformed.” leadership. Calvinists viewed people as sinful Describe What was the basis of Infer How did Calvin’s approach to reform differ from Luther’s? by nature, and strict laws were enacted that Zwingli’s church in Switzerland? regulated people’s behavior. In Geneva, church attendance was mandatory, and even matters theocracy; government in which such as the number of courses in each meal church and state are joined The Spread of Protestantism and the color of clothing were the subject of What did John Calvin’s laws. Amusements such as feasting, dancing, Compare Martin Luther’s stand against the Roman singing, and wearing jewelry were forbidden. church have in common with Zwingli’s? Catholic Church opened the door for others to This strictness was actually the heart of Protestant, in Switzerland, based on put forth their differing ideas on religious mat- Calvinism’s appeal. It gave its followers a sense theocracy ters. As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new of mission and discipline. Calvinists felt they religious movements began in Switzerland and were setting an example and making the world Evaluate Why do you think Calvin’s other places in Europe. fit for the “elect,” those who had been chosen for salvation. church was successful when Zwingli’s Ulrich Zwingli Another Reformation priest, was not? possible answer—Luther Ulrich Zwingli, was born in Switzerland within Other Reformers Other reformers took the opposed Zwingli, Zwingli open to months of Luther. Zwingli entered the priest- ideas of Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and attack from Church because they hood at the age of 22 and soon began preach- John Calvin and adapted them to their own ing similar ideas to those of Martin Luther. His lacked Lutheran support; Calvin had beliefs. John Knox became the spokesman for proposed reforms, however, went even farther the Reformation in Scotland after spending larger power base from citizens who than those of Luther. time in John Calvin’s Geneva. After years of embraced strictness Many of Zwingli’s ideas about religion were religious turmoil in Scotland, Knox’s Reformed viewed as radical. The church he established Church replaced the Roman Catholic Church. in Switzerland had the notion of theocracy at His church structure laid the ground for the its base. A theocracy is a government in which Presbyterian denomination that arose later. church and state are joined and in which offi- Another group separated itself from the Info to Know cials are considered to be divinely inspired. Lutherans, Calvinists, and other Protestant Religion in Switzerland Today the Although Zwingli’s movement gained sup- Reformers by its beliefs about baptism. The port throughout Switzerland, some areas of Anabaptists insisted on rebaptizing adults, population of Switzerland is approxi- the country opposed him and his supporters. mately half Catholic and half Protestant. which was a crime punishable by death at that His opponents included Martin Luther, who time. The Anabaptist Church later evolved into The country also has a small Jewish accused Zwingli of tampering with the word of several religious factions, including the Hutter- community. God. Since the Swiss Protestants could not win ites (named for their founder, Jakob Hutter), the Lutherans’ support, they were vulnerable the Mennonites, and the Amish Mennonites. to attack by the Catholics. When the disagree- ment between Swiss Protestants and Catholic Make Generalizations officials erupted in war, Zwingli was one of the How did the ideas of reformers who came after Luther casualties. He died in battle in 1531. differ from those of Luther?

54 CHAPTER 1

Skills Focus: Comparing and Contrasting At Level Reading Skill Protestant Movements 1. Draw the Venn diagram for students to see. Protestant Movements Omit the italicized answers. 2. Have students copy and complete the diagram. Have volunteers complete the class Answers Zwingli’s Both: Calvinism Venn diagram. Visual-Spatial Movement influenced predestination; Faces of History Calvin created Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 13: condemned by by Luther; strict laws religious government; strict laws, and Graphic Organizers Luther; attacked Switzerland; regulating people’s controlled people’s lives. by Church theocracy behavior Reading Check some were more radical; included ideas of theoracy, predestination 54 Protestantism Spreads Religious Conflicts in England to England The desire of King Henry VIII to The Protestant Reformation began with criti- end his marriage led to religious cism of the Catholic Church by priests and conflict in England. Why is King Reading Focus other religious thinkers. In England, the Ref- Henry VIII a key figure of the ormation began with the king. Reformation? What were the effects of Protestantism A King’s Protest Henry VIII became king of in England? Henry VIII broke from England in 1509 at the age of 17. As a young 1527 King Henry VIII asks Catholic Church; Church of England king, he was a devout Catholic who wrote the pope to annul his marriage, formed angry protests against the “venomous” ideas but the pope refuses. of Luther. Henry’s actions won him the title by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1540 Recall What was the “king’s great “Defender of the Faith.” 1534 Henry VIII breaks from the Catholic Church. He matter”? that the pope would not agree By 1525, Henry’s wife, Catherine of Ara- to annul his marriage to Catherine of gon, had borne only one child, a girl named founds the Church of England Mary. This presented a problem for Henry, and serves as its head. Aragon

Portrait of Henry VIII, who wanted a male heir. It was thought that a How did Henry VIII’s female monarch could weaken England politi- Contrast cally, and he believed Catherine would produce break with the church contrast with his no male heir. Henry decided to have the mar- actions as a young man? As a young riage annulled , or declared invalid based on man he had supported the Catholic church laws, so that he could marry again. Church against Luther; was called The pope offered Henry several solutions to his problem but would not agree to the annul- “Defender of the Faith” ment because Catherine and her nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, opposed it. The dilemma became known as “the king’s great Info to Know matter.” While Henry argued with the pope When over his annulment, he fell in love with Anne Religious Conflicts in England Boleyn. Henry soon took matters into his own he organized the Church of England, hands. Henry VIII changed little in the way of doctrine or ritual. The main difference The Reformation Parliament Henry sum- moned Parliament. Known as the Reformation was that the monarch, not the pope, Parliament, the gathering led to a declaration was the head of the church. A genera- that England no longer considered itself under tion later, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer the authority of the pope. Instead, Henry him- wrote the first version of the Book of self became the head of the Church of England. He changed the rituals of the church very lit- 1553 Queen Mary I Common Prayer, which replaced the tle, but Henry closed Catholic monasteries and restores the Catholic Latin liturgical books with prayers in convents and distributed much of the land to Church in England and exe- English. nobles. This helped build more public support cutes many Protestants. for the split from the Church. Execution of Protestants at Smithfield, In 1533, Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII were 1557 , Unknown, c. 1720 secretly married. Later that year, after Parlia- ment had declared Henry’s marriage to Cath- erine null and void, Anne gave birth to a girl, 1558 Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth. The next year Parliament passed restores the Church of Eng- the Act of Supremacy, which required sub- land and support for Protes- jects to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to tantism. be “Supreme Head of the Church of England.” Elizabeth I, by Nicholas Hilliard The break with Rome was complete.

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 55

Skills Focus: Drawing Conclusions At Level Reading Skill The King’s Great Matter 1. Review with students the information in the other group should list reasons opposing the text about “the king’s great matter.” king’s actions. One student in each group should take notes and compile a group list. 2. Organize students into two groups. Pose the following question to students: Was King 4. Serving as moderator, conduct a class debate, Henry VIII justified in doing what he did to instructing students in each group to provide resolve this dilemma? at least two reasons why they either support or oppose King Henry VIII’s actions. 3. Have students in each group brainstorm ideas Answers in support of their argument. Students in one Verbal-Linguistic Religious Conflicts in England group should list reasons they feel the king , Rubrics 10: Alternative Assessment Handbook broke from Catholic Church; founded Debates; and 14: Group Activity was justified in his actions; students in the Church of England 55 SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM Henry’s Heirs In the end, Henry VIII had six wives. Henry’s third wife, Jane Seymour, gave England its male heir, Edward VI. None of Henry’s later three marriages produced any /038": Interpreting Maps 4$05-"/% 48&%&/ children. /PSUI When Edward VI took the throne in 1547 Spread of Protestantism 4FB *3&-"/% %&/."3, at age nine, Protestantism gained more ground What does this map show ¡/ 13644*" under the guidance of his guardians. Edward Summarize #3"%&/#63( &/(-"/%
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threatened by Catholics who plotted to place GEOGRAPHY Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne. In turn, SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Elizabeth persecuted any who dared to wor- Close ship as Catholics. A strong queen, Elizabeth 1. Place What city was the center of the Calvinist move- survived these struggles, firmly establishing Have students compare and contrast ment? the Church of England. official church doctrines and Luther’s 2. Regions Which Protestant movement spread to the viewpoints. largest area, according to this map? Summarize What caused the Reformation to spread to England? Review go.hrw.com Online Quiz, Section 3 SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT Online Quiz Keyword: SHL REN HP Assess Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking SE Section 3 Assessment 1. a. Identify Name three criticisms that were made of the 5. Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes and a graphic Catholic Church in the 1500s. organizer like the one below, record the major reforms Progress Assessment: Section 3 Quiz b. Summarize What other factors contributed to a weaken- brought about by each reformer. Alternative Assessment Handbook ing of the power of the Church in the 1500s? 2. a. Recall What were the Ninety-five Theses ? Reformers Reforms b. Analyze What criticisms did Martin Luther have of the Reteach/Intervene Catholic Church? Interactive Reader and Study Guide, 3. a. Recall Which Protestant reformer preached the doctrine of predestination ? Section 3 b. Draw Conclusions Why did Zwingli’s followers wish to Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM form an alliance with the Lutherans? 4. a. Describe What led to Henry VIII ’s break with the Catholic Church? b. Make Judgments Based on the response to Henry VIII’s 6. Narration Write a short paragraph that tells how England break with Rome, what was likely to be the future relationship became a Protestant nation. Include important people, dates, between the church and England? Explain your answer. and events.

56 CHAPTER 1

Section 3 Assessment Answers

1. a. financially corrupt, abused power, immoral 5. Luther—began Protestant Reformation with b. high taxes for middle class and peasants; the Ninety-five Theses; Zwingli—theoc- rise of nationalism racy; Calvin—predestination, strict laws; 2. a. Luther’s propositions regarding the Church Knox—his church replaced Catholic Church b. criticized power of the pope and church’s in Scotland; Anabaptist—rebaptism of adults wealth, the selling of indulgences 6. Student answers should include and explain 3. a. Calvin the following events: Henry tries to get mar- Answers b. possible answer—to form a unified front riage annulled; pope won’t agree to annul- ment; Henry forms Church of England. Interpreting Maps 1. Geneva; against the Catholic Church 2. Lutheran 4. a. his desire to annul his marriage Reading Check the desire of Henry b. possible answer—There might be a power VIII to annul his marriage struggle between the king and the pope 56 SECTION 4 The Counter-Reformation Getting Started BEFORE Y OU R EAD Use a Use the Interactive Reader and Study Guide graphic to familiarize students with the section MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS AND P EOPLE organizer to take notes on the reforms, content. Catholics at all levels recog- 1. What reforms were made in Counter-Reformation effects, and wars nized the need for reform the Catholic Church? Jesuits related to the Counter- Interactive Reader and Study Guide, in the church. Their work 2. What were the religious and Ignatius of Loyola Reformation. Section 4 turned back the tide of Prot- social effects of the Counter- Council of Trent estantism in some areas and Reformation? Charles Borromeo NameName ______Class Class ______Date Date ______renewed the zeal of Catho- Francis of Sales Renaissance and ReforReformationmation 3. What wars occurred because Renaissance and Reformation lics everywhere. Teresa of Avila SectionSection 4 4 of the Counter-Reformation? MAINMAIN IDEA IDEA CatholicsCatholics at at all all levels levels recognized recognized the the need need for for ref reformorm in in the the church. church. Their Their work work turnedturned back back the the tide tide of of Protestantism Protestantism in in some some areas areas and and renewed renewed the the zeal zeal of of CatholicsCatholics everywhere. everywhere.

KeyKey Terms Terms and and People People Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation reform reform movement movement within within the the Catholic Catholic Church Church JesuitsJesuits religious religious order order which which emphasized emphasized reform reform of of the the church, church, spirispiritu spiritutuality,ality,ality, service service to to others,others, education, education, and and the the further further spread spread of of Cathol Catholicism;icism; also also called called Society Society of of Jesus Jesus IgnatiusIgnatius of of Loyola Loyola founder founder of of the the Jesuits Jesuits whose whose search search for for spiritual spiritual p peaceeace led led him him to to give give upup his his belongings belongings and and practice practice self-denial self-denial CouncilCouncil of of Trent Trent meetings meetings called called by by Pope Pope Paul Paul III III to to make make a aseries series o of freforms reforms to to the the churchchurch and and clarify clarify important important teachings, teachings, took took place place between between 1545 1545 and and 1563 1563 CharlesCharles Borromeo Borromeo archbishop archbishop of of Milan Milan who who implemented implemented the the reforms reforms dec decreedreed by by the the CouncilCouncil of of Trent, Trent, such such as as building building schools schools for for priep prieriestsstssts From OLDIER FrancisFrancis of of Sales Sales French French missionary missionary who who returned returned the the French French district district of of Savoy Savoy to to the the S Catholic church and founded a religious teaching order for women Catholic church and founded a religious teaching order for women TeresaTeresa of of Avila Avila Spanish Spanish nun nun who who reformed reformed the the Carmelite Carmelite order order

TakingTaking Notes Notes AsAs you you read read the the summary, summary, take take notes notes in in a agraphic graphic or organizerganizer like like this this one one on on to Saint thethe reforms, reforms, effects, effects, and and wars wars related related to to the the Count Counter-Reformation.er-Reformation.

How does a soldier change his life to become a saint? A Spanish soldier, whose legs had been shattered by a cannonball, was taken by litter to a castle. His right leg OriginalOriginal content content Copyright Copyright © © by by Holt, Holt, Rinehart Rinehart and and Winston. Winston. Additions Additions and and changes changes to to the the original original cont contentent are are the the responsibility responsibility of of the the instructor. instructor. had to be rebroken in order to be set correctly, and, eventu- ModernModern Era Era Chapter Chapter 1 1 1111 Interactive Interactive Reader Reader and and Study Study GuideGuid Guidee ally, part of the bone had to be sawed off. During the long months of recovery, the soldier’s life changed. The soldier needed something to occupy his time until Academic Vocabulary he could walk again, so he read the only material avail- Review with students the high-use academic able to him in the castle—biographies of saints. At first the soldier and former courtier in the Spanish royal court was term in this section. bored by the stories of penance. But the ideas in the books proportion the size or amount of a thing in soon filled his mind with the desire to find a religious pur- relation to another thing (p. 60) pose, and he began to see religious visions. The books and visions inspired the soldier, whose name CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 4 was Ignatius, to change his life—to become a “soldier of God” rather than a “soldier of man.” Ignatius later founded a Taking Notes religious teaching order still active today—the Jesuits. reformed corruption and financial abuses, addressed Protestant challenges and reaffirmed some Catholic teachings; This painting by an unknown artist shows gave Catholicism a boost, Jesuits opened Saint Peter offering a key to Ignatius of Loyola. The key allows one to enter Heaven. universities and sent out missionaries; increased influence on politics and Saint Ignatius Loyola , anonymous worldwide RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 57

Teach the Main Idea At Level The Counter-Reformation 1. Teach Ask students the Reading Focus 3. Review As you review the section, have questions to teach this section. students describe how the Catholic Church dealt with the challenges of the Protestant 2. Apply Draw three rectangles for students to see. Label them with the names of Reformation. the topics in this section: Reforming the 4. Practice/Homework Have students Catholic Church, Religious and Social write a letter from a priest who is attending Effects, Religious Wars of Unrest. Have the Council of Trent to his home parish, students copy the rectangles onto their own describing what is taking place at the papers. Have them write the main ideas of council. Visual-Spatial, Verbal-Linguistic each topic in the appropriate rectangle. Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 25: Personal Letters

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 57 Reforming the Catholic Church influential of these groups was the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits . Protestant reformers were not the only ones The Jesuit order was founded in 1534 by who were dissatisfied with the state of the Ignatius of Loyola , a Basque nobleman and Reading Focus Catholic Church. Even before Martin Luther former soldier. The order was approved by posted his theses, some Catholics had been the pope in 1539. Loyola, the Father General, working toward reform of the church itself. ran the Jesuits like a military organization, What reforms were made in the Later, in response to the spread of Protes- emphasizing obedience to the church above Savonarola’s preach- tantism, the church began a series of reforms all. The Jesuits concentrated on education as Catholic Church? known as the Counter-Reformation. ing against abuses in the Church; new a means of combating the Protestant Reforma- tion. They established missions, schools, and A monk named Girolamo religious orders such as the Jesuits Early Reformers universities. With such effective organizations, Savonarola (sahv-oh-nuh- ROH -luh) was one of the Catholic Church began to regain ground the first reformers to try to change the church Reforming the Catholic against Protestantism. from within. During the late 1400s, he preached Church fiery sermons against the abuses of the church. The Council of Trent Recognizing the need He called for churches to melt down their gold to redefine the doctrines of the Catholic faith, Recall What reforms did Savonarola and silver ornaments to buy bread for the hun- Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in call for? called for churches to melt gry and poor members of the church. 1545. It met on and off until 1563. Its delegates Several Jesuit Savonarola convinced people to gather and down ornaments to provide food for colleges are today examined the criticisms made by Protestants the poor; convinced others to burn ranked among the burn jewelry and trinkets. This enormous fire about Catholic practices. In doing so, they clar- was known as “the bonfire of the vanities.” jewelry, mirrors, and trinkets, new best in the United ified Catholic teaching on important points. States, including Pope Alexander at first allowed Savonarola’s The delegates addressed the abuses that religious orders worked to reform the Fordham, George- work but eventually excommunicated him for town, and Loyola. had weakened the church over the past cen- Church spreading ideas the pope thought dangerous. tury. A series of reforms addressed the corrup- In 1498, Savonarola was executed at Florence. tion of the clergy. The training of priests was Identify How did the Jesuits spread regulated and financial abuse was curbed. The Other leaders formed new religious Catholicism? by establishing missions, Jesuits sale of indulgences was abolished. orders whose members worked to reform schools, and universities Above all, the Council of Trent rejected the the church. Their work renewed the church’s Protestants’ emphasis on self-discipline and emphasis on spirituality and service. The most Analyze Why do you think Savonarola individual faith. The council argued that the was first encouraged, then condemned? possible answers—The Church feared he might become too powerful. The of First the Chapter 25th of Council Trent The Council of Trent Members of the Catholic clergy met in the Italian Info to Know city of Trent to decide how Spiritual Exercises Ignatius of Loyola to react to the rise of Prot- wrote a guide for meditation and estantism. Members of the discipline called “Spiritual Exercises.” council signed decrees that

outlined specific rules that ,1630 anonymous, This book asked the reader to picture Catholics were to follow. a thought or prayer, then to think of Jesus’s actions, and sometimes to visualize oneself doing those actions. Loyola wanted the members of his order to be spiritual, but also to take an active role in the world.

58 CHAPTER 1

Skills Focus: Identifying Main Idea and Details At Level Reading Skill The Jesuits The Jesuits 1. Draw the graphic organizer below for students to see. Omit the italicized answers. started by Ignatius of Loyola goals obedience to Church and, above 2. Have students copy and complete the chart. Have volunteers fill in the class chart. all, renewal of Church’s spiritual- ity and science, concentrated on Visual-Spatial education Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 7: achievements starting schools and universities, Charts missionary activity, knowledge of other cultures

58 CHAPTER 1 RELIGIONS IN E UROPE, 1600

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England in 1600? 2. Regions Which countries had a mix of Catholics and Protestants in 1600? 2ECENT3CHOLARSHIP church could help believers achieve salvation Reforming Catholics Several important by using mystery and magnificent ceremonies figures in the Catholic Church helped to carry Girolamo Savonarola raged to inspire faith. This was consistent with the out the reforms decreed by the Council of against church abuses such as beliefs of millions of people, indeed the major- Trent. Charles Borromeo (bohr-roh- MAY -oh) was profitingCE NfromT3 CtheHO poorLAR SandHI ity of Europeans, who remained Catholic. the archbishop of Milan from 1560 to 1584. He 2ECEN RSHIP The pronouncements of the Council of took decisive steps to implement the reforms charged the Medicis as accom- Trent meant that there would be no compro- ordered by the council, such as building a new plices. In Fire in the City: mise between Catholicism and Protestantism. school for the education of priests. Savonarola and the Struggle The council’s bold action was a great boost to In France, Francis of Sales worked to regain for the Soul of Renaissance Catholicism. Austria, Poland, and other parts the district of Savoy, which had largely turned of Europe returned to the Catholic Church. In to Calvinism. As a result of his missionary Florence, Lauro Martines has addition, Catholics everywhere felt renewed work, most of the people of Savoy returned to written about this pivotal mo- energy and confidence. the Catholic Church. He later founded a reli- ment in the Renaissance. The Jesuits used this renewed spirit to gious teaching order for women. expand the scope of the church. By 1700, they Fire in the City: Savonarola operated 669 colleges in Italy, Germany, and Women and the Church During the and the Struggle for the Soul of other places. Many future leaders were edu- Renaissance, women in religious orders began Renaissance Florence by Lauro cated at Jesuit schools. In this way, the order to take on more active roles in the Church. Martines. Oxford University Press, had some influence over political affairs. As Before the Renaissance, they lived in secluded 2006. they worked in India, Japan, China, and other convents. By the late Middle Ages, it was places, the Jesuits also gained and passed along acceptable for nuns to help the poor, orphaned, information about the cultures of other lands. or sick.

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 59

Differentiating Instruction Below Level English-Language Learners 1. Review with students the information in the 4. Have volunteers present their posters to the text about the Council of Trent. class. Display the posters in a classroom exhibit for all to see. 2. Organize students into mixed-ability pairs. Verbal-Linguistic, Visual-Spatial 3. Have students create a poster that summarizes the decisions made at the Council of Trent. Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 28: You may wish to have students write the Posters first letter of each line in Renaissance-era calligraphy. Answers Interpreting Maps 1. Anglican; 2. France, Poland, Hungary, Russia, Holy Roman Empire 59 READING Many women had a profound and impor- Religious and Social Effects SKILLS tant influence on others through their work Predicting Look with the church. In 1535 Italian nun Angela The Counter-Reformation affected the whole at the head in the Merici began the Company of Saint Ursula, world. Although the Roman Catholic Church second column. was no longer the only religious authority in Reading Focus What might be an order of women dedicated to teaching the effects of the girls. Jane of Chantal and Francis of Sales Europe, its policies influenced governments Counter- cofounded the Visitation of Holy Mary order, and societies wherever the church existed. Reforming the Catholic Reformation? which trained women to be teachers. Mary Changes in Religion A renewed zeal for Ward of England began a network of schools the Catholic faith spread the religion to other Church for girls throughout Europe. At first her work continents, largely through the work of the was denounced by anti-Jesuits and the church Identify Name some women who Jesuits. In North America and elsewhere, because Ward’s ideas about women were con- began religious orders during this pe- their influence at times softened the harsh sidered dangerously new. Later, however, her colonial rule of the governments under which riod. Angela Merici, Jane of Chantal, missionary influence was formally recognized they worked. Protestants broke away from the Teresa of Avila by the church. Catholic Church and then split into many fac- Perhaps the most famous female spiritual Why was the Inquisition tions. Religious turmoil increased as Catholics Evaluate leader was Teresa of Avila . Born in Spain in persecuted non-Catholics and non-Catholics considered an abuse of power? people 1515, Teresa decided to become a nun about persecuted Catholics and one another. put on trial; torture and executions the age of 20. Her father opposed her plan, but Adding to the religious discord, rifts soon Teresa ran away to a convent about 1536. At opened between the various Protestant CRF: Biography: Teresa of Avila the convent, after deciding that the practices churches. Martin Luther and his followers were too lax, she followed her own strict rules denounced the radical ideas of the Anabaptists regarding fasting, prayer, and sleep. Eventu- and Zwingli’s followers. Those whose thinking ally the church gave her permission to reform coincided with John Calvin disapproved of some the Carmelite order. Teresa’s deep spirituality, of the ideas on which Lutheranism was based. Reading Focus reported visions of Christ, and fervor for the Martin Luther’s theses had opened the door Catholic faith inspired many would-be Protes- to religious freedom. That freedom brought an ACADEMIC tants to remain in the church. What were the religious and social VOCABULARY equal proportion of conflict and turmoil. effects of the Counter-Reformation? proportion the The Inquisition To counter the Reforma- size or amount of a Persecution and Hysteria Both Catho- tion, the church established a church court, changes in both Catholicism and thing in relation to lics and Protestants, including Luther, viewed called the Roman Inquisition, in 1542 to fight Protestantism; persecution of non- another thing Jews and Muslims as heretics. In 1492, Jews Protestantism. Later popes increased the Catholics, Jews, and Muslims; and, in 1500, Muslims were forced to convert Inquisition’s power. They tried people who to Catholic Christianity or leave Spain. Many formation of independent states and were accused of being Protestants, of practic- Jews resettled in eastern and southern Europe. nations ing witchcraft, or of breaking church law. The majority of the Jews who had earlier con- The Spanish monarchs set up and con- verted to Christianity and who were members trolled the much harsher Spanish Inquisition Religious and Social Effects of the educated elite, stayed in Spain. in 1478. They used the Inquisition to impose In many of the areas in Europe where Jews Recall What groups were most religious uniformity, especially on converted were allowed to stay, they were not as restricted often executed for alleged witchcraft? Jews and Muslims, and later, on Protestants. as they had been during the Middle Ages. How- The church also tried to stamp out rebel- women and the poor ever, in some places they were forced to live in lion through its Index of Forbidden Books . The a particular part of the city, called a ghetto. The Describe Name three ways in church warned the people not to read books on ghettos were walled and their gates closed at a the lists or they would lose their souls. Accounts which the Reformation and Counter- certain time each evening. of torture and executions by the courts dam- Reformation affected politics and Across Europe, many people feared that aged the church’s image. The Inquisition’s witches roamed the land, killing children and government. softened harsh rule of actions during the Counter-Reformation are cattle and working with the devil. Their fears colonial governments; encouraged still seen as an abuse of the church’s power. increased in times of poor harvests or other independent states; political power Summarize What methods hardships. The fears inspired hysteria in which separated from churches did the Catholic Church use to stop the spread of accused witches were rounded up and tried for Protestantism? their alleged wrongdoing.

60 CHAPTER 1

Skills Focus: Making Oral Presentations At Level Reading Like a Historian Skill Research Required Women and the Church 1. Tell students that women have always been 3. Have students conduct research on their involved in the Catholic Church, although assigned person. Research should focus their roles have changed over the years. on the person’s actions, her faith, and her Answers Certain types of involvement by women have relationship to the Catholic leadership. been and continue to be controversial. Reading Skills possible answer—that 4. Have students make a short presentation the church might gain a broader following 2. Assign each student a famous Catholic about their assigned person. Verbal- due to reforms woman, such as Mother Teresa or Catherine Linguistic Reading Check spreading Catholicism of Sienna. Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 24: through mission work and education Oral Presentations; and 30: Research reforms of the Council of Trent; Inquisition put people on trial, punished them 60 World Religions

Christianity Today Christianity Christianity is now the religion with the most fol- Reading Focus The Reformation divided Christians in lowers worldwide, with 2.1 billion fol- western Europe into Catholic and Prot- lowers. The nations with the highest

estant. Today Catholics, Protestants, percentages of Christians are in the Gaudi GuellChapel, Antoni Colony What wars occurred because of the Americas and Europe. In the United and Orthodox Christians form the three Counter-Reformation? Italian Wars; States, 85 percent of the population main branches of Christianity. Peasants’ War; fighting in France identifies themselves as Christian. Origins of Christianity The Chris- The chart breaks down Christianity between Protestants and Catholics tian faith is rooted in the beliefs of into its major branches. Within these Judaism. Christians believe that a man branches are many smaller groups named Jesus of Nazareth who lived Religious Wars and Unrest called denominations. In all, Christian- in the first century AD was the prom- ity has some 1,000 denominations Recall What were the Italian Wars? ised Jewish Messiah and the Son of in North America alone. Protestants war between France and Spain over God. Jesus taught that all people who AJOR HRISTIAN account for most of these. M C believe that he is the Son of God and DENOMINATIONS, 2004 Italian peninsula, also involved England Some Christian denominations, follow his teachings will receive salva- including Catholics, perform the Eucha- 1SPUFTUBOU Identify How did the Italian Wars tion—the forgiveness of sins and the JODMVEFT
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RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 61

Skills Focus: Interpreting Pie and Bar Graphs At Level Social Studies Skill Research Required Religious Denominations 1. Have students review the pie graph on 3. Have students create basic pie graphs of this page. their findings. 2. Have students conduct Internet research using 4. Have students write a paragraph describing reliable Web sites to find the percentages how the percentages of religious followers of religious followers in the United States worldwide compares to percentages in the Answers in these categories: Protestants, Roman United States and in your home state. World Religions Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Protestant Catholics, Nonreligious or Atheists, Verbal-Linguistic, Visual-Spatial Reading Check caused changes Orthodox, Independent Christian, and Other Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 7: in religion, fear and persecution of Religions. Then, have them research these Charts, and 30: Research percentages in your home state. different religious groups, the creation of independent states 61 Martin Luther, accused of beginning the THE R EFORMATION unrest, denounced it. The peasants, he wrote, Causes “rob and rage and act like mad dogs.” Luther’s refusal to side with the peasants prevented the Quick Facts Transparency: The • Humanist values led people to question church authority. Reformation from spilling over into a social Reformation • Some clergy were corrupt, worldly, or poorly educated. revolution that encouraged social equality. • Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a devout • The printing press helped spread Reformation ideas. Catholic, was determined to turn back the tide of Protestantism. In 1546 he began a war against the Lutheran princes of Germany. After years of battles, enthusiasm for the war waned, and the Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555. Close Charles, who scorned religious compromise, Have students describe Catholic actions in Effects would not attend the meeting. response to the Protestant Reformation. • Many Protestant sects developed. The agreement reached in Augsburg • Church leaders reformed the Catholic Church. allowed each prince to choose the religion that • Religious intolerance and anti-Semitism increased. his subjects would practice. The only choices Review were Catholicism or Lutheranism, and the sub- • Religious conflicts spread across Europe. Online Quiz, Section 4 jects had no say in the choice. Still, the seeds of religious freedom had been planted.

Assess Conflicts between Religions In France the Huguenots, the Protestant minority, fought SE Section 4 Assessment Conflicts among Germans With new ideas circulating amongst a growing popula- for years against the Catholics. The fighting Progress Assessment: Section 4 Quiz tion, peasants were becoming more unhappy ended when their leader, Henry of Navarre, Alternative Assessment Handbook with high taxes and a lack of power. At the became Catholic. His conversion led to politi- same time, Reformation preachers were giving cal stability by encouraging Catholics to accept backing to the idea of freedom. Stirred by these him as king. In 1598 Henry’s Edict of Nantes Reteach/Intervene factors, in 1524 tens of thousands of German granted religious freedom to Protestants. Interactive Reader and Study Guide, peasants stormed castles and monasteries, Identify Cause and Section 4 a rebellion known as the Peasants’ War. The Effect What factors led to the Peasants’ War? nobles harshly suppressed the uprising. Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM

go.hrw.com SECTION 4 ASSESSMENT Online Quiz Keyword: SHL REN HP Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Recall On what issues did the reformer Ignatius of Loyola 4. Compare Using your notes from the section and a graphic focus? organizer like the one below, analyze causes, characteristics, b. Explain How did the Catholic Church try to keep people and effects of the Counter-Reformation. from becoming Protestant? c. Evaluate In your opinion, what was the main importance Counter-Reformation of the Counter-Reformation in European history? Causes 2. a. Describe What were some of the effects of the Counter- Characteristics Reformation on European society? b. Summarize What led to the persecution of witches across Effects Europe during the 1500s? 3. a. Identify Who were the Huguenots? b. Interpret How did the Peace of Augsburg encourage reli- gious toleration? 5. Exposition Which Counter-Reformation reform do you Answers c. Elaborate How did Luther’s reaction to the Peasants’ War think was most important? Write a paragraph identifying the Reading Check peasants’ high taxes, affect the Counter-Reformation? reform and exploring why it was so important. lack of power; Reformation ideas of freedom 62 CHAPTER 1 Section 4 Assessment Answers

1. a. obedience to the church above all, 3. a. French Protestants about reform, women took on more active renewed emphasis on spirituality and b. allowed each prince to choose the reli- roles; Effects: church regains supports service gion his subjects would practice; allowed of Catholics in many European countries, b. Counter-Reformation, redefined doctrine different religions to coexist majority of Europeans remained Catholic at Council of Trent c. prevented Reformation from becoming a 5. Student paragraphs should include one of c. possible answer—reformed the Church; social revolution as well the reforms and support their choice with brought people back to the faith; new con- 4. Causes: response to spread of logic and details from the section. verts Protestantism, some Catholics left reform 2. a. the Church’s influence was restored, was overdue; Characteristics: Council of spirituality and service emphasized Trent redefined doctrines, Jesuits taught b. fear of different religious practices spirituality and service, worked to bring

62 CHAPTER 1