SECTION 1 The Italian Renaissance Getting Started BEFORE Y OU R EAD In a Use the Interactive Reader and Study Guide graphic to familiarize students with the section MAIN I DEA READING F OCUS KEY T ERMS AND P EOPLE organizer like this one, take notes on content. In Italy the growth of 1. What changes in society and in Renaissance the beginnings of wealthy trading cities cities stimulated the beginning humanism the Renaissance, its Interactive Reader and Study Guide, and new ways of thinking of the Renaissance? secular ideas, and its art. Section 1 helped lead to a rebirth 2. What ideas formed the founda- Baldassare Castiglione of the arts and learning. tion of the Italian Renaissance? Niccolò Machiavelli Beginnings Ideas and Art Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ This era became known Lorenzo de Medici Renaissance and Reformation 3. What contributions did artists as the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci Section 1 make to the Renaissance? Michelangelo Buonarroti MAIN IDEA In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead Raphael to a rebirth of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance. Key Terms and People Renaissance an era of renewed interest and remarkable developments in art, literature, science, and learning in Europe beginning in Italy in the 1300s secular having a worldly rather than spiritual focus humanism a movement that emphasized the possibilities of individual accomplishment and the almost limitless potential of the human mind Baldassare Castiglione Italian aristocrat who wrote The Courtier, which became a handbook for how to succeed in society Niccolò Machiavelli Florentine political philosopher and statesman who wrote The A Prince , which advised rulers to separate morals from politics Lorenzo de Medici ruler of Florence who was an important patron of arts and learning Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci “Renaissance man” who became famous as a painter, architect, inventor, and engineer; painter of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Raphael famous painter of both classical and religious subjects and accomplished architect Michelangelo Buonarotti sculptor and painter famous for works such as the Sistine VISION OF Chapel, the statue David , and the design of the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral Creation of the Stars and Planets and Stars Creationthe of Taking Notes As you read the summary, take notes on the beginnings of the Renaissance, GOD its ideas, and its art in a graphic organizer like this one. This painting by Michelangelo . Detail of God. Detail of . Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. shows a Christian-inspired view of Modern Era Chapter 1 2 Interactive Reader and Study Guide God creating the stars and planets. The painting decorates part of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Academic Vocabulary How did one man’s vision turn a Yet when the agony of the work was finally done, Review with students the high-use academic ceiling into a masterpiece? Weak Michelangelo had created one of the world’s great master- term(s) in this section. light filtered through the arched win- pieces. One observer wrote that the Sistine Chapel was so dows of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. High above the ground, beautiful “as to make everyone astonished.” deviate to turn away from a course or the artist Michelangelo stood on a platform. He looked up, topic (p. 43) raised his brush to the ceiling, and carefully applied paint to The Beginning of the Renaissance CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 1 the wet plaster. For almost four years, this ceiling had been his canvas. Across it, he had painted vivid scenes of events Michelangelo’s painting was not only beautiful but also and people from the Bible. The expressive, detailed figures very different from the art of the Middle Ages. A new Taking Notes were monumental, so they could be seen from far below. direction in art was only one of the ways in which Euro- Beginnings:—thriving cities, increased Each day, Michelangelo and his assistants climbed a pean society began changing after the 1300s. trade, wealthy merchant class, renewed 40-foot ladder to a scaffolding. From there, steps rose interest in art, literature, science, and another 20 feet to a platform 7 feet beneath the chapel’s Changes in Society The Black Death, starvation, immense, vaulted ceiling. All day Michelangelo stood, his and warfare had overtaken Europe about 1300. These learning, desire to beautify cities; Ideas and head craned back, his arm raised high to the ceiling. catastrophic events and the enormous loss of life may Art:— rebirth in art, literature, and science, have led to some of the changes of the 1300s. secular focus, humanism, individualism, vernacular literature, interest in ancients RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 39 Teach the Main Idea At Level The Italian Renaissance 1. Teach Ask students the Reading Focus 3. Review As you review the section, have questions to teach this section. students take notes about each picture or chart, describing its significance to the 2. Apply Have students scan the section, examine the pictures and charts, and read broader themes of the Renaissance. the captions. Tell students to make a list of 4. Practice/Homework Have students these elements, leaving space for notes. Ask create a resumé for one of the artists or students what these elements reveal about writers of the Italian Renaissance. the section. Visual-Spatial, Verbal-Linguistic Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 31: Resumés RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION 39 The decrease in population allowed farmers along the Mediterranean Sea. Shipbuilding to produce more food than they needed. Food prospered, and sailors traveled to the Near prices declined, allowing people more money to East. As a result, Venetian merchants became spend on other things. The demand for agricul- some of the wealthiest in the world. They used Reading Focus tural goods increased, allowing various areas this wealth to build a unique city that has been of Europe to begin to specialize in the products described as “a work of art.” that were best suited to their environment. For Milan, to the west of Venice, based its econ- What changes in society and in cities example, England began to produce more wool omy on agriculture, silk, and weapons. Florence, stimulated the beginning of the and areas of Germany, more grain. As special- to the south, was famous for its banking and growth of important city- ization increased, regions had to trade for the cloth. Monarchs appealed to Florentine bank- Renaissance? products they did not produce. ers for money to fund wars or other endeav- states; increased trade; new wealth ors. Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth The Rise of City-States Urban areas also and sold it abroad. The leading merchants and READING began to specialize, particularly in Italy. The bankers poured their wealth into creating a The Beginning of the SKILLS territory that today makes up Italy was divided city that rivaled any other in Europe. A citizen Renaissance Predicting How into several large city-states in the north and might the change of Florence expressed his admiration: Which groups dominated in economic various kingdoms and the Papal States in the Identify south. The northern city-states of Venice, Milan, HISTORY’S VOICES society in the city-states? the Roman structure change other parts of and Florence became bustling centers of com- “What wealth of buildings, what distinguished Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, society? merce. In these city-states, the Roman Catho- architecture there is in Florence! Indeed, how the artisans lic Church, nobles, merchants, and artisans great genius of the builders is reflected in these dominated society. Merchants were usually buildings, and what a pleasure there is for those who live in them. Recall How did the merchants of either bankers or traders. Artisans practiced ” —Leonardo Bruni, Panegyric to the northern Italy use their wealth? built such crafts as goldsmithing. Knowledge of arts City of Florence , 1403 up their cities, made them magnificent such as painting, sculpture, and architecture increased as nobles and merchants sought to What advan- Find the Main Idea How Draw Conclusions display their new wealth. did society and cities change in the 1300s? tage might banking have over other Venice, a city with access to the sea, built industries? possible answer—easy its economy and reputation on trade. Its people had a long history of trading with other ports access to money, money can be used for investment Florence and the Medici Family Magnificent the Lorenzo Info to Know Communication Speed Although Venice established connections with ports around Anonymous , the Mediterranean Sea, the rate of travel and communication remained quite slow by today’s standards. It took 9 days for The Medici family news from Venice to reach Naples, 22 helped finance many days to reach Sicily, and 37 days for it to new buildings in Flor- reach Constantinople. Even by the year ence. This portrait 1500, journeys were typically measured depicts the influential Lorenzo de Medici. by weeks, not days. How does Lorenzo’s portrait show his importance? 40 Detail from “Catena Map” Skills Focus: Summarizing At Level Answers Reading Skill Research Required Reading Skills possible answer— City-State Newspapers The wealthy classes might sponsor art and science. 1. Review with students the information in the text one editorial about how society has changed about Italy in the 1300s. Tell students that bitter after the Black Death. Remind students to Florence and the Medici Family possible answers—His appearance rivalry existed between the Italian city-states. include some references to appreciation of ancient Greece and Rome. suggests that he is wealthy, he sits perched 2.