National Water Summary-Wetland Resources 285 New Mexico Wetland Resources

Wetlands cover about 482,000 acres (0.6 percent) of New Mexico, wetlands, whereas the other systems comprise wetlands and a reduction of about 33 percent from the wetland acreage that ex­ deepwater habitats. Wetlands of the systems that occur in New isted about 200 years ago (Dahl, 1990). New Mexico's wetland acre­ Mexico are described below. age places the State 34th in total wetland acreage among the 48 conterminous States. System Wetland description Wetlands are ecologically important and economically valu­ able to the State. Wetlands provide important wildlife habitat. For Palustrine ...... Wetlands in which vegetation is predominantly example, in the Rio Grande Valley, wetlands provide habitat for 246 trees (forested wetlands); shrubs (scrub-shrub wetlands); persistent or non persistent emergent, species of birds, 10 species of amphibians, 38 species of reptiles, erect, rooted, herbaceous plants (persistent- and and 60 species of mammals (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990). nonpersistent-emergent wetlands); or sub­ Wetlands also provide stopover, feeding, and breeding grounds for mersed and (or) floating plants (aquatic beds). migratory waterfowl (fig. 1). Also, intermittently to permanently flooded open-water bodies of less than 20 acres in which Riparian (streamside) wetlands along perennial streams are water is less than 6.6 feet deep. important as migration corridors for a variety of waterfowl and other Lacustrine ...... Wetlands within an intermittently to permanently wildlife. The playa lakes in eastern New Mexico are vital links in a flooded lake or reservoir. Vegetation, when pres­ chain of wetlands along the Central Flyway, which extends from ent, is predominantly nonpersistent emergent central Canada to the coast of Texas. Areas of springs and marshes plants (nonpersistent-emergent wetlands), or provide essential habitat for many rare and endangered species and submersed and (or) fl oating plants (aquatic beds), or both. for indigenous fish and wildlife in the western part of the State. Wetlands contribute to flood attenuation, bank stabilization, Riverine ...... Wetlands within a channel. Vegetation, when pres- ent, is same as in the Lacustrine System. and improved water quality. New Mexico's tourist industry benefits from the beauty of the State's diverse wetlands. These wetlands pro­ Although wetlands occur in all areas of New Mexico, they are vide opportunities for recreational activities that include fishing, most numerous in the eastern and northern areas of the State (fig. hunting, bird watching, nature photography, camping, and hiking. 2A ). In the Southern Rocky Mountains (fig. 28 ), wetlands are mostly in high mountain valleys and intermountain basins. In the TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION Great Plains, wetlands occur along the flood plains of the Canadian and Pecos Rivers and in association with playa lakes. ln the Colo­ Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and rado Plateaus and Basin and Range, wetlands are sparsely distrib­ deepwater habitats where the water table usually is at or near the uted, with the exception of wetlands associated with the San Juan, land surface or the land is covered by shallow water (Cowardin and San Francisco, and Gila Rivers. others, 1979). The distribution of wetlands and deepwater habitats Palustrine wetlands are distributed statewide. In New Mexico, in New Mexico is shown in figure 2A; only wetlands are discussed palustrine wetlands include forested wetlands in river flood plains herein. and near springs and seeps; scrub-shrub wetlands such as bottom­ Wetlands can be vegetated or nonvegetated and are classified land shrubland; emergent wetlands, such as marshes, fens, alpine on the basis of their hydrology, vegetation, and substrate. In this snow glades, and wet and salt meadows; aquatic bed wetlands in summary, wetlands are classified according to the system proposed shallow ponds and small lakes; and sparsely or nonvegetated wet­ by Cowardin and others ( 1979), which is used by the U.S. Fish and lands such as playa lakes. Palustrine wetlands along rivers, streams, Wildlife Service (FWs) to map and inventory the Nation's wetlands. springs, lakes, and ponds are called riparian wetlands. Riparian At the most general level of the classification system, wetlands are wetlands along the State's major rivers provide habitat for fish, wild­ grouped into five ecological systems: Palustrine, Lacustrine, Riv­ life, and diverse plant life. They also provide habitat for migrating, erine, Estuarine, and Marine. The Palustrine System includes only overwintering, and nesting waterfowl. One of the more notable ri­ parian wetlands in New Mexico is in the Bosque del Apache Na­ tional Wildlife Refuge. The 57,191-acre refuge lies along 9 miles of the Rio Grande in south-central New Mexico. Marshes within the refuge are ideal winter habitat for migratory birds, including ducks, geese, sandhill cranes, and whooping cranes. Efforts are being made to maintain and restore native riparian cottonwood habitat in the refuge for a variety of birds and other wildlife. Many western spe­ cies of riparian trees and shrubs, such as willows and cottonwoods, have been lost because of nonnatural streamflow regimes (Howe and Knopf, 1991). The nonnatural flows followed the completion of water projects in the first half of the 20th century, resulting in rapid colonization and expansion of the exotic Russian-olive and salt ce­ dar. The playa lakes of eastern New Mexico provide habitat for Figure 1. Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge. These migrating, overwintering, and nesting waterfowl in the Central Fly­ riparian wetlands provide habitat for migratory and resident way (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990). The estimated number waterfowl, fish, and other wildlife. (Photograph by Lisa Carter, of playa lakes in the State is 1,700, and they range in area from less U.S. Geological Survey.) than 1 acre to more than 600 acres (Nelson and others, 1983). The 286 National Water Summary- Wetland Resources: STATE SUMMARIES playa lakes range in wetness from dry lake bed to shallow lake and someti mes within the physiographic provinces. New Mexico's di­ can be fresh or saline. The freshwater playas are numerous, small verse physiography, climate, and topography result in diverse hy­ to medium in size, and serve as zones of recharge to the underlying drologic settings for wetland formation. aquifer (Osterkamp and Wood, 1987). The saline playas are larger In the Colorado Plateaus and Basin and Range Provinces (fig. and fewer than the freshwater playas and are areas of discharge from 28), wetlands occur in springs and seeps, around oxbow lakes, along the underlying aquifer. Most playa lakes in New Mexico are streams and rivers, around reservoirs, and in other areas where the palustrine. However, playa lakes larger than 20 acres are classified water table is near the land surface. The arid climate of this region as lacustrine wetlands, as are the shallow areas of large reservoirs. results in a low density and acreage of wetlands. Wetlands, although Riverine wetlands occur in the shallow river channels of pe­ few in number, are vital to wildlife of these physiographic provinces. rennial streams. There are about 3,500 miles of streams in New In the Great Plains, wetlands occur in riparian zones along Mexico (Ong and others, 1993). perennial streams, around oxbow lakes, in isolated natural depres­ sions with permanent or seasonal water supply, in playa lakes, and in association with other lakes, reservoirs, channelized streams, HYDROLOGIC SETTING rivers, and irrigation ditches. Playa lakes make up the largest area Wetlands form where a persistent water supply is at or near of wetlands in this province. the land surface. The location and persistence of the supply of water The area of playa lakes has topography classified as either is a function of precipitation and runoff patterns, evaporation po­ smooth plains, irregular plains, or tablelands (Nelson and others, tential, topography, and the presence of a shallow water table. 1983). Smooth plains are largely on upland terrain, and irregular Precipitation and runoff rates differ annually and with loca­ plains and tablelands are mostly on lowland terrain. Because of the tion and season. Average annual precipitation in New Mexico (fig. flatness of the terrain, there is generally little stream drainage, and 2C) ranges from about 8 inches in the northwestern corner of the playa lakes collect most of the surface runoff. The playa lakes are State and in the southern Rio Grande Valley to 24 inches in the mountains of A the northern and southern parts of the State. Runoff (fig. 2D) is greatest in the northern mountains and smallest in the desert areas of the southern and east­ ern parts of the State. Much of the run­ off from the mountains occurs during concurrent snowmelt and rainfall in the spring and summer. Average annual pan evaporation varies across the State and ranges from about 40 to 112 inches per year (Nelson and others, 1983). Most evaporation occurs from March through September and decreases with increasing altitude. Because annual evaporation exceeds annual rainfall, most of the State has a net annual moisture deficit. The mois­ ture deficit is a limiting factor in the formation of wetlands and to the con­ tinued existence of some of the more fragile wetlands. Even those areas of the State having the highest precipita­ tion and lowest evaporation (high mountain regions) can be unfavorable for development of wetlands because of steep topography, shifting stream chan­ nels, and unfavorable soil conditions (Cooper, 1986). ... Shallow water tables and ground­ water discharge into topographic de­ ~:_, pressions, streams, and springs main­ ___j tain wetlands in many areas of New 32°1 ----~ ------\l-.---.!...L__ _ Mexico. These wetlands can be along \ small streams that have perennial flow -----~ WETLANDS AND DEEPWATER HABITATS I I Distribution of wetlands and deepwater habitats- in only short reaches or along larger, l_ ___ , This map shows the approximate distribution of large perennial streams. In intermountain w etlands in the State. Because of limitations of scale basins, wetlands are maintained by a and source material, some wetlands are not shown 0 50 100 MILES shallow water table and springs whose • Predominantly wetland source is recharge from precipitation 0 50 100 KILOMETERS Predominantly deepwater habitat and runoff that occur during spring and LJ summer. Figure 2. Wetl and distribution in New Mexico and physical and cl imatological features that Climatic, topographic, and hydro­ control wetland distribution in the State. A, Distribution of wetlands and deepwater habitats. logic characteristics differ among and (Sources: A, T.E. Dahl, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, unpub. data, 1991.) National Water Summary-Wetland Resources: NEW MEXICO 287 usually shallow depressions that have large surface area relative to ment on the origin of saline playa lakes; however, Wood and Jones the total volume of water contained in them. Consequently, most ( 1990) propose that the source of the salinity is from the concen­ playa lakes have small storage capacities. tration by evaporation of runoff and shallow, fresh ground water that Studies by Osterkamp and Wood ( 1987) indicate that freshwa­ discharges from the underlying aquifer. ter playa lakes in the Great Plains of New Mexico originate wher­ In the Southern Rocky Mountains, wetlands occur in two ever surface depressions collect precipitation runoff. The lakes en­ physiographically and climatically distinct settings, mountain val­ large as a result of dissolution of carbonates by water infiltrating leys and intermountain basins. Generally, mountain valleys are geo­ the unsaturated zone above the underlying aquifer and subsequent logically young and therefore steep. The valleys have been shaped subsidence of the lake bed. Over time, the older central lake acquires over time either by running water throughout their entire length or a layer of clay-rich deposits that largely restricts water movement by glaciers at higher altitudes and running water at lower altitudes. from the playa lake to the underlying aquifer. Water probably is At high altitudes in some mountain va!Jeys, glaciation formed large removed from freshwater playa lakes primarily by recharge to the cirque basins in which remnant glaciers or late-melting snow main­ underlying aquifer from the areas around the lake where lake-bed tains spring, seep, and snow-bed wetlands. Also, at these high alti­ sediments have not yet accumulated (Osterkamp and Wood, 1987) tudes, ponds form in depressions behind slumping saturated soils and by evaporation that in some years ranges as high as 96 to 112 or in depressions caused by the weight of accumulated snow. Be­ inches per year (Nelson and others, 1983). There is no general agree- low the cirque basins, wetlands occur in the glaciated, U-shaped valleys, on saturated cliff faces, at the sloping floor near the sides of the valley, in glacial kettle ponds, in oxbow lakes, in depressions B on glacial moraines, in lakes created by terminal or lateral moraines, L in landslide-formed lakes, in seeps and springs, and in beaver ponds. Southern Rocky In steep, V-shaped, nonglaciated areas of mountain valleys, wetlands 'Mountains occur as narrow riparian wetlands, near seeps and springs, and in beaver ponds (Windell and others, 1986). Colorado Plateaus lntermountain basins were filled by sediments derived from erosion of the surrounding mountains. The large, flat valleys are drained by low-gradient meandering streams and rivers. Intermoun­ tain-basin wetlands occur along these streams and rivers, in con­ Great Plains structed and natural impoundments, around oxbow lakes, and in other areas where the water table is near the land surface. The shal­ low water table is maintained by underlying aquifers, impermeable ) substrates, or annual floods (Windell and others, 1986).

Basin and Alwlge TRENDS The FWS has estimated that from the I 780's to the 1980's, wet­ land acreage in New Mexico decreased by 33 percent-from about 720,000 to 482,000 acres (Dahl, 1990). Much of the decrease is PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS attributable to the loss of native vegetation along streams because

C D

PRECIPITATION Line of equal annual precipitation­ - 2 - Line of equal annual runoff­ Interval, in inches. is variable Interval, in inches, is variable Figure 2. Continued. Wetland distribution in New M exico and physical and climatological features that control wetland distribution in the State. 8, Physiography. C, Average annual precipitation. D, Average annual runoff. (Sources: B, Physiographic divisions from Fenneman, 1946; landforms data from EROS Data Center. C and D, Cold and Denis, 1986.) 288 National Water Summary-Wetland Resources: STATE SUMMARIES of a change in streamflow resulting from reservoir construction or Table 1. Selected wetland-related activities of government agricultural water diversions. The loss of native vegetation along agencies and private organizations in New Mexico, 1993 streams alters riparian-wetland functions and allows the prolifera­ [Source: Classification of activities is generalized from information provided tion of nonnative vegetation (Howe and Knopf, 1991). by agencies and organizations. •. agency or organization participates in Wetland losses in rural areas can be attributed to conversion wetland-related activity; ... , agency or organization does not participate in wetland-related activity. MAN, management; REG, regulation; R&C, res­ to cropland, dewatering or diverting water for irrigation, and over­ toration and creation; LAN, land acquisition; R&D, research and data col­ grazing by livestock. Development of urban areas has caused wet­ lection; D&I, delineation and inventory] land loss or degradation owing to encroachment of residential and commercial construction, dewatering for municipal and industrial water supply, channelization, and contamination from inadequately Agency or organization treated sewage and industrial waste. Other causes of wetland loss FEDERAL or degradation are clear cutting, burning, hard-rock mining and Department of Agriculture related activities that produce toxic acidic or alkaline runoff, placer Consolidated Farm Service Agency...... • mining, erosion and sedimentation, sand and gravel mining, road Forest Service ...... • • • • • and railroad construction, and dam and reservoir construction in Natural Resources Conservation Service ...... • • • • Department of Defense wetland areas (Windell and others, 1986). Army Corps of Engineers...... • • • • Some human activities have helped to form wetlands or enlarge Military reservations ...... • existing ones. The construction of reservoirs between 1916 and Department of the Interior 1985, which provided for storage of more than 5.9 million acre-feet Bureau of Land Management...... • • • • • of surface water (Garrabrant and Garn, 1990), resulted in the for­ Bureau of Reclamation ...... • • • • Fish and Wildlife Service ...... • • • • • mation of wetlands along the edge of those water bodies. However, Geological Survey ...... • such gains are at the expense of the original, natural riparian wet­ National Biological Service ...... • lands. Farm-pond construction also contributes to the formation of National Park Service ...... • • • • • wetlands around the edge of the pond. More than one-half of the Environmental Protection Agency ...... • • • State's cropland is irrigated (Garrabrant and Garn, 1990), and leak­ STATE Department of Game and Fish...... • • • • • • ing ditches and seeps and return flow associated with irrigation have Energy, Mineral, and Natural contributed to the formation of wetlands. Resources Department...... • Environment Department...... • • • • State Engineer Office ...... • • • CONSERVATION University of New Mexico Natural Heritage Program ...... • • Many government agencies and private organizations partici­ COUNTY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS pate in wetland conservation in New Mexico. The most active agen­ Albuquerque Open Space Division...... • • • • • cies and organizations and some of their activities are listed in table Santa Fe County ...... • • 1. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS Federal wetland activities.-Development activities in New National Audubon Society ...... • Mexico wetlands are regulated by several Federal statutory prohi­ Sierra Club ...... • • The Nature Conservancy ...... bitions and incentives that are intended to slow wetland losses. Some • of the more important of these are contained in the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act; the 1972 Clean Water Act and amendments; the 1985 Food Security Act: the 1990 Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Service Agency (formerly the Agricultural Stabilization and Conser­ Trade Act; and the l 986 Emergency Wetlands Resources Act. vation Service) administers the Swampbuster provisions and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act gives the U.S. Army Wetlands Reserve Program. The Natural Resources Conservation Corps of Engineers (Corps) authority to regulate certain activities Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) determines com­ in navigable waters. Regulated activities include diking, deepening, pliance with Swampbuster provisions and assists farmers in the iden­ filling, excavating, and placing of structures. The related section 404 tification of wetlands and in the development of wetland protection, of the Clean Water Act is the most often-used Federal legislation restoration, or creation plans. protecting wetlands. Under section 404 provisions, the Corps issues The 1986 Emergency Wetlands Resources Act encourages permits regulating the discharge of dredged or fill material into wetland protection through funding incentives. The act requires wetlands. Permits are subject to review and possible veto by the U.S. States to address wetland protection in their Statewide Comprehen­ Environmental Protection Agency, and the FWS has review and ad­ sive Outdoor Recreation Plans to qualify for Federal funding for visory roles. Section 401 of the Clean Water Act grants to States State recreational land; the National Park Service provides guidance and eligible Indian Tribes the authority to approve, apply conditions to States in developing the wetland component of their plans. to, or deny section 404 permit applications on the basis of a pro­ The U.S. Forest Service (Fs) manages five National Forests in posed activity's probable effects on the water quality of a wetland. New Mexico that contain diverse wetlands and riparian ecosystems. Most farming, ranching, and silviculture activities are not sub­ The FS also coordinates with State agencies and private landown­ ject to section 404 regulation. However, the "Swampbuster" provi­ ers on wetland-conservation activities. sion of the 1985 Food Security Act and amendments in the 1990 The FWS manages six National Wildlife Refuges in New Mexico Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act discourage (through that provide habitat for migrating birds. endangered species, and financial disincentives) the draining, filling, or other alteration of other wildlife and wildlife-oriented public recreation. Under the wetlands for agricultural use. The law allows exemptions from pen­ 1986 Emergency Wetlands Resources Act, the FWS evaluated eight alties in some cases, especially if the farmer agrees to restore the priority wetland sites in the State for acquisition (U.S. Fish and altered wetland or other wetlands that have been converted to agri­ Wildlife Service, 1990). cultural use. The Wetlands Reserve Program of the 1990 Food, A goal of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is to restore, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act authorizes the Federal maintain, and improve riparian wetland area conditions on public Government to purchase conservation easements from landowners land in New Mexico. The BLM is responsible for the management of who agree to protect or restore wetlands. The Consolidated Farm 12.8 million acres of public land in the tristate area of New Mexico, National Water Summary-Wetland Resources: NEW MEXICO 289

Oklahoma, and Kansas, which includes 27,600 acres of riparian Cowardin, L.M., Carter, Virginia, Golet, F.C., and LaRoe, E.T., 1979, Clas­ wetland (Bureau of Land Management, 1990). sification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States: U.S. State wetland activities. - The principal State agencies in New Fish and Wildlife Service Report FWS/OBS-79/31, 131 p. Mexico that regulate or manage wetlands are the Department of Dahl, T.E., 1990, Wetlands-Losses in the United States, 1780's to l980's: Game and Fish, Environment Department, and the State Engineer Washington, D.C., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report to Congress, 13p. Office. Also involved is the State Park and Recreation Division of Fenneman, N.M., 1946, Physical divisions of the United States: Washing­ the Energy, Mineral, and Natural Resources Department, which ton, D.C., U.S. Geological Survey special map, scale 1:7,000,000. developed the New Mexico Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan Garrabrant, L.A., and Garn, H.S., 1990, New Mexico water supply and use, (New Mexico Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources Department, in National water summary 1987-Hydrologic events and water sup­ 1988). This plan is a component of the 1986 Statewide Compre­ ply and use: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2350, p. 37 5- hensive Outdoor Recreation Plan. The goals of agencies managing 382. wetlands in New Mexico are to provide habitat for fish and wildlife Gold, R.L., and Denis, L.P., Jr., 1986, New Mexico surface-water resources, and for diverse plant species, to maintain wetlands for erosion and in U.S. Geological Survey, National water summary 1985-Hydro­ flood control, and to enhance wetlands as agricultural, recreational, logic events and surface-water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2300, p. 341-346. and scenic resources. Howe, W.H., and Knopf, F.L., 1991, On the imminent decline of Rio Grande State management of wetlands in New Mexico began with an cottonwoods in central New Mexico: The Southwestern Naturalist, assessment of State wetlands by the State Park and Recreation Di­ v. 36, no. 2, p. 218-224. vision (New Mexico Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources De­ Nelson, R.W., Logan, W.J., and Weller, E.C., 1983, Playa wetlands and partment, 1988). The steps in the assessment were to locate wet­ wildlife on the southern great plains-A characterization of habitat: lands, determine their types, assess their quality, prioritize them U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report FWS/OBS-83128, 163 p. according to their value and benefit, and rate the probable effect on New Mexico Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources Department, 1988, them of each of the major causes of wetland losses. The Division New Mexico wetlands priority conservation plan: Albuquerque, N. considers the seven major causes of loss or degradation of wetlands Mex., New Mexico Energy. Minerals and Natural Resources Depart­ ment, State Park and Recreation Division, 78 p. in New Mexico to be (1) municipal water development, (2) natural Ong, Kim, Lepp, R.L., and Piatt, Jim, 1993, New Mexico stream water water-table fluctuation, (3) development of land surfaces, (4) pol­ quality, in U.S. Geological Survey, National water summary 1990- lution, (5) erosion, tree cutting, or siltation, (6) invasion by nonna­ 91-Hydrologic events and stream water quality: U.S. Geological tive plant species, and (7) poor management. The assessment of the Survey Water-Supply Paper 2400, p. 403-412. quality of wetlands is based on habitat conditions, the dominance Osterkamp, W.R., and Wood, W.W., 1987, Playa lake basins on the South­ of native or rare species, the presence of terrestrial animals, and the ern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico-Part 1, Hydrologic, geo­ uniqueness of the wetland in New Mexico. State government acqui­ morphic, and geologic evidence for their development: Geologic So­ sition of wetlands will be based on whether the public values and ciety of America Bulletin, v. 99, no. 2, p. 215-223. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990, Regional wetlands concept plan­ benefits of wetlands can be maintained or realized under present New Mexico wetlands: Albuquerque, N. Mex., U.S. Fish and Wildlife ownership (New Mexico Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources Service, 185 p. Department, 1988). Windell, J.T.. Willard, B.E., Cooper, D.J., and others, 1986, An ecological County and local wetland activities.-The Open Space Divi­ characterization of Rocky Mountain montane and subalpine wetlands: sion of the city of Albuquerque acquires, manages, and restores U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 86 (11), 298 p. wetlands. The Division also conducts feasibility studies and inven­ Wood, W.W., and Jones, B.F., 1990, Origin of saline lakes and springs on tories wetlands in areas under its jurisdiction. The county of Santa the southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico, in Gustavson, T.C., Fe is involved in research and inventory of wetlands in the county. ed., Geological framework and regional hydrology-Upper Cenozoic Private wetland activities. - Private organizations involved in Blackwater Draw and Ogallala Formation, Great Plains: Austin, Tex., wetland management and conservation in New Mexico include the Bureau of Economic Geology, p. 193-208. National Audubon Society, the Sierra Club, and The Nature Con­ servancy. A principal activity of the National Audubon Society and the Sierra Club is the restoration and creation of wetlands. The Si­ FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: District Chief, U.S. Geological erra Club also conducts research in wetlands. The Nature Conser­ Survey, 4501 Indian School Rd., NE, Suite 200, Albuquerque, NM 8711 O; vancy acquires wetlands and other ecologically valuable habitats for Regional Wetland Coordinator, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, Fish and Wildlife conservation. A major goal of these private organizations is to in­ Enhancement, 500 Gold Ave., SW, Albuquerque, NM 87103 form the public about the value of wetlands. Prepared by References Cited B.D. Jones, U.S. Geological Survey Bureau of Land Management, 1990, New Mexico riparian-wetland 2000- A management strategy: Santa Fe, N. Mex., Bureau of Land Manage­ ment, 25 p. Cooper, D.J., 1986, Ecological studies in wetland vegetation, Cross Creek Valley, Holy Cross Wilderness, Sawatch Range, Colorado: Boulder, Colo., Holy Cross Wilderness Defense Fund Technical Report 2, 25 p. (Available from Holy Cross Wilderness Defense Fund, 1130 Alpine, Boulder, Colo. 80304.) 290 National Water Summary-Wetland Resources: STATE SUMMARIES

U.S. Geological Survey Water~Supply Paper 2425