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Development of a Benthic Macroinvertebrate In Monitoring water quality of urban stormwater runoff to receiving river systems in Dayton, Ohio: Wet-weather sampling, site selection, and assessment of MS4 drainage areas By Kevin W. Custer, Eric B. Borth and Ryan W. McEwan Department of Biology University of Dayton 300 College Park Dr. Dayton, Ohio 45469 ___________________________________________ For The City of Dayton Department of Water Division of Environmental Management Final Report 31-December-2016 City of Dayton MS4 monitoring - 2016 1 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 5 1.0 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................. 6 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................... 7 2.1 WET-WEATHER SAMPLING DESIGN ......................................................................................... 7 2.2 WET-WEATHER SITES ............................................................................................................. 7 2.3 WATER SAMPLING .................................................................................................................. 8 2.4 PRECIPITATION ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.5 QA/QC .................................................................................................................................. 9 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................. 9 3.1 PRECIPITATION .................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN (TKN) .............................................................................. 9 3.3 NITRATE-NITRITE (NO3-NO2) .......................................................................................... 10 3.4 TOTAL NITROGEN (TKN+NITRATE+NITRITE) ............................................................ 10 3.5 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) .................................................................... 11 3.6 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) ................................................................................. 11 3.7 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TP) AND REACTIVE PHOSPHORUS (ORTHOPHOSPHATE) ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.8 ESCHERICHIA COLI AND FECAL COLIFORMS .......................................................... 12 3.9 HARDNESS AND ALKALINITY ......................................................................................... 13 3.10 SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY ............................................................................................. 14 3.11 TOTAL AMMONIA (NH3-N) .............................................................................................. 14 3.12 TOTAL PHENOLS .............................................................................................................. 14 3.13 FREE CYANIDE ................................................................................................................. 14 3.14 OIL AND GREASE ............................................................................................................. 15 3.15 CHLORINE .......................................................................................................................... 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... 15 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 29 City of Dayton MS4 monitoring - 2016 2 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. PRECIPITATION FOR WET-WEATHER EVENT ON 18-JUL-2016 (TIME IS IN UTC, AND EST IS 5:00 HRS BEHIND UTC TIME). ............................................................................................ 16 FIGURE 2. LAST PRECIPITATION (14-JUL-2016) PRIOR TO THE WET-WEATHER EVENT ON 18-JUL- 2016 (TIME IS IN UTC, AND EST IS 5:00 HRS BEHIND UTC TIME). ......................................... 17 FIGURE 3. TOTAL TKN CONCENTRATIONS AT ALL MS4 SITES ON 18-JUL-2016. .......................... 18 FIGURE 4. NO3-NO2 CONCENTRATIONS AT ALL MS4 SITES ON 18-JUL-2016. ............................... 19 FIGURE 5. TOTAL NITROGEN (TN) CONCENTRATIONS FOR ALL MS4S DURING THE 18-JUL-2016 WET-WEATHER EVENT. (** FOR GRAPHICAL PURPOSES, DETECTION LIMIT ADJUSTED FOR GML-33, GML-76, AND MRL-01 SINCE TKN < DETECTION LIMIT). .................................... 20 FIGURE 6. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) CONCENTRATIONS AT ALL MS4 SITES ON 18- JUL-2016. .............................................................................................................................. 21 FIGURE 7. TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) CONCENTRATIONS AT ALL MS4 SITES ON 18-JUL- 2016....................................................................................................................................... 22 FIGURE 8. TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TP) CONCENTRATIONS AT ALL MS4 SITES ON 18-JUL-2016. ...... 23 FIGURE 9. TOTAL FECAL COLIFORM COLONIES AT ALL MS4 SITES 18-JUL-2016 ........................... 24 FIGURE 10. ESCHERICHIA COLI COLONIES AT ALL MS4 SITES ON 18-JUL-2016. ............................. 25 List of Tables TABLE 1. SITE LOCATIONS FOR THE WET-WEATHER SAMPLING EVENT 18-JUL-2016. .................... 26 TABLE 2. RAW DATA FROM PACE ANALYTICAL FOR ALL WATER ANALYSES ON 18-JUL-2016. ..... 27 TABLE 3. SELECTED WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR ALL SITES DURING THE 18-JULY-16 WET WEATHER EVENT. ................................................................................................................... 28 City of Dayton MS4 monitoring - 2016 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations DO Dissolved Oxygen FIB Fecal Indicator Bacteria GML Great Miami River Left Bank GMR Great Miami River Right Bank MPN Most Probable Number MRL Mad River Left Bank MS4 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System OEPA Ohio Environmental Protection Agency RM River Mile SWR Stillwater River Right Bank TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen TN Total Nitrogen TP Total Phosphorus TSS Total Suspended Solids USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency UD University of Dayton City of Dayton MS4 monitoring - 2016 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The following study represents a stormwater sampling effort on three main aquatic ecosystems (Great Miami River, Mad River, and Stillwater River) that flow through the City of Dayton, and the initial stages of a long-term green infrastructure project. This study was conducted to meet the requirements set forth by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit (NPDES) requirements to monitor the inputs from the City of Dayton’s MS4 network that flow into the above rivers. The current study objectives were to sample six MS4 sites during one wet-weather event, and establish three sites for green infrastructure implementation. The sites chosen for the wet- weather event were: GML-27 (Great Miami River: manhole located at Cleveland Park), GML-33 (Great Miami River: manhole located at Sinclair Community College 4th Street), SWR-08 (Stillwater River: manhole located at Mary Avenue Park), MRL-01 (Mad River: outfall located upstream of confluence of Great Miami River), MRL-02 (Mad River: outfall located downstream of Keowee Street Bridge), and GML-76 (Great Miami River: manhole located at Lindorph Dr). The sampling design sampled water either at the manhole using a line sampler, or at the end of pipe (MS4) using a pole sampler. This wet-weather sampling event took place on 18-Jul-2016, and followed a rain event that was greater than 0.1” of rain. This rain event followed 3 days of dry weather, and all sites were sampled within 2 hrs of the first rainfall/runoff in the area. A host of water quality parameters was analyzed to discern significant inputs to receiving waters from the above MS4s located within the City of Dayton. Water quality parameters included: nutrients (TKN, nitrate/nitrite, ammonia, total phosphorous, and soluble reactive orthophosphate (SRP), cyanide, oil and grease, total phenols, residual chlorine, Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, and City of Dayton MS4 monitoring - 2016 5 physicochemical parameters (dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids (TSS), conductivity, pH, hardness, and alkalinity). In conclusion, a host of water quality parameters was utilized to discern possible increasing contributions of nutrients and pathogens to receiving waters from six MS4 sites within the City of Dayton on 18-Jul-2016. Overall, wet-weather sampling showed increases in TN, TP, E. coli, fecal coliforms, and BOD. There was variation among the outfalls, and not one outfall showed increasing concentrations with all water quality parameters analyzed. GML-27 and MRL-02 did show agreement with increasing concentrations of Nitrogen (TN, TKN, NO3-NO2,), TP, BOD, TSS, and increased E. coli growth. Noticeable differences between this study and previous studies is the absence of ammonia in the outfalls. The MS4s were sampled only once (wet-weather event) during the 2016 study and future sampling would benefit from incorporating downstream and upstream sampling at the outfall discharge site. Incorporating E. coli, nutrients,
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