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Biological Psychology an Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience SEVENTH EDITION

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Biological Psychology an Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience SEVENTH EDITION Biological Psychology An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience SEVENTH EDITION S. MARC BREEDLOVE NEIL V. WATSON Michigan State University Simon Fraser University Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers • Sunderland, Massachusetts © Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. 00_FM_Breedlove.indd III 3/1/13 1:51 PM Brief Contents Chapter 1 Biological Psychology: Scope and Outlook 1 PART I Biological Foundations of Behavior 21 Chapter 2 Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior 23 Chapter 3 Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals 59 Chapter 4 The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology 91 Chapter 5 Hormones and the Brain 125 PART II Evolution and Development of the Nervous System 155 Chapter 6 Evolution of the Brain and Behavior 157 Chapter 7 Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior 185 PART III Biological Foundations of Behavior 221 Chapter 8 General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain 223 Chapter 9 Hearing, Vestibular Perception, Taste, and Smell 255 Chapter 10 Vision: From Eye to Brain 291 Chapter 11 Motor Control and Plasticity 327 PART IV Regulation and Behavior 359 Chapter 12 Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases 361 Chapter 13 Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment 393 Chapter 14 Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming 423 PART V Emotions and Mental Disorders 455 Chapter 15 Emotions, Aggression, and Stress 457 Chapter 16 Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders 491 PART VI Cognitive Neuroscience 523 Chapter 17 Learning and Memory 525 Chapter 18 Attention and Higher Cognition 561 Chapter 19 Language and Hemispheric Asymmetry 597 © Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. 00_FM_Breedlove.indd VI 3/4/13 3:52 PM Contents Biological Psychology: 1 Scope and Outlook 1 Human or Machine? 1 The Brain Is Full of Surprises 2 What Is Biological Psychology? 2 Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior 3 BOX 1.1 We Are All Alike, and We Are All Different 5 Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior 6 Neuroplasticity: Behavior Can Change the Brain 7 Biological Psychologists Use Several Levels of Analysis 10 A Preview of the Book: Relations between Brain and Behavior 11 Neuroscience Contributes to Our Understanding of Human Disorders 12 Animal Research Makes Vital Contributions 13 The History of Research on the Brain and Behavior Begins in Antiquity 14 BOX 1.2 Bigger Better? The Case of the Brain and Intelligence 17 The Cutting Edge Neuroscience Is Advancing at a Tremendous Rate 19 Visual Summary 20 PART I Biological Foundations of Behavior 21 Functional Neuroanatomy: 2 The Nervous System and Behavior 23 A Stimulating Experience 23 The Nervous System Is Composed of Cells 24 © Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. 00_FM_Breedlove.indd VII 3/1/13 1:51 PM VIII CONTENTS BOX 2.1 Neuroanatomical Methods Provide Ways The Chemistry of Behavior: to Make Sense of the Brain 26 Neurotransmitters and The Nervous System Consists of Central and 4 Neuropharmacology 91 Peripheral Divisions 34 BOX 2.2 Three Customary Orientations for Viewing The Birth of a Pharmaceutical Problem the Brain and Body 40 Child 91 The Brain Is Described by Both Structure and Many Chemical Neurotransmitters Have Been Function 43 Identifi ed 92 Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish Neurotransmitter Systems Form a Complex Array in the Brain 47 the Brain 94 Brain Imaging Techniques Reveal the Structure and The Effects of a Drug Depend on Its Site of Action Function of the Living Human Brain 49 and Dose 98 BOX 2.3 Isolating Specifi c Brain Activity 51 Drugs Affect Each Stage of Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission 104 The Cutting Edge Two Heads Are Better Than One 54 Drugs That Affect the Brain Can Be Divided into Functional Classes 107 Visual Summary 56 Drug Abuse Is Pervasive 116 Neurophysiology: The BOX 4.1 The Terminology of Substance-Related Generation, Transmission, Disorders 117 3 and Integration of Neural The Cutting Edge The Needle and the Signals 59 Damage Undone 121 The Laughing Brain 59 Visual Summary 123 Electrical Signals Are the Vocabulary of the Nervous System 60 Hormones and the BOX 3.1 Changing the Channel 67 5 Brain 125 BOX 3.2 Electrical Synapses Work with No Life-Threatening Lethargy 125 Time Delay 71 Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body 125 Synapses Cause Graded, Local Changes in the Postsynaptic Membrane Potential 71 Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions 131 Synaptic Transmission Requires a Sequence of Events 76 BOX 5.1 Techniques of Modern Behavioral Endocrinology 134 Neurons and Synapses Combine to Make Circuits 82 Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specifi c Hormones 137 Gross Electrical Activity of the Human Brain 84 BOX 5.2 Stress and Growth: Psychosocial The Cutting Edge Optogenetics: Dwarfi sm 143 Using Light to Probe Brain–Behavior Hormones Affect Behavior in Many Different Relationships 87 Ways 149 Visual Summary 88 Hormonal and Neural Systems Interact to Produce Integrated Responses 150 The Cutting Edge Hormones Made By the Brain, for the Brain 152 Visual Summary 154 © Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. 00_FM_Breedlove.indd VIII 3/1/13 1:51 PM CONTENTS IX PART II Evolution and Development of the Nervous System 155 Evolution of the Brain Life-Span Development 6 and Behavior 157 of the Brain and 7 Behavior 185 We Are Not So Different, Are We? 157 How Did the Enormous Variety of Species Arise Overcoming Blindness 185 on Earth? 158 Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly Why Should We Study Other Species? 162 Processes 185 BOX 6.1 Why Should We Study Particular Development of the Nervous System Can Be Species? 163 Divided into Six Distinct Stages 187 BOX 6.2 To Each Its Own Sensory World 165 BOX 7.1 Degeneration and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue 191 All Vertebrate Brains Share the Same Basic Structures 167 BOX 7.2 The Frog Retinotectal System Demonstrates Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors The Evolution of Vertebrate Brains Refl ects in Neural Development 200 Changes in Behavior 169 Developmental Disorders of the Brain Impair Many Factors Led to the Rapid Evolution of a Behavior 202 Large Cortex in Primates 174 Genes Interact with Experience to Guide Brain BOX 6.3 Evolutionary Psychology 177 Development 204 Evolution Continues Today 179 BOX 7.3 Transgenic and Knockout Mice 205 The Cutting Edge Are Humans Experience Is an Important Infl uence on Brain Still Evolving? 181 Development 209 Visual Summary 183 The Brain Continues to Change as We Grow Older 212 Two Timescales Are Needed to Describe Brain Development 216 The Cutting Edge Genetically Reversing an Inherited Brain Disorder 217 Visual Summary 219 PART III Biological Foundations of Behavior 221 General Principles of What Type of Stimulus Was That? 225 Sensory Processing, Sensory Processing Begins in Receptor Cells 226 8 Touch, and Pain 223 Sensory Information Processing Is Selective and Analytical 228 What’s Hot? What’s Not? 223 BOX 8.1 Synesthesia 235 Sensory Processing 223 Touch: Many Sensations Blended Sensory Receptor Organs Detect Energy or Together 235 Substances 224 © Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. 00_FM_Breedlove.indd IX 3/1/13 1:51 PM X CONTENTS Skin Is a Complex Organ That Contains a Variety of The Human Tongue Discriminates Five Basic Sensory Receptors 235 Tastes 276 The Dorsal Column System Carries Somatosensory Chemicals in the Air Elicit Odor Sensations 281 Information from the Skin to the Brain 238 The Cutting Edge More Than a Matter of Pain: An Unpleasant but Adaptive Taste 287 Experience 241 Visual Summary 288 Human Pain Can Be Measured 242 Pain Can Be Diffi cult to Control 247 Vision: From Eye to The Cutting Edge Sticks and Brain 291 Stones… 251 10 When Seeing Isn’t Seeing 291 Visual Summary 253 The Visual System Extends from the Eye to the Brain 291 Hearing, Vestibular BOX 10.1 The Basics of Light 294 Perception, Taste, and 9 Smell 255 Neural Signals Travel from the Retina to Several Brain Regions 299 No Ear for Music 255 BOX 10.2 Eyes with Lenses Have Evolved in Several Phyla 302 Hearing 255 Neurons at Different Levels of the Visual System BOX 9.1 The Basics of Sound 256 Have Very Different Receptive Fields 303 Each Part of the Ear Performs a Specifi c Area V1 Is Organized in Columns 312 Function in Hearing 257 Color Vision Depends on Special Channels from the Auditory System Pathways Run from the Retinal Cones through Cortical Area V4 314 Brainstem to the Cortex 262 BOX 10.3 Most Mammalian Species Have Some Pitch Information Is Encoded in Two Color Vision 316 Complementary Ways 264 Perception of Visual Motion Is Analyzed by a Brainstem Auditory Systems Are Specialized Special System That Includes Cortical Area for Localizing Sounds 266 V5 319 The Auditory Cortex Performs Complex Tasks The Many Cortical Visual Areas Are Organized into in the Perception of Sound 268 Two Major Streams 320 Hearing Loss Is a Major Disorder of the Nervous Visual Neuroscience Can Be Applied to Alleviate System 270 Some Visual Defi ciencies 322 Vestibular Perception 273 The Cutting Edge Seeing the Light 323 The Receptor Mechanisms for the Vestibular Visual Summary 325 System Are in the Inner Ear 273 Nerve Fibers from the Vestibular Portion of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) Synapse in the Motor Control and Brainstem 275 11 Plasticity 327 Some Forms of Vestibular Excitation Produce What You See Is What You Get 327 Motion Sickness 276 The Behavioral View 327 The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell 276 The Control Systems View 329 © Sinauer Associates, Inc.
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