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JFQJOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Center of Gravity Homeland Security Consequence Management Command and Control Effects-Based Operations 35Issue A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL Signal Corps officers like to remind us that “although Congress can make a general, it takes communications to make him a commander.” —Omar N. Bradley JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY JFQ JFQ coming next... Center of Gravity the future of Reserve Forces JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Homeland plus Security psychological operations, component commands, Consequence asymmetric warfare, Management and more in issue thirty-six of JFQ Command and Control Effects-Based Operations JFQ 35Issue JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY ISSUE THIRTY-FIVE Published for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by the Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University Washington, D.C. A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL ■ CONTENTS 1 A Word from the Chairman 42 Disengaging from by Richard B. Myers Consequence Management by Joel D. Cusker, Charles H. Hash, 8 From the Field and Fleet: Mary E. Landry, and Dallas D. Owens Letters to the Editor JFQ 50 Charting New Seas: Navy- JFQ FORUM Coast Guard Cooperation 9 Clausewitz and War by Charles S. Hamilton II and Patrick M. Stillman 10 Center of Gravity: 58 Recommendations for Linking Conventional and Joint Doctrine Special Operations Forces by Ronald S. Mangum by Antulio J. Echevarria II 64 18 Interpreting the Legacy The Evolution of Special of Clausewitz Operations Joint Fires by Eric Braganca by Christopher Bassford 20 Center of Gravity: What MILITARY TRANSFORMATION Clausewitz Really Meant 69 Transforming Joint by Joseph L. Strange and Richard Iron Warfighting Capabilities by Scott E. Jasper 28 U.S. Strategic Command— 77 Stepping Outside the Reality Meeting Global Challenges Box by James O. Ellis, Jr. by Mark R. Lewis and John C.F. Tillson 34 The DOD Role in Homeland 83 Information Operations and Security Millennium Challenge by Adrian A. Erckenbrack and by Mark W. Maiers and Aaron Scholer Timothy L. Rahn PHOTO CREDITS 88 Ground Radar Surveillance and Targeting The cover shows marines firing 155mm howitzer, Iraqi by Price T. Bingham Freedom (U.S. Marine Corps/Andreas A. Plaza). The front inside cover features soldiers in Bradley fighting vehicle, Iraqi Freedom (982d Combat Camera/Lee Davis); USNS 95 Centralized Control/ Spica alongside USS Harry S. Truman, Enduring Freedom (Navy Visual News Service/John L. Beeman); Marine am- Decentralized Execution in phibious vehicles on Splash Beach, Okinawa (1st Marine the Era of Forward Reach Air Wing/Tony Vega); and F–16s over Mediterranean (U.S. by Mark G. Davis Air Force/Mark Bucher). The table of contents depicts ac- cident response exercise (20th Communications Squadron/ Josef Cole). The back inside captures C–17 dispersing 100 Operational Command countermeasure flares (U.S. Air Force). The back cover highlights activities of the Reserve Forces: rehearsing crowd control (Fort McCoy/Lou Ann Mittelstaedt); re- and Control in the fueling F–15s (83d Fighter Squadron/Michael Ammons); conducting weapons Information Age training (Fleet Combat Camera Group, Pacific/Brandon A. Teeples); and flying to by Milan N. Vego live fire exercise (16th Special Operation Wing/Greg L. Davis). 2 JFQ / issue thirty-five ISSUE THIRTY-FIVE 129 Trends in Future Warfare by Christopher J. Bowie, Robert P. Haffa, Jr., and Robert E. Mullins 134 The Other Gulf War: British Intervention in Iraq, 1941 by Douglas Porch OF CHIEFS AND CHAIRMEN 141 Wallace Martin Greene, Jr. OFF THE SHELF 143 Bombing Serbia into Submission: A Review Essay by Conrad C. Crane 144 Statecraft and Maritime Power: A Book Review 108 Revisiting the Korean by Thomas G. Mahnken Tree-Trimming Incident by Richard A. Mobley 145 Chinese Naval Power: A Book Review 116 The Origins of Effects-Based by Larry M. Wortzel Operations by Phillip S. Meilinger 146 Wars and Rumors of Wars: A Book Review 123 Systems Integration and the by James Jay Carafano New American Way of War by Paul Bracken Joint Force Quarterly Stephen J. Flanagan Robert A. Silano Lieutenant Colonel Peter L. Hays, USAF Director Director of Publications Executive Editor Institute for National Strategic Studies Institute for National Strategic Studies Editor-in-Chief Editor Martin J. Peters, Jr. Calvin B. Kelley William A. Rawley Production Coordinator Copy Editor Art Director JFQ is published for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted topics of common interest to the Armed Forces (see page 148 by the Institute for National Strategic Studies, National De- without permission of copyright proprietors. An acknowledg- for details). Please direct all editorial communications to: fense University, to promote understanding of the integrated ment to Joint Force Quarterly should be made whenever mate- Editor, Joint Force Quarterly employment of land, sea, air, space, and special operations rial is quoted from or based on its contents. ATTN: NDU–NSS–JFQ forces. The journal focuses on joint doctrine, coalition warfare, This publication has been approved by the Secretary of De- 300 Fifth Avenue (Bldg. 62) contingency planning, combat operations conducted by the fense. All previous issues have been published electronically Fort Lesley J. McNair unified commands, and joint force development. and are available over the Internet at the address indicated Washington, D.C. 20319–5066 The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations ex- below. Paid subscriptions to JFQ are offered through the U.S. pressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do Government Printing Office. Telephone: (202) 685–4220 / DSN 325–4220 not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense The editors invite articles and other contributions on joint Fax: (202) 685–4219 / DSN 325–4219 or any other agency of the Federal Government. Copyrighted warfighting, interservice issues that support jointness, and e-mail: [email protected] http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/index.htm ISSN 1070–0692 Published in October 2004 issue thirty-five / JFQ 3 JFQ AWord fromthe Paratroopers boarding C–130 in Iraq. Chairman (SuzanneU.S. Air Force M. Jenkins) ne of my three agenda items as Chair- raised the stakes. Terrorists, who want to under- man is military transformation, an im- mine the very principles on which America is perative that is obviously gaining founded, threaten our security at home and O acceptance across the defense commu- abroad. nity. It is difficult to find an argument for stand- The Armed Forces have many advantages ing still rather than developing new capabilities. over potential enemies: command and control, Yet there are many unresolved issues because logistics, precision weaponry, and professional- clarity on the future environment is lacking. ism. But terrorists pose an unconventional threat Despite such uncertainties, there are many that is highly adaptable and shrewd. For example, capabilities that must be transformed in order to while many al Qaeda leaders have been killed or get to the fight more quickly, achieve better infor- captured, their command and control network mation sharing and command and control, has adjusted. It is necessary to transform in order increase interoperability, and improve interagency to be more agile, responsive, and capable to de- coordination. And while progress on transforma- feat global terrorism. tion in the 1990s was not insignificant, 9/11 (continued on page 4) issue thirty-five / JFQ 1 ■ Joint Force Quarterly A WORD FROM THE CHAIRMAN Gen Richard B. Myers, USAF (continued from page 1) Publisher Experimentation ADVISORY COMMITTEE Transformation has three aspects: technolog- Lt Gen Michael M. Dunn, USAF ■ National Defense University ical, intellectual, and cultural. New technology Chairman and weapons systems are important, but old problems also must be approached in new ways— BG David A. Armstrong, USA (Ret.) ■ Office of the Chairman the intellectual piece. And the ways in which or- Maj Gen John J. Catton, Jr., USAF ■ The Joint Staff ganizations interact—components, services, agen- A. Denis Clift ■ Joint Military Intelligence College cies, and allies—must change. That is the cultural aspect, which is probably the greatest challenge. RADM Patrick W. Dunne, USN ■ Naval Postgraduate School There are real benefits in understanding re- Maj Gen Robert J. Elder, Jr., USAF ■ Air War College sistance to change. As part of the CJCS lecture se- ries, I recently invited Hugh O’Neill of the Uni- Col George E. Flemming, USMC ■ Marine Corps War College versity of North Carolina to address the subject of MG David H. Huntoon, USA ■ U.S. Army War College transformation. He has written and lectured RADM Richard D. Jaskot, USN ■ National War College widely to business and government audiences on the dynamics that make organizations resistant to VADM Timothy J. Keating, USN ■ The Joint Staff change. The key influences that work against Col Walter L. Niblock, USMC ■ Marine Corps Command and Staff College change are size, age, and success. Although these MG Kenneth J. Quinlan, Jr., USA ■ Joint Forces Staff College RADM Jacob L. Shuford, USN ■ Naval War College what defines experimentation BG Volney J. Warner, USA ■ U.S. Army Command and General Staff College is applying scientific method to MajGen Frances C. Wilson, USMC ■ Industrial College of the Armed Forces evaluate a concept EDITORIAL BOARD Stephen J. Flanagan ■ National Defense University factors strike close to home for many of us in uni- Chairman form, O’Neill identified some methods to over- Richard K. Betts ■ Columbia University come them. He recommended encouraging inno- vation and risk-taking by breaking out smaller ■ Col John M. Calvert, USAF Joint Forces Staff College groups that can function separately from the day- Stephen D. Chiabotti ■ School of Advanced Air and Space Studies to-day tasks of the organization. These groups would go outside normal processes to come up Eliot A. Cohen ■ The Johns Hopkins University with innovative ideas. There is a growing com- COL Robert A. Doughty, USA ■ U.S. Military Academy munity hard at work doing just that.