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The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (Aclar) Was Estab­ Li.,Hed in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament

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The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (Aclar) Was Estab­ Li.,Hed in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament r The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (AClAR) was estab­ li.,hed in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collabora­ tive research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has a special research competence. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorsement of nor discrim­ ination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR PROCEEDINGS This series of publications includes the full proceedings of research workshops or symposia organised or supported by ACIA R. Numbers in this series are distributed internationally to selected individuals and scientific institutions. Previous numbers in the series are listed on the inside back cover. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research CI.P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 Persk), G . .I, 1986, Bacterial Wilt disea,e in A,ia and the South Padlk: proceedings of an international worbhop held ut PCARRD, Los Buiim. Phili[1pin~s, S-IO October l'Jx5, ACIAR Proceedings No. 13. 145 p, ISBN 0949511 20 X Bacterial Wilt Disease in Asia and the South Pacific Proceedings of an international workshop held at PCARRD, Los Bafios, Philippines 8-10 October 1985 Editor: G. J. Persley Workshop Steering Committee: Ponciano A. Batugal, SAPPRAD Dely P. Gapasin, PCARRD Leonarda G. Nallana, ACIAR/PCARRD Gabrielle J. Persley, ACIAR Peter Vander Zaag, CIP Co-sponsors: Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) International Potato Centre (CIP) Southeast Asian Program for Potato Research and Development (SAPPRAD) Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Contents Foreword J. R. McWilliam 5 Summary of Discussion and Recommendations G. J. Persley, P. Batugal, D. Gapasin and P. Vander Zaag 7 Bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum in Asia and Australia: an overview A. C. Hayward 15 Bacterial wilt in Fiji M. Iqbal and J. Kumar 25 Bacterial wilt in India S. K. Sinha 28 Bacterial wilt in Indonesia Muhammad Machmud 30 Bacterial wilt in Papua New Guinea D. L. Tomlinson and M. T. Guntber 35 Bacterial wilt in the People's Republic of China L. Y. He 40 Bacterial wilt in the Philippines R. B. Valdez 49 Bacterial wilt in Sri Lanka M. Velupillai 57 Bacterial wilt in Thailand V. Titatarn 65 Bacterial wilt in Vietnam Pham Xuan Tung 68 Ecology of Pseudomonas solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt G. J. Persley 71 Influence of soil moisture and temperature on the persistence of Pseudomonas so/anacearum E. B. Akiew 77 Effect of planting depth and hilling on bacterial wilt in potato J. P. Kloos 80 Potato production under Pseudomonas solanacearum conditions: sources and management of planting material P. Vander Zaag 84 Potential biological control of bacterial wilt in tomato and potato with Bacillus po/ymyxa FU6 and Pseudomonas jluorescens R. B. Aspiras and A. R. de la Cruz 89 Genetics of Pseudomonas solanacearum and prospects for biological control B. W. Holloway, A. R. St. G. Bowen, and A. Kerr 93 3 Interaction between strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum, its hosts and the environment E. R. French 99 Breeding potatoes for resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum P. Schmiediche 105 Bacterial wilt of groundnut: control with emphasis on host plant resistance V. K. Mehan, D. McDonald and P. Subrahmanyam 112 Complex diseases involving nematodes and Pseudomonas solanacearum in potatoes in the tropics and sUbtropics R. Winoto Suatmadji 120 Bacterial wilt revisited I. W. Buddenhagen 126 Participants 144 4 Foreword A WORKSHOP on bacterial wilt was held in Los Banos, Philippines from 8 to 10 October 1985. The meeting was sponsored by the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), the International Potato Centre (CIP), the Southeast Asian Program for Potato Research and Development (SAPPRAD), and the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). The workshop was attended by some 40 participants from 12 countries, including the member countries of SAPPRAD, a regional research and development network on potatoes, sponsored by the Australian Development Assistance Bureau (ADAB). The purposes of the workshop were to identify the present distribution and imporlance of bacterial wilt, to assess the current 'state of the art' of research on bacterial wilt in the Asia/Pacific region and to identify future research which would result in more effective control. The papers presented at the workshop represent an important record of research on baeterial wilt and include a critical analysis of gaps in the present research coverage, which may profitably be explored. ACIAR hopes that the volume will provide a useful guide to the present status of bacterial wilt in Asia and the Pacific and stimulate more work on this damaging plant disease. ACIAR would like to thank PCARRD and its Executive Director, Dr Ramon Valmayor, for hosting the workshop. The excellent arrangements made by Dr Dely Gapasin, Mrs L. Nallana and their colleagues at PCARRD are much appreciated. ACIAR is also pleased to have been able to cooperate with CIP through its regional representative, Dr Peter Vander Zaag, and SAPPRAD through its coordinator, Dr Pons Batugal, in sponsoring the workshop. We thank Mr Reg Macintyre, Mrs Janet Lawrence and Mr Paul Ferrar of AClAR for their valuable work in the preparation of the proceedings. J. R. McWilliam Director AClAR 5 Summary of Discussion and Recommendations G. J. Persley, P. Batugal, D. Gapasin, P. Vander Zaag ONE of the most destructive bacterial diseases of plants, and the most widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions is bacterial wilt caused by Pseudo­ monas solanacearum. In potato, loss of about 75010 of the crop has been reported. In tomato, the disease can bring about almost total destruction during the rainy season. It also affects other crops of economic importance in the Asia/Pacific region, such as tobacco, banana and peanut. The destructiveness of the disease is compounded by the wide host range of the causal organism. Thus, in areas where intercropping and continuous cropping are practiced, the severity of the problem increases each year. In recognition of the importance of bacterial wilt on potato and other crops in Asia and the Pacific, the Philippine Councll for Agriculture and Resources Re­ search and Development (PCARRD), the Southeast Asian Program for Potato Research and Development (SAPPRAD), the Centro Internacional De La Papa (CIP) and the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) jointly sponsored a workshop on bacterial wilt, held in Los Banos, Philippines, from 8 to 10 October, 1985. Over 40 participants attended, from 12 countries. The objectives of the workshop were: (1) To assess the extent of problems caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum, by crop and by country in the Asia/Pacific region; (2) To assess progress in research on P. solanacearum particularly in relation to control; (3) To identify the most important constraints in developing prevention and control strategies for P. solanacearum; (4) To identify research needs; (5) To identify scientists who may wish to participate in collaborative research on bacterial wilt; The workshop was concentrated on four themes. (1) Distribution and importance of bacterial wilt in Asia and the South Pacific; (2) Ecology of the disease and variation in the pathogen; (3) Cultural and biological control; and (4) Breeding for disease resistance. Papers reviewing the current status of knowledge and research in progress in these four areas were presented. The workshop then discussed research needs on each of these topics. A summary of the discussions and the recommendations of the work­ shop are given below. 7 Distribution and Importance Country reports indicated that bacterial wilt occurred on a wide range of crops in China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, It is also known to occur in other Asian/Pacific countries not represented at the workshop such as Malaysia and Western Samoa. Sri India Vietnam Fiji PNG China Lanka Thailand Indonesia Philippines Potato + + + + + + + + Tomato + + + + + + + + Banana + '? Eggplant + + + + + + + + Capsicum + Peanut + + + Cassava + Clove +1 Ginger + + ,~ + , Teak + Casuarina t? Pepper + + + + + Bitter gourd + Squash + Winged Bean + Cowpea + Tobacco + + + + + + + Castor bean + Marigold + Snapbean + Stringbean + Pechay + Chinese cabbage + Fennel + + Sesame + + + Chilli + + + + Olive + Sweet potato + Symphytum + Mulberry + Jute + + Soybean + Cotton + Cumin + Ajwain + Broad bean + Bacterial wilt has been regarded as a problem primarily of solanaceous crops. However, it is also causing losses in non-solanaceous crops such as cassava in Indonesia and mulberry and olive in China. Thus the disease appears to be increas­ ing in importance, or is at least being more widely recognised as a problem. Many more weed hosts have been determined, emphasising the difficulty in control through cultural practices. Losses due to bacterial wilt in the region have not been quantified and not even an approximate estimate is possible from the reports presented at the workshop, due to the lack of suitable data. The country reports emphasised bacterial wilt as a serious disease, often the most serious, on several crops. Surveys to determine losses are needed. Losses are increasing because of the expansion of agriculture
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