GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME Trends in European Groundfish Markets Groundfish European in Trends

Trends in European

Volume 81 Volume Groundfish Markets

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fishery Industries Division Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Tel.:+39 06 5705 5074 Fax: +39 06 5705 5188 www.globefish.org Volume 81

Trends in European Groundfish Markets

by

Kristin Lien GLOBEFISH

(September 2005)

The GLOBEFISH Research Programme is an activity initiated by FAO's Fishery Industries Division, Rome, Italy and financed jointly by:

- NMFS, (National Marine Fisheries Service), Washington, DC, USA - FROM, (Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación), Madrid, Spain - Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark - European Commission, Directorate General for Fisheries, Brussels, Belgium - NSEC, (Norwegian Seafood Export Council), Tromsoe, Norway - OFIMER, (Office National Interprofessionnel des Produits de la Mer et de l’Aquaculture), Paris, France - SHILAT, (Iranian Fisheries Organization),Tehran, Iran - VASEP, (Viet Nam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers), Hanoi,Viet Nam - ASMI, (Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute), Juneau, USA

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, GLOBEFISH, Fishery Industries Division Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy – Tel.: (39) 06570 56244/06570 54759 – E-mail: [email protected] - Fax: (39) 0657055188 Web:www.globefish.org

1

The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Photograph courtesy of Norwegian Seafood Export Council, NSEC

Trends in European Groundfish Market

FAO GLOBEFISH Research Programme, Vol.81 . Rome, FAO. 2005. p153

This study describes supply and demand for fresh and frozen groundfish products in Europe. It mainly focuses on the 15 countries that were members of the European Union before 2004 (EU15). Seven species have been chosen for the study, namely cod, pollock/Alaska pollock, saithe, haddock, redfish, hake and hoki, and the term “seven groundfish” is used to cover these species.

The study describes each species and the groundfish in each EU15 country, and looks at market developments and consumption trends over the last decade. The aim is to give the reader an understanding of groundfish market dynamics and a feel for potential business within the EU15 market. The main countries supplying groundfish to the EU15 market are also discussed in this report

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© FAO

2 Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...... 3

Summary...... 5

1. Overview ...... 13

2. EU15 Demand and Catches...... 21 2.1. Cod...... 21 2.2. Alaska Pollock/Pollock...... 30 2.2.1. EU15 Import of Surimi...... 36 2.3. Hake ...... 40 2.4. Hoki...... 47 2.5. Haddock ...... 50 2.6. Saithe...... 55 2.7. Redfish...... 59 2.8. Price Comparisons...... 63

3. Trends in the EU15 Countries Trade ...... 65 3.1. United Kingdom – the Main Cod and Haddock Importer ...... 66 3.2. Spain - the Largest Hake Importer...... 70 3.3. Germany – Biggest Alaska Pollock Market...... 72 3.4. France – a Market for many Species...... 77 3.5. Denmark – a Processor of Groundfish...... 80 3.6. The Netherlands – a Trader in Groundfish ...... 84 3.7. Portugal – Whole Frozen Orientation...... 85 3.8. Italy – Strong Hake Focus...... 88 3.9. Belgium /Luxemburg – Fresh Fillets Focus ...... 90 3.10. Sweden – Low Import for Consumption ...... 91 3.11. Ireland – a Small but Increasing Groundfish Importer...... 91 3.12. Greece – Decreasing Groundfish Imports...... 92 3.13. Austria – Imports only Fillets...... 93 3.14. Finland – Mainly Frozen Saithe Fillets...... 93

4. Most Important Suppliers to EU15 ...... 95 4.1. Iceland – Largest Exporter to EU15 in 2004 ...... 95 4.2. Norway – Worlds Largest Seafood Exporter...... 106 4.3. Faroe Islands – the Saithe Country...... 114 4.4. China – Growing Fast...... 120 4.5. USA - the New Alaska Pollock Supplier...... 125 4.6. Russia – Less Important for EU15 ...... 131 4.7. Namibia – the Largest Hake Supplier ...... 134 4.8. South Africa – an Important Hake Supplier ...... 135

3 4.9. Argentina – Frozen Hake Supplier...... 136 4.10. Chile – Fresh/Chilled Hake Supplier ...... 138 4.11. Uruguay – Mostly Frozen Hake Fillets ...... 141 4.12. New Zealand – Largest Hoki Supplier ...... 143 4.13. Poland – a Frozen Cod Fillet Supplier ...... 144

5. Sources ...... 147

Appendix 1) FIGURES...... 148

Appendix 2) TABLES...... 151

Explanatory Note

It should be noted that the Eurostat (EU) statistics quoted prior to 1995, contain data from only 12 countries. Austria, Sweden and Finland became EU members in that year and are included from 1995 onwards.

The EU 15 countries are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and UK.

All values in the report are nominal and all “prices” are “unit values”.

Acknowledgement

The report has been edited by Nicki Holmyard, fisheries consultant and journalist, UK ([email protected])

4 Executive Summary

EU15 catches of the seven groundfish species declined from 614 000 tonnes in 1994 to 367 000 tonnes in 2003. Cod catches experienced the most significant decline during that period, reducing 52 percent from 236 000 tonnes to 114 000 tonnes. Haddock catches also reduced substantially, falling from 100 000 tonnes plus in 1998 to 63 000 tonnes in 2003. The result is an increase in demand for imports of these species, but fulfilment of this is limited by total available catch, consumption in the catching nations, and demand from other importing countries.

EU15 imports of the seven groundfish species over the last few years amount to more than 900 000 tonnes per year, with a value of between 2 and 2.5 billion euros. The volume in 2004 was 952 000 tonnes, worth 2.3 billion euros. Cod, hake and Alaska pollock are the main species imported, both in volume and in value, but substantial quantities of saithe, haddock, redfish and hoki are also imported. The volume of whole fish, both frozen and fresh/chilled was fairly stable from 2000 to 2004, with a small increase seen in frozen whole fish of 28 000 tonnes, and a small decrease in fresh whole fish of 6 000 tonnes. The largest increase was experienced in the frozen fillets category, where imports rose from 311 000 tonnes in 1991 to 528 000 tonnes in 2004. Fresh fillets also saw a large increase in import volume, rising from 0.5 tonnes to 20 000 tonnes during this period.

While overall cod catches have been decreasing year on year, the EU15 catch has decreased at a faster rate than the global catch, which has resulted in an increased demand for imports of fresh/frozen cod products. In 1996, some 240 000 tonnes of cod was imported, compared with 259 000 tonnes in 2004. In the same period large price increases were seen, although this tendency has slackened off in the past couple of years.

Between 2003 and 2004 the overall EU15 import of cod decreased by 7 000 tonnes and there were fewer whole frozen, whole fresh/chilled fish and meat/mince imported, and more fresh and frozen fillets. The price of whole fish increased during that period, while the price of fillets decreased.

EU15 countries importing the highest volume of fresh/frozen cod from third countries are UK, Denmark, Portugal, Netherlands and Germany. The UK imports mostly for consumption, Denmark for processing and export/re-export, Portugal for processing/consumption as salted, and Netherlands and Germany for both consumption and re-export. Norway, Russia and the Faeroe Isles have become less important as volume exporters over the past few years, while Iceland, China and the USA increased in importance.

The EU15 import of Alaska pollock (surimi excluded) consists almost entirely of frozen fillets and frozen meat/mince. 1 000 to 4 000 tonnes of frozen whole pollock/Alaska pollock are imported annually, supplemented since 2000, by 1 000 to 2 000 tonnes of fresh/chilled whole pollock/Alaska pollock. The import of frozen fillets/mince/meat increased from 64 000 tonnes in 1991 to 216 000 tonnes in 2004. Alaska pollock is traditionally imported from Russia, and since the early 1990s, also from Poland. China began to increase its export in 1991 and the USA became a large exporter in 2001. In 2004 the USA was the largest exporter to the EU15 with a volume of 98 000 tonnes, followed by China at 88 000 tonnes and Russia at 29 000 tonnes.

5 Germany imports more than half of its volume of Alaska pollock from third countries, and increased its import from 104 000 tonnes in 1996 to 140 000 tonnes in 2004. France increased its import from 23 000 tonnes in 1996 to 32 000 tonnes in 2004, while the Dutch import increased from 3 000 tonnes in 1996 to 17 000 tonnes in 2004. The UK import decreased during this time from 32 000 tonnes in 1996 to 14 000 tonnes in 2004. It should be noted that these figures reflect both the net import and consumption of Alaska pollock.

EU15 imports of surimi products almost quadrupled from 23 000 tonnes in 1994 to 80 000 tonnes in 2003, but there was a 4 percent decrease in 2004 to 77 000 tonnes. Approximately two thirds of the import in the last few years has been preparations of surimi, while the remaining third is frozen surimi.

Spain was the largest net importer of surimi in the EU15 between 1995 and 2003, during which time France became the fastest growing market. France took over as the largest net importer in 2004 with 26 000 tonnes, while Spain imported 21 000 tonnes. France mostly imports frozen surimi, while Spain imports surimi preparations. In the same year, 2004, the UK increased its surimi import to10 000 tonnes and Italy to 9 000 tonnes.

The largest exporters of prepared surimi to the EU15 in 2004 were Thailand and China, and South Korea also has a large market share. In 2002 and 2003 Lithuania was one of the top three exporters, but dropped to fourth position in 2004. Malaysia has long been a significant exporter of surimi to EU15 countries, while India and Peru have developed an export market in the past few years. The largest exporting countries to the EU15 of frozen surimi in 2004 were USA at 16 600 tonnes, Chile at 6 300 tonnes and Faeroe Isles at 1 900 tonnes. The USA has always been the largest exporter of frozen surimi to the EU15, but Chile has been eating into this share since 2002 while developing its export market.

EU15 countries import most of their hake from Namibia, Argentina and South Africa, but Chile and Uruguay are also important market contributors. Peru was a significant exporter for a decade until 2003, when catches decreased. EU15 imports of hake totalled 222 000 tonnes in 1991 and increased to 257 000 tonnes in 1994. Since then the hake import has been between 240 000 tonnes and 270 000 tonnes annually. The import of frozen fillets of hake increased slowly from 102 000 tonnes in 1991 to 116 000 tonnes in 2004, while the import of frozen meat/mince increased from 9 000 tonnes in 1991 to 23 000 tonnes in 2004, and the import of frozen whole fish decreased from 104 000 tonnes in 1991 to 66 000 tonnes in 2004. The frozen whole fish import was replaced by an increasing import of fresh/chilled whole fish, which rose from 7 000 tonnes in 1991 to 55 000 tonnes in 2000. In 2004 the import of fresh/chilled whole hake was 52 000 tonnes.

The main importer/net-importer and consumer of hake in the EU15 is Spain, which increased its volume import from third countries from 148 000 tonnes in 1996 to 165 000 tonnes in 2004. In the same period Italy increased its import from third countries from 22 000 tonnes to 31 000 tonnes, Germany from 17 000 tonnes to 25 000 tonnes, and France from 11 000 tonnes to 19 000 tonnes.

Spain exports/re-exports a relatively large share of the yearly import/catch of hake, mainly to Portugal, but also to other EU15 countries. However, Spain remains the largest net importer of hake and increased its net import from 113 000 tonnes in 1996 to 120 000 tonnes in 2004. Portugal and Italy are the next largest net importers; Portugal with a net import of between 33 000 tonnes and 37 000 tonnes during this period, mostly of frozen whole fish, and Italy with a net import of between 33 000 tonnes and 39 000 tonnes. This latter tonnage was

6 initially made up of frozen whole fish, but was gradually replaced by imports of frozen fillets. Germany and France have a yearly net import of between 16 000 tonnes and 24 000 tonnes, mostly of frozen fillets.

EU15 imports of hoki (blue grenadier) increased from less than 4 000 tonnes in 1995, to 25 000 tonnes in 1999, ranged between 15 000 tonnes and 20 000 tonnes until 2003, and decreased to12 000 tonnes in 2004. The majority of hoki comes from New Zealand, but there was a small import from Australia of 280 tonnes in 2004. The two main countries importing hoki are France and Germany.

EU15 countries import fresh and frozen whole haddock and frozen fillets and the highest volume demand has been in frozen fillets over the past few years. The total import has varied from 40 000 tonnes to 80 000 tonnes per year over the last decade. Haddock are mostly imported from Norway, Iceland and the Faeroe Isles, but Russia has also become more important in the last 5 years and China exported 4 000 tonnes in 2004. The nominal price of haddock products was at its lowest in 1997 and highest between 2000 and 2002, but the price for fillets especially, has since declined considerably. The UK has the highest haddock catch in the EU15 but is also the largest importer, buying in between 30 000 tonnes and 60 000 tonnes a year since 1996. Denmark imports more than 10 000 tonnes of haddock each year, most of which is processed and exported to the UK and other EU15 countries.

EU15 countries import large amounts of fresh/frozen saithe products, mostly from Norway, but also from the Faeroe Islands and Iceland. The import from Norway has decreased in the past few years, while the import from the other two countries has increased. The volume imported from Norway in 2004 was 28 000 tonnes, from the Faeroe Islands 24 000 tonnes and from Iceland 20 000 tonnes. The total volume imported reached 98 000 tonnes in 1992 and 1993, but decreased to 63 000 tonnes in 1996. It has since slowly increased, reaching 74 000 tonnes in 2004. A little over half of the total volume was imported as frozen fillets/frozen fillet blocks, with most of the rest made up of chilled whole fish, with some chilled fillets and frozen meat/mince imported. France and Germany are the largest net importers of saithe in the EU15, and are also the largest consumers.

The total EU15 import of redfish decreased from around 60 000 tonnes per year in the early nineties to a little over 50 000 tonnes a year from 1999 onwards. The largest volume was imported as whole chilled fish, but frozen whole fish and frozen fillets also increased their market share in the past few years. In 2004 there were 22 000 tonnes of frozen fillets, 19 000 tonnes of chilled whole fish and 10 000 tonnes of whole frozen fish. Most of the EU15 import of redfish comes from Iceland, and in 2004, 28 of the 53 000 tonnes came from this country. Norway’s share has shrunk considerably the last few years and only 5 000 tonnes now comes annually from Norway, while Chinese exports of redfish have almost doubled, reaching 11 000 tonnes in 2004. Around 2 000 tonnes also comes from the Faeroe Islands each year. Germany is the largest importer and net importer of redfish, with roughly 25 000 tonnes net import per year, while France takes second place with a yearly net import of 7 000 tonnes to 8 000 tonnes. Denmark, Netherlands and UK import more redfish than France from third countries, but they export/re-export most of this fish.

The price (unit value) of all the seven groundfish species seems more or less to have followed the same pattern. Cod fillets mostly achieved the best fillet price during the period under examination, (1996 – 2004) but in certain years, haddock fillets achieved better prices than cod fillets. Certainly haddock fillets showed the largest variation in prices. Alaska pollock fillets made the lowest price during the whole period, while the price for redfish fillets came

7 in between that for Alaska pollock and cod. The price for hake increased faster than that for Alaska pollock, but the hake, hoki and saithe fillets achieved far lower prices than fillets of cod, haddock and redfish.

The UK is the largest consumer and importer of fresh/frozen cod and haddock in Europe. It annually imports more than 110 000 tonnes of cod, mostly as frozen fillets and 50 000 tonnes of haddock as whole chilled fish and frozen fillets. Imports into the UK of Alaska pollock have decreased over the past few years to just 19 000 tonnes in 2004, and there are also minor imports of saithe, hake and redfish. UK groundfish imports comprise mostly frozen fillets, but there has been an increasing import of fresh/chilled whole fish in the past few years. The UK has the largest catches of the seven groundfish species in the EU15, with more than 80 000 tonnes recorded in 2004. The catch consists mostly of haddock and cod, with some saithe. The country has a relatively low export/re-export rate of the seven groundfish species, considering its large import and catches, but nevertheless this increased from around 20 000 tonnes a year in the late nineties to 45 000 tonnes in 2004.

As the next largest groundfish importer and net importer in the EU15, Spain has increased its trend towards the import of fresh/frozen products of the seven groundfish species. The Spanish import of groundfish has been dominated by hake for the past decade, with volumes rising from 162 000 tonnes in 1996 to 180 000 tonnes in 2004, at a value of 456 million euros. Cod is also important to Spanish consumers, and the country’s import has increased over the last few years to 30 000 tonnes in 2004, with a value of 105 million euros. More than 70 percent of the total import volume of the seven species is frozen whole or frozen fillets/meat/mince, and this percentage has increased since 2000. The remaining volume is imported as whole fresh/chilled fish. Spain’s export/re-export of the seven groundfish species amounts to between 50 000 tonnes and 80 000 tonnes per year, mostly as frozen whole fish, with some frozen fillets.

Germany consumes the most Alaska pollock in Europe, with a yearly import of over 100 000 tonnes of frozen fillets. France is the second largest consumer and imports around 50 000 tonnes. In 2004, Germany was the third largest net importer of the seven groundfish species, after the UK and Spain. German imports were valued at 341 million euros, equating to a volume of more than 250 000 tonnes, mostly of frozen fillets and mostly of Alaska pollock. However, the country also imported some 30 000 tonnes of redfish and more than 20 000 tonnes of hake, cod and saithe, making it the largest volume importer of the seven groundfish species in the EU15. Prior to 2003/2004, Germany was also the second largest net importer of the seven groundfish species in the EU15 in terms of value, behind the UK. Spain imported a higher value of fish in 2003 and both Spain and France imported higher values of fish in 2004. Germany has a relatively small export/re-export rate of the seven groundfish species, totalling 60 000 tonnes to 70 000 tonnes of cod and Alaska pollock per year, making its recent net annual import between 190 000 tonnes and 200 000 tonnes.

France together with Germany is the largest net importer of saithe in the EU15. Since French catches have been considerably higher than German, France is the largest consumer of saithe in the EU15. France has imported between 150 000 tonnes and 160 000 tonnes of groundfish each year, increasing to 165 000 tonnes in 2004. This mostly comprises frozen fillets of Alaska pollock, cod, hake and saithe and chilled whole cod and saithe. France also imports small quantities of cod, saithe and redfish, amounting to some 2 000 tonnes to 5 000 tonnes annually.

8 Denmark is a large importer, producer and exporter of the seven-groundfish species, especially of fresh whole and frozen whole cod, and fresh whole saithe and haddock. It also imports some redfish for re-export. The Danish export is almost as large as its import in terms of volume, while the export value is considerably larger than the import value. It is interesting to note that the import volume has decreased over the last tree years, but the export volume has remained stable.

The Netherlands’ import of the seven groundfish species increased from a little less than 50 000 tonnes a year before 2003, to 87 000 tonnes in 2004. The import consists mostly of frozen fillets of cod, Alaska pollock, saithe, hake and redfish, together with fresh and frozen whole cod. Imports of Alaska pollock have increased in the past few years, while imports of the other fish remain constant or in decline, except for cod, imports of which increased in 2004. The Netherlands’ export/re-export of groundfish is considerable and the export of fresh fillets is larger than or similar to the import, which means that a certain amount of processing of fresh fillets for export takes place within the Netherlands.

Portugal imports large quantities of groundfish of different qualities and species, both as chilled/frozen and as salted or dried/salted. A large proportion of the imported chilled/frozen groundfish is generally salted in Portugal before being consumed. The Portuguese import of chilled/frozen fish is mainly of frozen whole cod and hake, amounting to between 60 000 tonnes and 75 000 tonnes annually.

Italy’s import of fresh and frozen groundfish decreased from 57 000 tonnes in 1996 to 50 000 tonnes in 2004. In addition, the catch decreased from 36 000 tonnes in 1994 to 11 000 tonnes in 2003. The catch consists only of hake, which is also the major species imported, but there has also been a cod import, which decreased from 13 000 tonnes in 1996 to 9 000 tonnes in 2004. The hake import consists of an increasing share of frozen fillets and a decreasing share of frozen whole fish.

The Belgian (Luxembourg included) import of the seven groundfish species is between 25 000 tonnes and 30 000 tonnes, and the country catches between 3 000 tonnes and 4 000 tonnes of cod and less than 1 000 tonnes of haddock. The largest import into Belgium is of frozen fillets of cod, hake, saithe and Alaska pollock, with lesser amounts of fresh fillets/whole fresh saithe, cod and redfish. Belgium exports/re-exports about one third of the fresh/frozen fish it imports/catches.

Swedish imports increased from just under 30 000 tonnes prior 2000, to more than 40 000 tonnes in 2004. Sweden imports mostly fresh whole fish and frozen fillets, and exports/re- exports(in transit) 15 000 tonnes - 20 000 tonnes of fresh whole fish and a few tonnes of fresh/frozen fillets.

Ireland has a small but increasing import in terms value of the seven groundfish species, while Greece has a smaller but more constant import. Austria and Finland had the smallest import in 2004 but this is also showing a decreasing trend.

The import values into the EU15 of chilled/frozen products from the seven groundfish species increased from 1.36 billion euros in 1991 to 2.30 billion euros in 2004. In 2004 the largest trade partner for the EU15 countries for fresh and frozen groundfish from the seven defined species was Iceland, followed by Norway, China, USA, Russia and Namibia. The increased importance of Iceland, China and the USA as trade partners for the EU15 is a key development.

9

Icelandic seafood exports amounted to 107 billion ISK in 2004, up from 67 billion ISK in 1990. Most of the country’s export is of groundfish, but there are also considerable values/amounts of crustaceans (mostly shrimps) and pelagic fish. The Icelandic groundfish export grew from 55 billion ISK in 1990 to 80 billion ISK in 2004, with 324 000 tonnes exported in 1990 and 273 000 tonnes in 2004. The most important species exported is fresh/frozen cod, but redfish and haddock are also very important for the Icelandic fish industry. Most of the groundfish are exported to the EU15, but there is also an export of cod and haddock to the USA and a redfish export to Japan, both of which are important for the Icelandic groundfish industry.

Prior to 1990, fillet blocks of cod accounted for more than 40 percent of the export, but this declined to 20 percent between 1993 and 1995, and decreased further to 10 percent between 2001 and 2004. Iceland built up a fresh fillet industry supplying the EU15 market before any other third country and has been able to maintain relatively good prices on its products. The Icelandic processing industry benefits from the fact that its cod are caught all year around, while for instance the Norwegian cod are mostly caught during the winter months.

Norway is one of the largest seafood exporters in the world and in 2003 was the largest volume exporter. Of particularly importance are herring, mackerel, salmon, cod, fishmeal and oil products. The country’s export of traditional cured groundfish products is approximately as large as the export of fresh and frozen products. In 2004, 72 percent by value of cured products were based on cod, but only 54 percent by volume.

Saithe is the other main species used for cured products, together with minor amounts of ling and tusk. Since the raw material (fresh/frozen whole cod and fresh saithe) is the same for the production of cured products as for fresh/chilled/frozen products, there will always be a trade off between types of production. In 2004 the volume of fresh/frozen saithe products exported was larger than the volume of cod products for the first time since 1995, and amounted to 61 000 tonnes of saithe and 55 000 tonnes of cod. A relatively large volume of Haddock was also exported in 2004, amounting to 43 000 tonnes.

More than 65 percent of the export value of fresh/frozen groundfish went to the EU15 in 2004, in line with previous years, with the remainder bought by many different countries. The USA was traditional an important market but has been shrinking of late, while China and some Eastern European countries, especially Ukraine and Russia, are entering the market and buying increasing quantities of whole frozen fish for processing.

Norway has the largest production/sale of farmed cod in the world, but Iceland and the UK also have minor amounts. Norwegian production in 2004 was 3 000 tonnes, while estimates for 2005 and 2006 predict 10 000 tonnes per year, increasing thereafter.

In the past, Russian vessels landed a large proportion of the whole cod processed for fillets in Norwegian factories and exported from Norway. However, this decreased from around 100 000 tonnes in 1997, to 43 000 tonnes in 2004.

The Faeroe Islands exported fish and seafood worth more than 3 billion DKK in 2004. Groundfish was the most important group exported, along with salmon, pelagic fish and minor amounts of other species. The export of 96 000 tonnes of groundfish products was worth almost 2 billion DKK in 2004, while the volume of groundfish increased by almost 40 000 tonnes from 1999 to 2002 and amounted to 102 000 tonnes in 2002. The main increase

10 was in the fresh sector, which in 2004 was the largest in terms of volume with 41 000 tonnes worth 622 million DKK. This represented a significant increase on 1990, when it was 13 000 tonnes worth 160 million DKK. In the same period, the frozen sector decreased from 46 000 tonnes worth 795 million DKK in 1990, to 36 000 tonnes worth 674 million DKK in 2004. The export of cured products increased from 14 000 tonnes worth 357 million DKK in 1990 to 17 000 tonnes worth 586 millions DKK in 2004. Most of the fresh and frozen groundfish products from the Faeroe Islands are exported to the EU15 and in 2004, only 7 percent of the volume and value was exported outside of these countries.

China remains the world’s largest exporter of seafood in value terms and exported more than 2 million tonnes in 2003, an increase of 566 000 tonnes since 2000. While its export of frozen whole fish is rapidly decreasing, the export of frozen fillets is rapidly increasing. China has now become the EU15’s third largest trade partner in the seven groundfish species after Iceland and Norway. The EU15 imported 134 000 tonnes of fillets of the seven groundfish species from China in 2004, up from around 120 000 tonnes in 2001 and 2003. Alaska pollock is the main species imported from China, with 86 000 tonnes of fillets purchased in 2004. The EU15 import of frozen cod fillets from China increased from almost nothing in 1996 to 32 000 tonnes in 2004. The EU15 also imports smaller quantities of redfish fillets and haddock fillets from China. Most of the frozen cod, saithe and redfish fillets coming in to the EU15 from China can be expected to have a European origin.

US exports of seafood increased from 2.9 billion USD in 1990 to 3.7 billion USD in 2004. In that year, the breakdown was 662 000 tonnes of whitefish products, 173 000 tonnes of salmon/trout, 149 tonnes of pelagic fish, 67 tonnes of molluscs and 64 tonnes of crustaceans. Most of the remaining 187 000 tonnes was made up of frozen whole fish, frozen fillets, chilled fillets and chilled whole fish of species not identified in the US trade statistics. US exports of seafood mainly end up in Asia, Europe and other Northern American countries. The US groundfish export to the EU15 increased from relatively small volumes before 2001, mostly of Pacific cod, to 140 000 tonnes in 2004 worth 295 million USD. In 2004 the export consisted mostly of Alaska pollock, together with Pacific cod and hake.

The Russian export of seafood amounted to 1.2 million tonnes in 2003, with Alaska pollock accounting for 431 000 tonnes. Most of the seafood is exported to The Republic of Korea, Japan and China. Russian imports amounted to 712 000 tonnes in 2003, around half of which originated in Norway and mostly comprised Herring. In general terms, both imports and exports consist mostly of frozen whole fish. The EU15 imported more of the seven groundfish species from Russia than from any other country in 2003, but in 2004 Russia was only in fifth place in terms of value and volume, with a decrease of more than 30 000 tonnes on 2003. The import was at its largest in 1998, when it reached more than 200 000 tonnes, with a value of more than 374 million euros. In 2004 the volume was almost 98 000 tonnes with a value of 215 million euros. Russia supplies mainly Alaska pollock and cod to the EU15, but also 5 000 tonnes to 10 000 tonnes of haddock per year and some small quantities of redfish.

Namibia has been the most important exporter of hake in terms of import value, to the EU15 since 1999. Namibia’s catch of Cape hake increased from 22 000 tonnes in 1987 to 88 000 tonnes in 1992 and slowly increased to 192 000 tonnes in 2003. The EU15 imported 95 000 tonnes seafood from Namibia worth 245 million euros in 2004, which is similar to previous years in both volume and value, making the EU15 the most important market for Namibian seafood products. The EU15 import from Namibia was mostly of hake products, with smaller amounts of anglerfish and other saltwater species.

11 The EU15 annual import of seafood from South Africa increased from between 30 000 tonnes and 40 000 tonnes before 1996, to more than 70 000 tonnes in the past few years. This corresponds with an increase in value from 89 000 euros in 1991 to 247 000 euros in 2004, and makes the EU15 the most important market for South African fish. The most important species imported is hake, but squid is also increasing in importance as an export item.

Argentina has been the fourth most important exporter of hake to the EU15 in the past few years, in terms of import value. Between 1991 and 1997 it enjoyed first place, but this has since declined.

Chile has been the third most important exporter of hake to the EU15 in terms of import value over the past four years. In addition to hake, Chile also exports Patagonian grenadier and other species to the EU15. The country has large catches of hake and hoki, together with pelagic species including jack mackerel, anchoveta, chub mackerel and herring.

Uruguay is the fifth most important exporter of hake to the EU15, in terms of import value. In the ten years up to 2003, Uruguay exported between 60 000 tonnes and 100 000 tonnes of seafood each year, with a value of between 80 million and 110 million USD. The EU15 import from Uruguay is mainly of hake, with minor amounts of other saltwater fish and species including squid, shark, swordfish, scallops and crab.

New Zealand is the major exporter of hoki (blue grenadier) to the EU15 and this species is also its most important catch. The EU15 import of hoki consists almost entirely of frozen fillets and increased from around 3 000 tonnes in 1995 to 24 000 tonnes in 1999. Since then it has decreased and in 2004 amounted to some 11 000 tonnes.

Poland is the seventh most important supplier of cod to the EU15 and this export has traditionally been based on its own catch. The EU15 import of cod products from Poland has varied in recent years, but in 2004 amounted to 14 000 tonnes, mostly of frozen fillets, with a small import of chilled whole fish. Most of the frozen fillets are exported to the UK, France and Denmark and the EU15 import of cod from Poland was worth 48 million euros in 2004.

12 1. Overview

World production of fish is increasing year on year and while the capture production has remained pretty stable in the past 15 years, aquaculture production is increasing rapidly.

World total fishery imports increased from 17.4 million tonnes in 1990 to 28.6 million tonnes in 2003, while the value in the same period increased from 39.9 billion USD to 68.3 billion USD. The biggest importers by volume in 2003 were the EU15 countries with 9.3 million tonnes worth 26.0 billion USD, Japan with 3.2 million tonnes worth 12.6 billion USD, USA with 2.2 million tonnes worth11.8 billion USD and China with 2.3 million tonnes worth 2.4 billion USD.

World total fishery exports increased from 17 million tonnes in 1990 to 28 million tonnes in 2003, while the value in the same period increased from 36 to 64 billion USD. The biggest exporters by volume in 2003 were the EU15 countries with 6.1 million tonnes worth15.2 billion USD, Norway with 2.1 million tonnes worth3.7 billion USD, China with 2.1 million tonnes worth 5.4 billion USD and Peru with 1.7 million tonnes worth1.0 billion USD.

World fish trade in fresh, chilled and frozen finfish experienced a strong increasing trend from 1995 onwards. The import volume of 10.2 million tonnes in 1995 increased to 14.6 million tonnes in 2003, while the export volume increased from 10.8 million tonnes to 14.7 million tonnes in the same period. The largest importers in 2003 were the EU15 with 4 million tonnes, Japan with 1.7 million tonnes and China with 1.1 million tonnes. The largest exporters were the EU15 with 3.7 million tonnes, Norway with 1.5 and China and Russia both with 1.1 million tonnes.

The EU15’s import of seafood from third countries (non EU15 members), increased from 2.6 million tonnes worth 7.1 billion euros in 1991, to 4.1 million tonnes worth 12.0 billion euros in 2004. Imports of chilled/fresh/frozen finfish increased from 1.4 million tonnes in 1991 to 2.1 million tonnes in 2004, but chilled/fresh/frozen finfish only increased its share of the total import value of fish from third countries from 42 percent in 1991 to 44 percent in 2004. In the same period, the volume share decreased from 55 percent to 53 percent.

Figure 1. World Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, 1950 –2003

13 12 11 10 Redfish 9 Haddock 8 Saithe 7 Hoki 6 Hake Million MT 5 Cod 4 AP/pollock 3 2 1 0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

13 Total world catches of the seven groundfish species redfish, haddock, saithe, hoki, hake, cod, and Alaska pollock/pollock, declined relatively rapidly from 12.6 million tonnes in 1987 to 6.7 million tonnes in 2003. Catches of Alaska pollock registered the largest decreased, at 3.8 million tonnes or 57 percent, but cod also declined by 1.3 million tonnes or 48 percent.

World aquaculture production of the seven groundfish species is limited to an increasing Norwegian production of cod of 2 200 tonnes in 2003 and a small Icelandic production of haddock and cod totalling 445 tonnes in 2003. Several other countries are also looking into future possibilities for finfish aquaculture, and especially at cod.

Table 1. World Aquaculture of Seven Groundfish Species, 1994 -2003, MT Country Species 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Iceland Atlantic Cod 60 33 0 0 0 0 0 140 192 380 Iceland Haddock 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 Norway Atlantic Cod 569 284 191 304 199 157 169 864 1.253 2.181 United Kingdom Atlantic Cod 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 Total 629 317 191 304 199 157 169 1.019 1.445 2.626 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Aquaculture Production-Quantities

Table 2. EU15 Catches of the Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 236.341 287.833 318.695 292.606 260.779 214.678 179.235 169.615 138.123 113.821 Haddock 112.319 105.084 108.293 108.821 105.363 87.057 67.177 64.175 75.512 62.638 Redfish 46.023 39.021 36.962 41.056 40.063 44.801 36.208 35.836 34.093 38.087 Pollack 11.037 11.070 10.627 9.887 8.642 7.374 8.576 8.991 9.166 8.238 Saithe 68.652 58.080 59.440 56.813 52.268 58.855 57.356 59.994 66.807 55.510 Hake 132.701 137.133 130.255 103.937 95.642 110.436 104.391 98.093 85.981 77.225 Hoki 6.853 10.696 7.848 7.588 16.106 11.481 9.868 13.629 13.001 11.431 Total 613.926 648.917 672.120 620.708 578.863 534.682 462.811 450.333 422.683 366.950 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

EU15 catches of the seven groundfish species declined from 614 000 tonnes in 1994 to 367 000 tonnes in 2003. Cod catches reduced the most, decreasing by 52 percent from 236 000 tonnes to 114 000 tonnes. Haddock catches also reduced substantially from more than 100 000 tonnes in 1998 to just 63 000 tonnes in 2003. The result was an increase in demand for imports of these species, but the EU15 import is limited by total available catches, consumption in the catching nations and the demand from other importing countries.

The EU15 imported 2.14 million tonnes of fresh and frozen finfish products from third countries in 2004, worth almost 5.3 billion euros. Salmondiae, consisting mostly of salmon, was the largest group by volume in 2004, at 396 000 tonnes. The next largest group was ‘other saltwater fish’ comprising products and species not having their own CN number in the EU nomenclature, at 286 000 tonnes. Cod at 259 000 tonnes and hake at 258 000 tonnes were almost as big as the import of ‘other saltwater fish’ in 2004. EU15 countries also imported 218 000 tonnes of Alaska pollock/pollock, 206 000 tonnes of ‘haddock, saithe, redfish, 167 000 tonnes of small pelagics, 127 000 tonnes of tuna and 120 000 tonnes of ‘other freshwater fish’. ‘Other freshwater fish’ are also species not having their own CN number in the EU nomenclature. There was also some import of flatfish, shark, sea bass, sea bream and hoki. Overall, the volume growth was fairly steady and rose by 48 percent between1991 and 2004. This growth mainly came from an increased import of salmon and Alaska pollock, but also from species and products in the categories ‘other freshwater fish’ and ‘other saltwater

14 fish’. Sea bass/sea bream had a large percentage volume growth during the period, increasing by 508 percent, and hoki was a new species introduced onto the European market.

Figure 2. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Fish, Volume

2,200 Hoki 2,000 Sea bass/sea bream 1,800 Sharks 1,600 Flatfishes 1,400 Other freshwaterfish 1,200 Tunas 1,000 Small pelagics 1000 MT 800 Haddock, Saithe, Redfish 600 AP/pollock 400 Hake 200 Cod 0 Other saltwaterfish Salmonidae 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The growth in value was more inconsistent than the growth in volume, but between 1991 and 2003, the value growth in nominal euros was 80 percent, most of it in the period 1993 to 2001. Flatfish, tuna, small pelagics, sea bass/sea bream, cod and hake showed the largest increase in nominal price during the period from 1991 to 2004, although some of this is attributable to a larger percentage being sold as fresh fish and fillets in 2004 than in 1991. This lead to the relatively larger increase in value than in volume for these species. Salmondiae, sharks and Alaska pollock had lower nominal prices in 2004 than in 1991.

Figure 3. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Fish, Value Hoki 5,600 Sea bass/sea bream 4,800 Sharks 4,000 Flatfishes Other freshwaterfish 3,200 Tunas 2,400 Small pelagics

Million EURO 1,600 Haddock, Saithe, Redfish AP/pollock 800 Hake 0 Cod Other saltwaterfish 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Salmonidae Source: eurostat

The EU15 import of frozen fillets of finfish increased by 91 percent between 1991 and 1994, ending at 730 000 tonnes. Fresh/chilled whole fish increased by 61 percent to 650 000 tonnes, while the import of frozen whole fish varied over the period, but showed an overall decrease of 13 percent in 2004, at 537 000 tonnes. The largest percentage increases were in

15 fresh/chilled fillets, where the import in 2004 was 110 000 tonnes, which is seven times as much as in 1991. The increase in frozen meat/mince was 187 percent during this period at 80 000 tonnes, while frozen surimi increased by 471 percent between 1994 and 2004, when it amounted to 27 000 tonnes.

Figure 4. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Fish, Volume

2,200 2,000 1,800 fresh/chilled mince/meat 1,600 frozen surimi 1,400 frozen mince/meat 1,200 fresh/chilled fillets 1,000

1000 MT frozen whole 800 600 fresh/chilled whole 400 frozen fillets 200 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The ‘other saltwater fish’ and ‘other freshwater fish’ categories are interesting because they include some of the fastest growing species competing with the traditional groundfish species in the EU15 market. In 2004 the ‘other saltwater fish’ category including 27 000 tonnes of frozen surimi, 22 000 tonnes of anglerfish, 17 000 tonnes of swordfish, 10 000 tonnes of pink cusk eel (kingclip) and 10 000 tonnes of products from other identified species. In addition, there was around 200 000 tonnes of product from species not identified in the statistics. Table 3 gives an indication of the main nations supplying this fish, which includes a wide range of species such as Patagonian grenadier (hoki) and fresh hake fillets.

16 Table 3. EU15 Import of Saltwater Species Not Identified in the Statistics 2001 2002 2003 2004 Frozen whole 60,936 56,085 59,027 58,404 Argentina 8,425 5,382 6,897 7,001 Falkland Is. 1,864 2,775 3,836 4,301 Senegal 4,252 3,088 2,953 3,557 South Korea 2,304 2,980 4,213 3,506 China 3,341 1,477 3,783 3,006 India 3,752 2,762 2,841 2,657 Brazil 1,100 1,615 2,669 2,440 Seychelles 1,007 4,004 2,856 2,201 Mauritania 5,433 3,894 2,569 2,167 USA 1,368 1,311 1,903 1,939 Yemen 889 475 664 1,772 New Zealand 1,957 1,768 2,024 1,690 Oman 1,366 1,384 1,779 1,623 Indonesia 1,117 730 753 1,622 Frozen fillets 48,353 50,270 51,442 55,637 Argentina 7,979 5,529 6,815 6,671 China 2,688 1,531 4,554 6,626 Greenland 3,705 5,138 3,694 5,493 Iceland 6,803 6,114 6,372 5,096 Chile 1,755 5,827 5,506 4,909 Falkland Is. 2,832 4,349 2,586 3,867 Senegal 5,431 5,058 3,782 3,540 Namibia 736 1,414 1,877 2,967 Vietnam 2,090 1,848 2,093 2,754 Thailand 2,821 2,819 3,083 2,749 New Zealand 1,985 1,886 2,350 2,495 Indonesia 1,140 1,204 1,200 1,341 Fresh/chilled whole 38,021 36,260 41,470 45,181 Morocco 10,128 9,410 10,053 11,130 Iceland 2,840 2,379 2,868 5,191 Senegal 8,101 5,568 4,695 4,871 Mauritania 3,158 3,387 3,873 3,902 Faroe Isles 1,528 1,868 3,375 2,980 Oman 1,122 1,457 2,112 2,639 Turkey 2,873 3,429 2,792 2,416 Brazil 851 1,201 2,042 2,223 Venezuela 1,238 1,256 2,015 1,920 Guinea 732 1,003 1,173 1,179 Croatia 1,136 956 882 1,088 Fresh/chilled fillet 10,628 11,432 15,000 17,362 Iceland 2,485 2,337 2,753 3,643 Sri Lanka 1,764 1,877 2,612 2,936 Indonesia 1,164 1,705 2,845 1,902 Senegal 1,655 1,661 1,764 1,668 Maldives 254 308 448 1,635 Norway 420 491 802 1,214 Fresh/chilled meat/mince 1,297 1,282 1,300 1,656 USA 176 146 187 455 Costa Rica 13 - 212 325 Frozen meat/mince 12,228 12,446 14,141 20,002 Chile 728 1,075 1,480 3,121 Vietnam 503 550 1,463 2,942 Greenland 159 1,029 1,882 2,592 New Zealand 1,761 1,143 1,856 2,270 Indonesia 1,204 1,012 1,270 1,694 Argentina 2,474 1,520 1,118 1,220 Russia 362 528 196 1,080 Total 171,463 167,775 182,380 198,242 Source: Eurostat

17 In the ‘other freshwater fish’ category in 2004, some 120 000 tonnes of product from species not identified in the statistics consists mainly of fish from aquaculture, a category in which there has been a large growth in imports in recent years. The main species are indicated in Table 4.

Table 4. EU15 Import of Freshwater Species Not Identified in the Statistics 2001 2002 2003 2004 Specie Fresh/chilled fillets 37,087 34,970 40,023 49,983 Tanzania 18,808 18,676 22,288 24,755 Tilapia/nile perch Uganda 12,376 10,294 10,320 16,411 Tilapia/nile perch Kenya 2,314 2,566 3,567 5,657 Tilapia/perch/cyprinids Estonia 2,184 2,482 2,830 1,993 Fresh/chilled whole 3,277 2,167 1,783 2,125 Uganda 427 609 773 1,084 Tilapia/nile perch Kenya 136 117 133 225 Tilapia/perch/cyprinids Tanzania 501 270 154 208 Tilapia/nile perch Frozen fillets 20,243 20,387 27,472 41,284 Vietnam 2,086 3,199 7,403 19,363 Catfish(pangasius) Russia 5,869 5,267 5,196 5,994 Carps Tanzania 4,258 4,190 4,679 5,685 Tilapia/nile perch Kazakhstan 825 2,129 Carps Uganda 2,404 1,868 2,747 1,954 Tilapia/nile perch Kenya 436 1,302 1,520 1,042 Tilapia/perch/cyprinids Indonesia 67 35 217 1,020 Tilapia/carps Frozen meat/mince 1,673 1,866 2,152 1,867 Frozen whole 20,224 23,058 21,921 24,416 Thailand 1,242 921 1,230 4,275 Catfish/tilapia Myanmar 3,385 3,211 3,609 3,847 Carps Bangladesh 1,942 2,800 2,755 2,675 Carps Vietnam 523 673 828 2,621 Catfish(pangasius) Indonesia 22 16 69 2,491 Tilapia/carps Uganda 1,218 1,604 1,044 1,355 Tilapia/nile perch Tanzania 583 516 627 1,179 Tilapia/nile perch Total 82,506 82,471 93,425 119,854 Source: Eurostat

The EU15 import of the seven groundfish species has amounted to more than 900 000 tonnes per year over the last few years, with an annual value of between 2 billion euros and 2.5 billion euros. The volume in 2004 was 952 000 tonnes, worth 2.3 billion euros. Cod, hake and Alaska pollock are the main species imported, both in terms of volume and value, but substantial quantities of saithe, haddock, redfish and hoki are also imported.

18

Figure 5. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Fresh/Frozen Product from the Seven Groundfish Species, Volume and Value

1,000 2,500 900 800 Hoki 2,000 Hoki 700 Redfish Redfish 600 Saithe 1,500 Saithe 500 Haddock Haddock

1000 MT 400 A pollock 1,000 A pollock

300 Hake Million EURO Hake 200 Cod 500 Cod 100 0 0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

Between 2000 and 2004, haddock was the species with the largest percentage increase in volume and value. The volume of whole fish, both frozen and fresh/chilled was fairly stable throughout the period, with a small increase in frozen whole fish of 28 000 tonnes and a small decrease in fresh whole fish of 6 000 tonnes. The largest increase was in frozen fillets, up from 311 000 tonnes in 1991 to 528 000 tonnes in 2004. At the same time, frozen mince/meat increased from 19 000 tonnes to 55 000 tonnes. Fresh fillets also experienced a large increase, up from 500 tonnes to 20 000 tonnes in this period. It should be noted that this figure excludes surimi, as EU15 countries do not publish figures for surimi on a species level. It is also worth mentioning that there is a degree of export/re-export of the seven groundfish species from the EU15 to other countries. There was an increase in the total export of fresh/frozen products of these seven species from 23 000 tonnes in 1996 to 46 000 tonnes in 2004. The export/re- export is mostly of hake, cod, redfish and haddock, with small quantities of other species.

Figure 6. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Fresh/Frozen Product from the Seven Groundfish Species, Volume and value

1,000 2,500 900 800 2,000 700 fresh/chilled fillets fresh/chilled fillets 600 fresh/chilled whole 1,500 fresh/chilled whole 500 frozen meat/mince frozen meat/mince 400 1,000 1000 MT frozen fillets frozen fillets

300 frozen whole M illi on EURO frozen whole 200 500 100 0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

19 Table 5. EU15 Import, Export and Net Import of Fresh, Frozen Products from the Seven Groundfish Species, Volume Hake 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Import 264,439 260,494 268,318 263,347 240,677 260,857 257,795 260,723 257,522 Eksport 10,414 6,607 4,490 4,180 6,925 4,156 6,399 17,662 17,222 Net import 254,025 253,887 263,828 259,167 233,752 256,701 251,396 243,061 240,300 Hoki Import 5,461 7,065 21,839 25,473 14,683 19,445 19,436 20,096 12,002 Eksport 699 262 483 67 182 191 70 690 155 Net import 4,762 6,803 21,356 25,406 14,501 19,254 19,366 19,406 11,847 Haddock Import 61,084 58,972 54,500 48,596 46,751 54,598 55,107 67,041 79,068 Eksport 870 26,860 1,126 1,627 1,557 1,312 2,081 3,027 2,366 Net import 60,214 32,112 53,374 46,969 45,194 53,286 53,026 64,014 76,702 Saithe Import 72,022 63,314 65,211 63,900 66,349 71,183 69,037 73,293 74,190 Eksport 900 931 952 1,130 1,306 1,698 1,303 1,295 1,572 Net import 71,122 62,383 64,259 62,770 65,043 69,485 67,734 71,998 72,618 Cod Import 239,792 244,819 232,816 248,603 229,362 246,584 244,589 265,406 258,719 Eksport 6,232 6,580 6,760 5,926 18,032 5,513 5,666 10,307 11,088 Net import 233,560 238,239 226,056 242,677 211,330 241,071 238,923 255,099 247,631 Redfish Import 50,855 48,492 48,801 53,156 51,928 51,812 53,229 52,918 52,503 Eksport 2,471 1,416 1,809 3,107 4,877 4,995 5,278 5,987 9,865 Net import 48,384 47,076 46,992 50,049 47,051 46,817 47,951 46,931 42,638 AP/Pollock Import 172,989 186,736 227,185 147,773 196,586 247,704 211,824 201,567 217,900 Eksport 1,851 1,457 1,739 2,513 896 1,354 550 437 4,035 Net import 171,138 185,279 225,446 145,260 195,690 246,350 211,274 201,130 213,865 Total Import 866,642 869,892 918,670 850,848 846,336 952,183 911,017 941,044 951,904 Eksport 23,437 44,113 17,359 18,550 33,775 19,219 21,347 39,405 46,303 Net import 843,205 825,779 901,311 832,298 812,561 932,964 889,670 901,639 905,601 Source: Eurostat

20 2. EU15 Demand and Catches

World catches and EU15 catches of each of the seven species are discussed in this chapter, together with the EU15 import since 1991 and the latest developments for the most important countries.

2.1. Cod

Cod includes the four species Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Greenland cod (Gadus ogac). The largest catch is currently of Atlantic cod, but in the beginning of the 1980s the catch of Pacific cod increased to more than 400 000 tonnes per year. The main catch of Polar cod was in the1970s, particularly in 1971 when 348 000 tonnes were caught and in 1970 when 268 000 tonnes were landed. From 1950 onwards, the catch slowly increased from 2.1 million tonnes, to a peak of 4.1 million tonnes in 1968 and 3.9 million tonnes in 1969. Since 1971 a decreasing trend can be seen, with catches totalling just 1.2 million tonnes in 2003.

The main nations catching Pacific cod in recent years are the USA at 257 000 tonnes, Russian Federation at 52 000 tonnes and Japan at 33 000 tonnes, with figures quoted for 2003. The main nations catching Atlantic cod are Norway at 217 000 tonnes, Iceland at 206 000 tonnes, Russian Federation at 186 000 tonnes, EU15 countries at 114 000 tonnes and Faeroe Islands at 58 000 tonnes, again all in 2003. Canada, Poland and the USA also had small catches. These figures show that only the Russian Federation has substantial catches of both Atlantic and Pacific cod. Catches of Polar cod in 1971 amounted to 348 000 tonnes but since then, annual catches have ranged between a few thousand tonnes and 40 000 tonnes. The only nation catching Polar cod in the last few years is the Russian Federation, but Norway had relatively large catches around 1970. From 1973 onwards there have been catches of Greenland cod up to 7 000 tonnes a year, caught by Greenland vessels.

Figure 7. World Catches of Cod by Species, 1950 -2003

4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 Thousand MT 1,000 500 0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Atlantic cod Pacific cod Polar cod Greenland cod

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

21 It has been chosen to further analyse the catches and trade of the four cod species in this report, without distinguish between them. The largest catching nations for all cod species in the past few years have been the Russian Federation at 277 000 tonnes in 2003, USA at 268 000 tonnes, Norway at 217 000 tonnes, Iceland at 206 000 tonnes, EU15 at 114 000 tonnes, Faeroe Islands at 58 000 tonnes and Canada at 23 000 tonnes. The total catch decreased from 1.8 million tonnes in 1998 to 1.2 million tonnes in 2003.

A large proportion of the total cod catches are produced, exported and consumed as klipfish, other salted fish and dried fish. Norway exported 34 000 tonnes of klipfish, 24 000 tonnes of salted cod and 4 000 tonnes of dried cod in 2004. The Norwegian export of cured products accounts for 63 percent of the total value of the Norwegian cod export. The annual Icelandic export of cured cod products has been around 50 000 tonnes since 1996. Most of this was salted cod and salted cod fillets, but there was also an increasing volume of dried cod heads, rising from 5 000 tonnes in 1990 to 13 000 tonnes in 2004. The Faeroe Islands exported 14 000 tonnes of cured cod products in 2003, mostly salted cod, but also klipfish fillets and dried cod. Spain, Portugal. Japan, USA and Canada also have a substantial production of cured cod products.

Figure 8. World Catches of Cod by Country, 1950 -2003

4,500

4,000

3,500 Others Canada 3,000 Faeroe Islands 2,500 EU15 2,000 Iceland Norway Thousand MT 1,500 USA 1,000 USSR/Rus.Fed. 500

0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The EU15 countries’ catch of cod weighed more than 900 000 tonnes per year between 1950 and 1975, with a peak in 1968 of almost 1.8 million tonnes. After 1975 the catch slowly decreased to a total of 114 000 tonnes in 2003. The large decreases in recent years are due to the low quotas and catches in the North Sea area. The main catching nations in the EU15 were the UK, Germany, Spain, France and Portugal until 1975, but in more recent years have been Denmark, UK, Sweden and Germany.

Table 6. EU15 Catches of Cod, 1000 MT 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 294 237 210 236 288 319 293 261 215 179 170 138 114 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

With catches declining, the EU15 increased their import of fresh/frozen cod products from 195 000 tonnes in 1991 to 259 000 tonnes in 2004. At the same time the import of cured cod

22 products increased from 129 000 tonnes in 1991 to 157 000 tonnes in 1996 but then decreased to 112 000 tonnes in 2004. The import of cured cod products consists mostly of salted cod, but also some klipfish and dried cod.

Figure 9. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Cod Products, Volume

280 280

240 Other 240 Poland 200 200 fresh/chilled fillets Faroe Isles fresh/chilled whole 160 USA 160 frozen meat/mince 120 China 120 1000 MT 1000 MT frozen fillets Norway 80 80 frozen whole Iceland 40 Russia 40 0 0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

The EU15 import their fresh/frozen cod products mostly from Russia, Iceland, Norway, China, USA, Faeroe Islands and Poland. The import from China of frozen fillets became visible in 1997 and increased to 34 000 tonnes in 2004. The EU15 import of cod consists mainly of frozen whole cod, chilled whole cod and frozen fillets of cod, the latter of which is the largest segment. The figures show an increasing trend for import of fresh/chilled fillets. The import of frozen whole cod increased from 53 000 tonnes in 1991 to 77 000 tonnes in 2004, and of chilled whole cod, the import decreased from 62 000 tonnes in 1991 to 43 000 tonnes in 2004. The import of frozen fillets increased from 80 000 tonnes in 1991 to 115 000 tonnes in 2004 and of frozen meat/mince from less than 1 000 tonnes in 1991 to 10 000 tonnes in 2004. Fresh fillet import increased from less than 1 000 tonnes in 1991 to 14 000 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 10. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Prices of Chilled/Frozen Cod Products

9.00 8.00 7.00 frozen whole 6.00 5.00 frozen fillets 4.00 fresh/chilled whole

EURO/Kg 3.00 2.00 fresh/chilled fillets 1.00 0.00 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The annual unit value of all cod products has been broadly similar in recent years, with fresh and frozen whole fish commanding approximately the same price. However, there is a more recent tendency for fresh whole cod to command a slightly higher value than frozen whole cod. Chilled fillets are in general of higher value than frozen fillets but the overall picture shows cod fillet prices increasing from a low point in 1995 until 2000, then decreasing in 2001, rising again in 2002, before decreasing in 2003 and 2004. It is difficult to say if changes in the composition of the fillet category have influenced the price, although it includes a number of different products such as single frozen fillets and fillet blocks. A price peak for frozen whole cod was seen in 2001, and for chilled whole cod in 2002. Unit values for fresh/chilled fillets are more difficult to interpret since this is a new product, with relatively

23 small quantities selling into specific markets. However the unit value of fresh fillets was far higher than that of frozen fillets between 1999 and 2004 and is worth noting. While frozen fillets have commanded between 4 Euro/Kg and 5 Euro/Kg in recent years, chilled fillets have been worth between 6 Euro/Kg to more than 8 Euro/Kg.

The EU15 countries importing the most fresh/frozen cod from third countries are the UK, Denmark, Portugal, Netherlands and Germany. The UK imports mostly for consumption, Denmark for processing and export/re-export, Portugal for processing/consumption as salted and Netherlands and Germany for both consumption and re-export. The country with the largest net import of cod is the UK at around 100 000 tonnes per year. In 2004 the UK’s net import was 97 000 tonnes, France imported 46 000 tonnes, Portugal 46 000 tonnes, and Spain 20 000 tonnes.

Table 7. EU15 Countries; Import of fresh/frozen Cod from Third Countries, MT 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 United Kingdom 90,663 94,101 91,863 87,231 93,064 94,701 90,701 96,724 92,354 Denmark 58,745 63,665 55,435 54,951 50,929 52,814 54,267 48,301 42,412 Portugal 35,784 27,755 21,552 41,048 22,730 33,012 30,171 35,390 37,419 Netherlands 5,207 6,957 8,411 11,255 10,653 12,882 12,941 15,198 22,378 Germany 19,266 23,492 24,647 19,837 22,408 22,282 22,141 24,378 17,745 Sweden 9,846 12,613 11,177 9,565 9,141 10,421 10,762 13,208 14,704 Spain 3,871 1,796 1,981 3,774 3,353 4,600 10,608 16,059 13,636 France 12,832 9,658 14,317 17,593 12,826 10,821 7,907 10,212 8,836 Others 3,578 4,782 3,433 3,349 4,258 5,051 5,091 5,936 9,235 Total 239,792 244,819 232,816 248,603 229,362 246,584 244,589 265,406 258,719 Source: Eurostat

While the cod catch has been decreasing year on year, the EU15 catch has been decreasing faster than the global catch and increased the demand for import of fresh/frozen cod products from 240 000 tonnes in 1996 to 259 000 tonnes in 2004. In the same period there was a large increase in the average price of cod, but this was tempered by a decreased in the past couple of years. An increased import of both fresh and frozen fillets was noted during the period and Norway, Russia and the Faeroe Isles became less important as exporters in volume, while Iceland, China and the USA increased their export.

EU15 2004

The EU15 imported 7 000 tonnes less cod from third countries in 2004 than in 2003. The total import decreased by 2.5 percent to 259 000 tonnes of cod products. In 2004 there were less whole frozen, whole fresh/chilled fish and meat/mince imported, but more fresh and frozen fillets. The import of chilled whole cod decreased by 7 percent to 43 000 tonnes, while the import of chilled fillets increased by 53 percent to 13 600 tonnes. In general the unit value for whole fish was higher, while the unit value of fillets was lower in 2004 than in 2003.

24 Table 8. EU15 Import of Cod from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Fillets fresh Total 8,932 13,642 52.7% 7.95 7.70 -3.1% Fillets fresh Iceland 6,470 9,460 46.2% 8.33 8.01 -3.8% Fillets fresh Norway 1,729 2,881 66.6% 7.57 7.91 4.5% Fillets fresh Poland 256 842 228.9% 5.16 5.29 2.5% Whole fresh Total 45,580 42,514 -6.7% 2.52 2.68 6.3% Whole fresh Norway 23,123 21,075 -8.9% 2.87 3.12 8.7% Whole fresh Iceland 6,714 9,378 39.7% 2.73 2.62 -4.0% Whole fresh Faeroe Isles 9,059 6,868 -24.2% 2.04 2.18 6.9% Whole fresh Poland 3,526 2,401 -31.9% 1.60 1.65 3.1% Fillets frozen Total 114,101 115,322 1.1% 4.28 4.13 -3.5% Fillets frozen Iceland 27,492 32,853 19.5% 4.86 4.61 -5.1% Fillets frozen China 26,382 32,167 21.9% 3.30 3.36 1.8% Fillets frozen Norway 16,910 16,445 -2.7% 5.33 5.08 -4.7% Fillets frozen Russia 15,345 10,504 -31.5% 3.94 3.64 -7.6% Fillets frozen Poland 14,634 9,169 -37.3% 3.90 4.04 3.6% Fillets frozen Faeroe Isles 5,601 7,468 33.3% 4.91 4.14 -15.7% Meat/mince frozen Total 13,666 9,902 -27.5% 1.59 1.54 -3.1% Meat/mince frozen Iceland 4,368 3,766 -13.8% 1.88 1.83 -2.7% Meat/mince frozen Poland 2,646 1,913 -27.7% 1.09 0.98 -10.1% Meat/mince frozen Norway 2,184 1,321 -39.5% 1.74 1.31 -24.7% Meat/mince frozen USA 2,481 1,173 -52.7% 1.38 1.25 -9.4% Whole frozen Total 83,127 77,339 -7.0% 2.19 2.27 3.7% Whole frozen Russia 54,997 47,951 -12.8% 2.13 2.28 7.0% Whole frozen USA 16,293 18,144 11.4% 2.29 2.28 -0.4% Whole frozen Norway 5,640 5,276 -6.5% 2.39 2.49 4.2% Whole frozen Greenland 1,854 2,163 16.7% 1.46 1.44 -1.4% Total Total 265,406 258,719 -2.5% 3.31 3.42 3.3% Source: Eurostat

Iceland remains the largest supplier of frozen fillets of cod to the EU15 and increased its export by 20 percent to 33 000 tonnes in 2004. China increased its export by 22 percent and supplied 32 000 tonnes in 2004. While Norwegian supplies remained at the same level, Russia and Poland decreased their export by more than 30 percent in 2004. The unit value of fillets from China was considerably lower than that reported by the other main suppliers. The unit value of fillets from China increased in 2004 compared with 2003, but decreased from all other suppliers except Poland. Both Iceland and Norway increased their export of fresh fillets to the EU15 but the average unit value was slightly lower in 2004 than in 2003. Norway remains the largest supplier of whole fresh cod, but the volume both from Norway and the Faeroe Isles dropped in 2004 while the volume from Iceland increased. For whole frozen cod the volume from Russia dropped, while the volume from the USA increased.

EU15 countries that decreased their cod import from third countries include Denmark, Germany, UK, Spain and France, while Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden and Portugal increased their import substantially.

The UK and Germany reported a lower net import of cod in 2004 than in 2003, while Ireland, Belgium, Portugal, Spain and France increased their net import.

25 Table 9. EU15 Countries Net Import of Cod, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT 2003 2004 % United Kingdom 106,442 97,144 -8.7% France 45,690 46,400 1.6% Portugal 44,238 46,314 4.7% Spain 19,303 19,687 2.0% Belgium 7,983 9,198 15.2% Italy 7,231 7,962 10.1% German 8,094 6,452 -20.3% Ireland 1,559 2,258 44.8% Greece 1,314 1,598 21.6% Sweden 1,291 1,392 7.8% Austria 1148 933 -18.7% Netherlands 10795 583 -94.6% Finland 90 140 55.6% Denmark -12166 -25590 110.3% Source: Eurostat

For whole fresh/chilled cod the unit value was higher in the latter half of 2004 than in the first half, or in 2003. The unit value of frozen fillets also increased in summer 2004 and stayed at a higher level for the remainder of the year. Frozen whole cod commanded a higher unit price for the majority of 2004 than in 2003. Fresh fillet prices mostly refer to the trade between Iceland and the UK and were generally higher than those for frozen fillets. There was also a larger variation seen in the unit value of fresh fillets, but on the whole they followed the same trend as the other categories.

Figure 11. EU15 Import of Whole Cod from Third Countries, Unit Value

3.50

3.00

2.50 Whole chilled Whole frozen 2.00 EURO/Kg

1.50

1.00 Jul. Jul. Jun. Oct. Jun. Oct. Apr. May Apr. May Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Feb. Aug. Feb. Aug. Feb. Sep. Dec. Sep. Dec. jan.05 Jan.03 Jan.04 Source: Eurostat

26 Figure 12. EU15 Import of Cod fillets from Third Countries, Unit Value

9.00

8.00

7.00 Fillet chilled 6.00 Fillet frozen EURO/Kg 5.00

4.00

3.00 Jul. Jul. Jun. Oct. Jun. Oct. Apr. May Apr. May Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Feb. Aug. Feb. Aug. Feb. Sep. Dec. Sep. Dec. jan.05 Jan.03 Jan.04 Source: Eurostat

Frozen fillets are the large single product category imported to the EU15 from third countries and their unit value follows a similar trend, regardless of country of origin. Norway commands the highest price for its fillets, and currently achieves more than 5 euros/kg compared with China, where the unit price is less than 3.5 euros/kg.

Figure 13. EU15 Import of Frozen Fillets of Cod, Unit Values from Important Origins

6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 Iceland Norway 4.00 Russia

EUR O /Kg 3.50 China 3.00 2.50 2.00 Ju l. Ju l. Jun. Oct. Jun. Oct. Apr. May Apr. May Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Feb. Aug. Feb. Aug. Feb. Sep. Dec. Sep. Dec. jan.05 Jan.03 Jan.04 Source: Eurostat

UK 2004

The UK is the largest importer and consumer of cod in Europe, with frozen fillets/fillet blocks the main import product. The UK imported 6 percent less in 2004 than in 2003, with the main reduction seen in the whole frozen cod category, which was down -27 percent to 13 000 tonnes. While the import of fresh fillets increased by 37 percent to almost 6 000 tonnes, the import of frozen fillets were reduced by 3 percent to 78 000 tonnes.

Table 10. UK Import of Cod, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 123,628 116,815 -5.5% 3.72 3.82 2.7% Fillets frozen 80,835 78,339 -3.1% 4.26 4.18 -1.9% Whole fresh 17,985 17,398 -3.3% 2.23 2.34 4.9% Whole frozen 18,256 13,255 -27.4% 2.02 2.21 9.4% Fillets fresh 4,284 5,876 37.2% 8.08 7.64 -5.4% Meat/mince frozen 2,268 1,947 -14.2% 2.13 1.97 -7.5% Source: Eurostat

27

Almost all the fresh fillet category is imported from Iceland, while the main source of the UK import of frozen fillets/fillet blocks is Iceland and Denmark. The import from Iceland increased by 16 percent in 2004 to 17 500 tonnes. There was a decrease in the UK import of frozen fillets from Russia, down 45 percent to 6 000 tonnes, and an increase from the Faeroe Isles of 63 percent to almost 7 000 tonnes. There was also a decrease in the import from Poland of 46 percent to 1 600 tonnes.

Table 11. UK Import of Frozen fillets of Cod, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 80,835 78,339 -3.1% 4.26 4.18 -1.9% Iceland 15,180 17,541 15.6% 5.10 4.86 -4.7% Denmark 17,567 17,456 -0.6% 4.41 4.53 2.7% China 16,287 15,125 -7.1% 3.21 3.14 -2.2% Norway 7,976 8,130 1.9% 4.61 4.45 -3.5% Faeroe Isles 4,215 6,859 62.7% 4.82 4.06 -15.8% Russia 11,234 6,171 -45.1% 3.98 3.75 -5.8% Germany 1,490 1,691 13.5% 4.63 4.24 -8.4% Poland 3,017 1,622 -46.2% 3.53 3.81 7.9% Source: Eurostat

France 2004

French imports of cod were 1.4 percent higher in 2004 than in 2003. The import of whole fish decreased, while the import of frozen fillets/fillet blocks/meat and fresh fillets increased. The major change was an increased import of fresh fillets by 46 percent to 3 800 tonnes. According to French trade statistics the major supplying nations for fresh fillets are Iceland, Poland and Denmark, and the major increase is from Poland. The major supplying nations for frozen fillets are Norway, Iceland, China, Denmark and UK. While French imports of frozen fillets from Norway, Iceland and China show an increasing trend, imports from Denmark are decreasing.

Table 12. French Import of Cod, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 47,347 47,995 1.4% 3.80 3.83 0.8% Whole fresh 21,415 20,620 -3.7% 3.08 3.18 3.2% Fillets frozen 15,529 15,881 2.3% 5.15 4.81 -6.6% Meat/mince frozen 3,261 4,054 24.3% 1.37 1.75 27.7% Fillets fresh 2,608 3,812 46.2% 6.78 6.65 -1.9% Whole frozen 4,534 3,628 -20.0% 2.57 2.67 3.9% Source: Eurostat

The largest product category imported by France is chilled/fresh whole cod. Both French trade statistics and Eurostat indicate a small decrease in the amount imported between 2003 and 2004, but an increase in the unit value. French trade statistics are seen as being more accurate, since the intra trade is registered at the borders and not calculated. According to their figures, the import decreased by 0.6 percent to 20 200 tonnes, while the unit value increased by 4.6 percent to 3.18 euros/kg. The import from Denmark increased by 25.6 percent in 2004 to 7 400 tonnes, while the import from Poland decreased by 36.2 percent to

28 1 700 tonnes. The import in 2004 from Norway was 3 900 tonnes and from the Netherlands 2 200 tonnes, both of which showed a small increase on 2003.

Table 13. French Import of Whole Chilled/Fresh Cod, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 20,314 20,195 -0.6% 3.04 3.18 4.6% Denmark 5,927 7,444 25.6% 3.61 3.67 1.7% Norway 3,745 3,917 4.6% 3.62 4.09 13.0% Netherlands 2,066 2,159 4.5% 2.23 2.15 -3.6% Poland 2,746 1,752 -36.2% 1.64 1.74 6.1% Germany 1,294 1,388 7.3% 1.60 1.71 6.9% Source: French Trade Statistics

Portugal 2004

Portugal mainly imports whole frozen cod for salting. The import increased by 4 percent in 2004 compared to 2003 and the unit value was generally higher in 2004 than in 2003.

Table 14. Portuguese Import of Cod, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 48,522 50,470 4.0% 2.27 2.47 8.8% Whole frozen 44,433 46,049 3.6% 2.23 2.38 6.7% Whole fresh 834 3,118 273.9% 5.84 4.06 -30.5% Meat/mince frozen 2,309 1,125 -51.3% 1.69 1.75 3.6% Fillets frozen 892 144 -83.9% 2.38 2.81 18.1% Fillets fresh 54 34 -37.0% 3.44 4.47 29.9% Source: Eurostat

Whole frozen cod are mostly imported from Russia, but the USA and some other countries export/re-export cod to Portugal. There was a 1 percent decrease in the import from Russia taking the total to just under 25 000 tonnes, but an increase from the USA of 48 percent, taking the import from 5 000 tonnes to 7 700 tonnes.

Table 15. Portuguese Import of Whole Frozen Cod, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 44,433 46,049 3.6% 2.23 2.38 6.7% Russia 25,209 24,956 -1.0% 2.19 2.36 7.8% USA 5,198 7,710 48.3% 2.10 2.25 7.1% Spain 5,282 4,963 -6.0% 2.48 2.68 8.1% Norway 2,020 2,512 24.4% 2.25 2.44 8.4% United Kingdom 2,612 2,491 -4.6% 2.28 2.46 7.9% Denmark 2,272 1,543 -32.1% 2.53 2.54 0.4% Source: Eurostat

29 2.2. Alaska Pollock/Pollock

The two species Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and pollock (Pollachius pollachius) are considered together, as EU trade statistics for some product categories include both species in the same CN number. The catch and trade of Alaska pollock is much larger than that of pollock, so most of the data refers to Alaska pollock.

In 1950 Japan caught 133 000 tonnes of Alaska pollock, and increased the catch to more than 3 million tonnes in 1972 and 1973, before it decreased considerably from the 1970s onwards to less than 500 000 tonnes in 1992. The USSR/Russian Federation reported catches in excess of 100 000 tonnes from 1960 onwards. In1972 these topped 1 million tonnes and in 1975 increased to more than 2 million tonnes per year. From 1984 to 1989 they increased further to more than 3 million tonnes, with a peak of 3.6 million tonnes in 1986. Since then the catch has decrease slowly to 827 000 tonnes in 2002, rising to around 1.1 million tonnes in 2003.

As the Japanese catch began to decline from the early 1980s, so the USA entered the picture, landing more than 1.3 million tonnes by 1987 and between 1.2 and 1.4 million tonnes per year until 1997. After 1997, four years of lower catches were experienced of between 1.1 million tonnes and 1.2 million tonnes, rising to 1.4 million tonnes in 2001 and 1.5 million tonnes in 2002 and 2003. The Republic of Korea reported catches of between 200 000 tonnes and 500 000 tonnes between 1973 and 2001, but this reduced to just 25 000 tonnes in 2002 and 22 000 tonnes in 2003. China and Poland had a catch of between 200 000 tonnes and 300 000 tonnes per year in the 1980s and 1990s, but reported none in the recent years. The only other countries reporting a catch after 2000 are the People's Democratic Republic of Korea with 60 000 tonnes and Canada with between 2 000 tonnes and 5 000 tonnes per year. The total catch of Alaska pollock went up from 100 000 tonnes to 455 000 tonnes during the 1950s and up to more than 5 million tonnes in 1975 and 1976, before decreasing to 4 million tonnes in the late 1970s. It then rose steadily to a peak from 1984 to1989 when between 6 million tonnes and 7 million tonnes were caught, after which time there was a decreasing trend with the catch standing at around 3 million tonnes over the past few years.

Figure 14. World Catches of Alaska Pollock by Country, 1950 -2003

7,000

6,000 Other 5,000 Poland 4,000 China Korea, Rep. of 3,000 1000 MT USSR/Rus. Fed. 2,000 USA Japan 1,000

0 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The overall catch of pollock is small at a few thousand tonnes per year, compared with the catch of Alaska pollock. Pollack is only caught and consumed in Europe. Before 1977 the

30 annual catch was between 4 000 tonnes and 7 000 tonnes with the largest catching nations being Norway, Spain and Sweden. From 1977 onwards the catch began to decrease, registering 18 000 tonnes in 1980 and 10 000 tonnes in 1999. In 2003 the total catch was 12 000 tonnes. The major catching nations since 1977 have been Norway, France, UK, Denmark, Spain and Ireland. The EU25 quota for pollock in 2003 was around 20 000 tonnes, of which 8 were caught. The EU25 quotas for 2004 and 2005 were at the same level.

Figure 15. World Catches of Pollack by Country, 1950 -2003

18 16 14 Other 12 Ireland 10 United Kingdom 8

1000 MT France 6 Norway 4 2 0 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

In the EU statistics the whole fish CN numbers for fresh/chilled whole and frozen whole included both pollock and Alaska pollock in the same CN numbers. However, the CN numbers for frozen fillets and frozen meat referred only to Alaska pollock. There are no other CN numbers for pollock or Alaska pollock, so it is not possible to ascertain the import level of frozen fillets/meat of pollock or fresh fillets of pollock or Alaska pollock, although it is thought unlikely that these categories would be of any considerable size. The one significant category is surimi of Alaska pollock, but the EU statistics have only two CN-numbers for surimi; one for frozen and one for prepared products, and these include surimi made from all species. However, it is believed that the majority of the surimi imported to EU15 countries is made from Alaska pollock.

Figure 16. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Alaska Pollock Products, Volume

250 250

200 200 Others fresh/chilled whole 150 Poland 150 frozen meat/mince Russia frozen fillets

1000 MT 100 100 China 1000 MT frozen whole USA 50 50

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

The EU15 import of Alaska pollock (surimi excluded) consists almost entirely of frozen fillets and frozen meat/mince. Since 2000, between 1 000 tonnes and 4 000 tonnes of frozen whole pollock/Alaska pollock has been imported annually, together with 1 000 tonnes to 2 000 tonnes of fresh/chilled whole pollock/Alaska pollock. The import of frozen fillets/

31 mince/meat increased from 64 000 tonnes in 1991 to 225 000 tonnes in 1998, went down to 145 000 tonnes in 1999, but up again in the following two years to 243 000 tonnes in 2001. In 2002 and 2003 the import reduced, but rose again in 2004 to 216 000 tonnes. Most of the Alaska pollock derived from Russia, but also from Poland in the early 1990s. China has increased its export since 1991 and the USA came in as a large exporter from 2001 onwards. In 2004 the USA was the largest exporter to the EU15 with 98 000 tonnes, China second with 88 000 tonnes and Russia third with 29 000 tonnes. The largest of the other exporting countries was Norway with 1 300 tonnes of fresh/chilled or frozen whole pollock.

The unit value of Alaska pollock fillets was more or less stable from 1992 to 1997, after which time it increased from just under 1.50 euros/kg to 2.25 euros/kg in 2002. Its 2003 unit value was down to1.93 euros/kg, rising to 1.71 euros/kg in 2004. The price of frozen meat/mince followed the same upward trend until 2002, when it decreased.

Figure 17. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Frozen Alaska Pollock Products, Unit Value

2.50

2.00

1.50 frozen fillets 1.00 frozen meat/mince EURO/Kg

0.50

0.00

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

Germany imports more than half of the total volume of Alaska pollock from third countries, and increased its purchase from 104 000 tonnes in 1996 to 140 000 tonnes in 2004. France increased its import from 23 000 tonnes in 1996 to 32 000 tonnes in 2004, while the Dutch import increased from 3 000 tonnes in 1996 to 17 000 tonnes in 2004 and the UK’s import decreased from 32 000 tonnes in 1996 to 14 000 tonnes in 2004. These figures include both the net import and consumption of Alaska pollock.

Table 16. EU15 Countries; Import of Pollock/Alaska Pollock from Third Countries, MT 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Germany 103,889 124,495 160,610 95,420 131,270 161,774 141,441 132,080 140,086 France 23,317 21,893 22,930 23,181 29,442 35,587 31,434 31,033 31,851 Netherlands 3,451 1,723 3,820 2,491 3,201 7,562 6,377 9,439 17,255 United Kingdom 31,711 28,463 23,777 14,724 19,158 22,587 13,669 13,890 13,839 Sweden 3,528 2,995 4,019 3,150 3,219 4,152 4,292 4,199 5,258 Belgium* 992 1,333 1,049 1,409 1,026 2,010 1,472 2,076 2,888 Denmark 4,170 3,401 6,605 3,650 3,570 3,160 3,860 3,357 2,804 Spain 1,581 2,239 3,738 1,623 3,258 5,137 4,956 3,436 2,279 Portugal 53 - 304 1,672 2,024 5,373 4,035 1,721 1,399 Others 297 194 333 453 418 362 288 336 241 Total 172,989 186,736 227,185 147,773 196,586 247,704 211,824 201,567 217,900 Source: Eurostat

Germany traditionally re-exports between 20 000 tonnes and 30 000 tonnes of Alaska pollock each year. For the past few years the UK has re-exported most of its import, while the other

32 EU15 countries have virtually no re-export. Germany had a net import of 119 000 tonnes in 2004, up from 105 000 tonnes in 1996. France imports Alaska pollock from other EU15 countries and third countries, and its net import increased from 34 000 tonnes in 1996 to 49 000 tonnes in 2004.

EU15 2004

The EU15 import of Alaska pollock was 218 000 tonnes in 2004, up 8.1 percent on 2003. The increase was seen in the frozen fillet category, which rose by 9.5 percent. The average unit value of Alaska pollock products was 10.7 percent lower in 2004 than in 2003.

Table 17. EU15 Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 201,567 217,900 8.1% 1.87 1.67 -10.7% Fillets frozen 183,352 200,750 9.5% 1.93 1.71 -11.4% Meat/mince frozen 15,648 15,233 -2.7% 1.20 1.08 -10.0% Whole fresh 1,724 1,266 -26.6% 2.42 2.78 14.9% Whole frozen 843 651 -22.8% 1.33 1.33 0.0% Source: Eurostat

Table 18. EU15 Countries Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT 2003 2004 % Total 201,567 217,900 8.1% USA 64,703 98,825 52.7% China 85,056 87,592 3.0% Russia 49,023 29,484 -39.9% Norway 1,763 1,300 -26.3% Source: Eurostat

There was an increase of 52.7 percent in the import of Alaska pollock from the USA, taking the total to 99 000 tonnes, while imports from China rose by 3 percent to 88 000 tonnes. A large decrease was seen in the import from Russia, which was down almost 40 percent to 29 000 tonnes. The import from Norway comprises whole fresh/whole frozen pollock. The EU15 countries that increased their import of Alaska pollock from third countries in 2004 were Germany and the Netherlands, with an increase of 8 000 tonnes each. Countries with a larger net import were Germany, up 5.4 percent to 119 000 tonnes, France up 12.4 percent to 49 000 tonnes, and the Netherlands up 62.9 percent to 16 000 tonnes.

Table 19. EU15 Countries Net Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT 2003 2004 % Germany 113,215 119,313 5.4% France 43,555 48,957 12.4% Netherlands 9,687 15,783 62.9% United Kingdom -1,467 6,844 Sweden 5,683 5,528 -2.7% Other 16,814 14,444 -14.1% Source: Eurostat

33 Towards the end of 2004 the unit value of Alaska pollock fillets was similar from China, Russia and the USA, as prices from the latter two fell to meet that of China as a result of increased competition.

Figure 18. EU15 Import of Frozen Alaska Pollock Fillets, Unit Value from Most Important Countries

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

EURO/Kg 1.00

0.50

0.00 Jul. Jul. Mai Jul. May May Mar. Mar. Mar. Nov. Nov. Nov. Sep. Sep. Sep. Jan.02 Jan.03 Jan.04 Jan.05

Russia USA China

Source: Eurostat

Germany 2004

Germany increased its import of frozen Alaska pollock fillets by 8.2 percent to 137 000 tonnes in 2004, up from 126 000 tonnes in 2003. At the same time the import of frozen mince/meat decreased by 21.4 percent to 8 000 tonnes and the overall unit value fell by more than 12 percent. The import of frozen fillets from Russia decreased by 36.9 percent to 22 000 tonnes, while the import from the USA increased by 64.3 percent to 51 000 tonnes in 2004 compared with 2003.

Table 20. German Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 136,470 144,566 5.9% 1.90 1.67 -12.1% Fillets frozen 126,314 136,674 8.2% 1.93 1.70 -11.9% Meat/mince frozen 9,881 7,763 -21.4% 1.47 1.03 -29.9% Whole fresh 133 100 -24.8% 2.41 2.81 16.6% Whole frozen 142 29 -79.6% 3.25 4.34 33.5% Source: Eurostat

Table 21. German Import of Frozen Fillets of Alaska Pollock, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT 2003 2004 % Total 126,314 136,674 8.2% China 58,020 59,226 2.1% USA 31,146 51,171 64.3% Russia 34,828 21,966 -36.9% UK 1,006 2,308 129.4% Denmark 275 1,536 458.5% Source: Eurostat

34 France 2004

The total French import of Alaska pollock/pollock increased by 10.6 percent to 50 000 tonnes in 2004, with a notable increase in the frozen fillet category, up 5.7 percent to 41 000 tonnes. There was also an increase in import of whole fresh fish, mostly derived from the UK, but also originating from Sweden and other EU15 countries. This is likely to be pollock rather than Alaska pollock.

Table 22. French Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 45,309 50,114 10.6% 2.06 1.75 -15.0% Fillets frozen 38,907 41,127 5.7% 2.14 1.89 -11.7% Meat/mince frozen 4,807 4,550 -5.3% 1.13 1.15 1.8% Whole fresh 1,584 4,421 179.1% 2.94 1.13 -61.6% Whole frozen 11 16 45.5% 1.00 1.81 81.0% Source: Eurostat

France maintained a high import level of frozen Alaska pollock fillets from China in 2004, increasing its purchase by nearly 3 percent to 15 000 tonnes. Imports from the USA increased by 29.3 percent to 10 000 tonnes, while imports from Russia decreased by 42.1 percent to 3 000 tonnes.

Table 23. French Import of Frozen Fillets of Alaska Pollock, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT 2003 2004 % Total 38,907 41,127 5.7% China 14,435 14,853 2.9% USA 7,731 9,997 29.3% Russia 5,040 2,919 -42.1% Other 11,701 13,358 14.2% Source: Eurostat

Netherlands 2004

The Netherlands increased its import of frozen Alaska pollock filets by 79.6 percent to 19 000 tonnes between 2003 and 2004 with the majority originating from the USA. At the same time the re-export increased by more than 2 000 tonnes.

Table 24. Netherlands Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 10,438 18,747 79.6% 2.09 1.79 -14.4% Fillets frozen 9,912 17,942 81.0% 2.13 1.82 -14.6% Meat/mince frozen 422 607 43.8% 1.41 0.93 -34.0% Whole frozen 46 198 330.4% 2.41 1.94 -19.5% Whole fresh 58 0.40 Source: Eurostat

35

2.2.1. EU15 Import of Surimi

Global surimi production is estimated to be between 550 000 tonnes and 600 000 tonnes, with approximately half of the volume based on Alaska pollock. Other species used for surimi production are threadfin bream (itoyori), atka mackerel, hoki, blue whiting and cod.

The largest surimi producers are the USA, Thailand and Japan, while the largest consumers are Japan at around 400 000 tonnes and South Korea at around 100 000 tonnes. The USA and some EU15 countries, notably France, consume substantial quantities of surimi. Japan imports 300 000 tonnes each year and South Korea imports 100 000 tonnes, making these two countries the largest importers of surimi. Europe and especially France is one of the fastest growing markets.

Figure 19. EU15 Import of Surimi from Third Countries, Volume

80 70 60 50 frozen 40 prepared

1000 MT 30 20 10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The EU15 net import of surimi products increased from 23 000 tonnes in 1994 to 80 000 tonnes in 2003, but there was a 4 percent decrease in 2004 to 77 000 tonnes. Approximately two thirds of the import in the past few years has been preparations of surimi, with the remaining one third frozen surimi. Spain was the largest net importer in the EU15 from 1995 to 2004, when France, the fastest growing market took the lead, importing nearly 26 000 tonnes compared with Spain’s 21 000 tonnes. France imports mostly frozen surimi while Spain imports surimi preparations. The UK had a net import of 10 000 tonnes and Italy 9 000 tonnes of surimi in 2004, representing an increase for both countries.

Table 25. EU15 Countries Net Import of Surimi, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 France 7,512 8,615 9,454 11,248 12,249 15,744 11,711 14,259 18,771 21,242 25,979 Spain 6,809 10,902 13,184 17,999 21,467 22,880 21,623 23,200 20,469 22,331 20,730 UK 1,465 609 2,224 3,563 3,540 6,890 8,237 8,981 8,310 8,830 10,275 Italy 2,839 2,872 3,773 5,110 5,775 7,330 7,324 7,996 6,815 7,993 8,950 Other 2,302 4,687 6,468 8,072 8,521 9,663 10,913 9,997 7,792 13,058 16,452 Source: Eurostat

France exports/re-exports between 1 000 tonnes and 2 000 tonnes of surimi each year compared with Spain, which exports/re-exports 3 000 tonnes to 4 000 tonnes. In 2004 Italy, Netherlands and Germany exported/re- exported more than 1 000 tonnes. The large Belgian import of surimi preparations is mainly re-exported to other EU15 countries. In 2004 France

36 increased its import of surimi by 5 000 tonnes to 28 000 tonnes, while Spain imported 1 500 tonnes less surimi.

Table 26. EU15 Countries Import of Surimi, MT Frozen Frozen Prepared Prepared Total Total 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 France 15,081 18,202 7,708 9,375 22,789 27,577 Spain 8,634 8,593 16,869 15,414 25,503 24,007 UK 29 166 8,877 10,189 8,906 10,355 Italy 1,514 1,385 7,661 8,582 9,175 9,967 Belgium 185 222 13,846 8,536 14,031 8,758 Netherlands 330 3,573 4,748 4,743 5,078 8,316 Portugal 70 277 2,181 2,632 2,251 2,909 Denmark 1,984 1,181 1,279 898 3,263 2,079 Sweden 18 110 2,354 2,123 2,372 2,233 Germany 156 326 2,433 2,654 2,589 2,980 Other 43 69 570 708 Source: Eurostat

The EU15 imported roughly 150 million euros worth of surimi each year from third countries between 1999 and 2003. In 2004 unit values fell, leading to a consequent drop in the total import value to 120 million euros. The largest exporting country to the EU15 of frozen surimi in 2004 was the USA at 16 600, followed by Chile at 6 300 tonnes and the Faeroe Isles at 1 900 tonnes. While the USA has always been the largest exporter of frozen surimi to the EU15, Chile has grown in significance since 2002.

Figure 20. EU15 Import of Frozen Surimi from Third Countries, Volume

30

25

Other 20 Thailand 15 Faroe Isles

1000 MT Chile 10 USA 5

0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The largest exporters to the EU15 of prepared surimi in 2004 were Thailand and China, the latter country finally taking over from South Korea as the second largest exporter. In 2002 and 2003 Lithuania picked up on a decreased market share by China, but returned to fourth position in 2004 as China got its exports back on track. Malaysia has always enjoyed a small market share, while India and Peru have developed their export market in the past few years.

37 Figure 21. EU15 Import of Surimi Preparations from Third Countries, MT

60

Other 50 Peru 40 India Malaysia 30 Lithuania 1000 MT 20 South-Korea China 10 Thailand

0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

In the frozen surimi market, import prices from the two major exporting countries into France decreased in 2003 and now hover just above the 1.00 euro/kg level. Before the fall in 2003, the USA commanded a higher unit price than Chile, but this price gap closed towards the end of 2004 and values remain broadly similar.

Figure 22. French Import Prices on Frozen Surimi

2.50

2.00

1.50 USA Chile 1.00 EURO/Kg

0.50

0.00 Jul. Jul. Jul. Mai May May Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Sep. Sep. Sep. Jan.02 Jan.03 Jan.04 Jan.05

Source: Eurostat

After a sharp drop in the unit value of imports of surimi preparations from China, South Korea and Thailand in early 2004, prices into Spain remained stable for most of the year, before dropping further in early 2005. Throughout 2003 and 2004, there was roughly a 0.5 Euro/kg difference in the unit price of product from South Korea and Thailand compared with China, but at the start of 2005 this had narrowed and prices were broadly similar.

38 Figure 23. Spanish Import Prices on Surimi

3.00

2.50

2.00 China 1.50 South-Korea Thailand EURO/Kg 1.00

0.50

0.00 Ju l. Ju l. Ju l. Mai May May Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Sep. Sep. Sep. Jan.02 Jan.03 Jan.04 Jan.05

Source: Eurostat

Figure 24. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Frozen Alaska Pollock Fillet and Frozen Surimi

2.50

2.00

1.50 AP frozen fillet

1.00 Surimi frozen EURO/Kg

0.50

0.00 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Figure 25. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Frozen Alaska Pollock Fillet and Frozen Surimi

2.50

2.00

1.50 AP frozen fillet Surimi frozen 1.00 EURO/Kg

0.50

0.00 Jul. Mai Jul. May Mar. Mar. Nov. Nov. Sep. Sep. Jan.03 Jan.04 Jan.05 Source: Eurostat

39 2.3. Hake

There are many different species of hake and in this report the definitions and figures from ‘FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production’ are used, and are defined below.

Name Scientific Name(s) Argentine Hake Merluccius hubbsi Benguela Hake Merluccius polli Cape Hake/Shallow-water Cape Hake (= Cape Hake) Merluccius paradox / Merluccius capensis European Hake Merluccius merluccius North Pacific Hake Merluccius productus Offshore Silver Hake Merluccius albidus Panama Hake Merluccius angustimanus Red Hake Urophychis chuss Senegalese Hake Merluccius senegalensis Silver Hake Merluccius bilinearis South Pacific Hake Merluccius gayi Southern Hake Merluccius australis White Hake Urophychis tenuis Hakes nei (= Hake, not elsewhere included) Merluccius spp.

The total catch of hake was 272 000 tonnes in 1950, increasing to 1.7 million tonnes in 1967. From 1967 to 1979 catches varied between 1.3 millions tonnes and 2.2 million tonnes, while from 1980 onwards the haul ranged from 1.1 million tonnes to 1.7 million tonnes, with peaks in 1988 and 1997. Since 1999 the catch has been stable at around 1.1 million tonnes with a total catch of 1.16 million tonnes in 2003. The main species caught are Argentine hake and Cape hake. North Pacific hake and South Pacific hake are also important commercial species. European hake represents the fifth largest catch and silver hake has declined in importance since the 1960s and 1970s.

Figure 26. World Catches of Hake by Species, 1950 -2003

2,400

2,000

1,600

1,200 1000 MT 800

400

0 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 Argentine hake Cape hakes North Pacific hake South Pacific hake European hake Southern hake Silver hake Other

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The USSR/Russian federation was the most important catching nation for hake in the 1960s and 1970s with hauls of Cape hake and silver hake, together with Spain, which caught mainly Cape hake and European hake. In the past decade, Argentina has been the most important

40 nation with yearly catches between 200 000 tonnes and 600 000 tonnes, mostly of Argentine hake supplemented with Southern hake. Namibia was the second largest catching nation in 2003, having increased its catch of Cape hake from 28 000 tonnes in 1990 to 192 000 tonnes in 2003. The third largest catching nation is the USA, which caught around 140 000 tonnes of North Pacific hake in 2003, although this represented a major decrease from 228 000 tonnes in 1998. The USA had annual catches of Silver hake in the 1950s and the 1960s of around 50 000 tonnes, but this decreased to 9 000 tonnes in 2003. The USA also catches a few thousand tonnes of white hake each year.

Figure 27. World Catches of Hake by Country, 1950 -2003

2,400

2,000

1,600

1,200 1000 MT 800

400

0 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001

Argentina Namibia United States of America Chile South Africa Spain Uruguay USSR/Rus. Fed. Other

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Chile shares the stock of South Pacific hake with Peru and while the Chilean catch increased from 53 000 tonnes in 1990 to 118 000 tonnes in 2003, the Peruvian catch decreased from 127 000 tonnes to 7 000 tonnes in the same period. Chile is also the main catching nation for southern hake although the catch decreased from 44 000 tonnes in 1979 to 27 000 tonnes in 2003. South Africa has catches of Cape hake which increased from 48 000 tonnes in 1950 to 183 000 tonnes in 1985 and decreased to 139 000 tonnes in 2003. Uruguay shares the Argentine hake stock with Argentina and while its catch has been variable, it never exceeded 100 000 tonnes and decreased from 96 000 tonnes in 1991 to 35 000 tonnes in 2003. Other important catching nations for hake in the past decade have been Canada with 22 000 tonnes in 2001 decreasing to 15 000 tonnes in 2003 and two EU15 countries; Italy with 38 000 tonnes in 1995 decreasing to 11 000 tonnes in 2003, and France with 24 000 tonnes in 1991 decreasing to 13000 tonnes in 2003.

EU15 countries import most of their hake from Namibia, Argentina and South Africa, with smaller amounts coming from Chile and Uruguay. Peru’s dominance of the market declined in 2003 and 2004 but it remains an important exporter. Other countries exporting hake to the EU15 are Canada, Morocco, USA, New Zealand and Falkland Islands.

The EU15 import of hake was 222 000 tonnes in 1991, increasing to 257 000 tonnes in 1994. Since then it has been between 240 000 tonnes and 270 000 tonnes per year. The import of frozen fillets of hake increased slowly from 102 000 tonnes in 1991 to 116 000 tonnes in 2004,

41 while the import of frozen meat/mince increased from 9 000 tonnes in 1991 to 23 000 tonnes in 2004 and the import of frozen whole fish decreased from 104 000 tonnes in 1991 to 66 000 tonnes in 2004. There has been an increasing trend for the frozen whole fish import to be replaced by an increasing import of fresh/chilled whole fish and this category rose from 7 000 tonnes in 1991 to 55 000 tonnes in 2000. In 2004 the import of fresh/chilled whole fish was 52 000 tonnes.

Figure 28. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Hake Products, Volume

280 280 240 Other 240 Peru 200 200 Canada fresh/chilled whole 160 Uruguay 160 frozen meat/mince 120 Chile 120 frozen fillets 1000 MT South Africa 1000 MT frozen whole 80 80 Argentina 40 40 Namibia 0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

The unit values of frozen fillets of hake, frozen whole fish and frozen meat/mince increased from the mid 1990s until 2001, when they began a downward price trend. During this period, frozen fillets enjoyed a 0.5 euros/kg price advantage over the other two categories and maintained that position into 2005. The fresh/chilled category experienced a substantial drop in price in the early 1990s, down from 4.50 euros/kg to 2.00 euros/kg, but has since risen to stabilise around the 3.00 euros/kg mark.

Figure 29. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Unit Value of Chilled/Frozen Hake Products

5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 frozen whole 3.00 frozen fillets 2.50 2.00 frozen meat/mince EURO/Kg 1.50 fresh/chilled whole 1.00 0.50 0.00 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Spain remains the main importer/net-importer and consumer of hake in the EU15, with an import from third countries rising from 148 000 tonnes in 1996 to 165 000 tonnes in 2004. Italy increased its import from third countries from 22 000 tonnes to 31 000 tonnes in the same period, Germany from 17 000 tonnes to 25 000 tonnes, and France from 11 000 tonnes to 19 000 tonnes. Spain exports/re-exports a relatively large share of its annual import/catch of hake, mainly to Portugal, but also to other EU15 countries. Spain increased its net import of hake from 113 000 tonnes in 1996 to 120 000 tonnes in 2004. Portugal and Italy are the next largest net importers. Portugal imported between 33 000 tonnes and 37 000 tonnes in this period, mostly of frozen whole fish, while Italy imported between 33 000 tonnes and 39 000 tonnes, mainly of frozen fillets in recent years and frozen whole fish in the early nineties.

42 Germany and France had an annual net import during the period of between 16 000 tonnes and 24 000 tonnes, mostly of frozen fillets.

Table 27. EU15 Countries; Import of Hake from Third Countries, MT 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Spain 148,308 156,886 167,156 162,280 151,591 170,048 163,022 174,029 164,967 Italy 30,200 26,044 28,570 28,679 22,299 26,081 31,339 26,830 28,127 Germany 25,508 21,776 18,726 20,658 18,831 20,397 23,896 17,228 23,514 France 18,991 16,176 16,694 15,656 13,044 13,508 11,891 11,568 13,005 Portugal 8,197 8,600 8,794 7,732 8,515 9,446 8,376 8,899 8,188 Netherlands 17,411 15,725 11,295 9,813 8,269 6,671 5,942 7,737 7,970 United Kingdom 6,813 4,732 6,192 6,879 6,584 4,330 6,140 5,576 4,391 Others 9,011 10,555 10,891 11,650 11,544 10,376 7,189 8,856 7,360 Total 264,439 260,494 268,318 263,347 240,677 260,857 257,795 260,723 257,522 Source: Eurostat

EU15 2004

The total EU15 import of hake from third countries decreased by 1.2 percent in 2004 to 258 000 tonnes. While the import of chilled\fresh whole fish and frozen meat/mince increased, the import of both frozen fillets and whole frozen fish decreased. Frozen fillets remained the most important product in 2004 with an import of 116 000 tonnes, and there was an import of 23 000 tonnes of frozen meat/mince. 52 000 tonnes of whole fresh fish was imported, together with 67 000 tonnes of whole frozen fish. The unit value of all products was lower in 2004 than in 2003, but the frozen meat/minced meat and frozen fillets categories experienced the greatest drop in price.

Table 28. EU15 Import of Hake from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 260,723 257,522 -1.2% 2.41 2.33 -3.3% Fillets frozen 122,873 116,029 -5.6% 2.44 2.35 -3.7% Whole frozen 69,567 66,521 -4.4% 1.98 1.96 -1.0% Whole fresh 49,570 52,226 5.4% 3.09 3.04 -1.6% Meat/mince frozen 18,713 22,746 21.6% 1.99 1.76 -11.6% Source: Eurostat

In 2004, the EU15 import from Namibia decreased by 6.7 percent to 76 000 tonnes, from South Africa by 5.9 percent to 49 000 tonnes, and from Chile by 17.6 percent to 28 000 tonnes. This resulted in an increased demand for supplies from other countries. The gap was consequently filled by imports from Argentina, up 2.4 percent to 57 000 tonnes, by Uruguay, up 7.1 percent to 14 000 tonnes, and by Canada, up 42 percent to 10 000 tonnes. There were also notable increases from the USA, Morocco, Peru, and the Falkland Isles.

43 Table 29. EU15 Countries Import of Hake from Main Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT 2003 2004 % Total 260,723 257,522 -1.2 Namibia 81,899 76,392 -6.7 Argentina 55,340 56,695 2.4 South-Africa 51,663 48,590 -5.9 Chile 34,133 28,132 -17.6 Uruguay 13,515 14,472 7.1 Canada 7,267 10,351 42.4 USA 3,975 5,529 39.1 Morocco 4234 4484 5.9 Peru 1368 3571 161.0 New Zealand 3404 3327 -2.3 Falkland Is 2171 2408 10.9 Russia 77 1472 1811.7 Source: Eurostat

Spain was the most important importer of hake in 2004, accounting for 165 000 tonnes of the total import of 258 000 tonnes. However, the import decreased by 9 000 tonnes between 2003 and 2004. Spain’s net import of hake was 120 000 tonnes in 2004 which is 5.9 percent or 8 000 tonnes lower than in 2004. Italy increased its net import by 6 percent to 36 000 tonnes, Germany by 29.3 percent to 21 000 tonnes and France by 10.0 percent to 19 000 tonnes, while Portugal decreased its net import by 5.1 percent to 36 000 tonnes.

Table 30. EU15 Countries Net Import of Hake, 2003 and 2004. Volume/MT 2003 2004 % Spain 128,058 120,491 -5.9% Italy 33,974 35,716 5.1% Portugal 36,616 34,187 -6.6% Germany 16,533 21,384 29.3% France 17,360 19,095 10.0% Greece 3,959 4,056 2.5% Other 10,632 7,787 -26.8% Source: Eurostat

The unit value of whole frozen hake has been relatively stable at around 2 euros/Kg since spring 2003, while the unit value of frozen fillets has been decreasing since summer 2004. The import price of whole chilled/fresh fish varied between 3 euros/kg and 3.5 euros/kg in the past couple of years, due to its seasonality and availability.

44

Figure 30. EU15 Countries Import of Hake from Third Countries, Product prices

4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 Whole chilled 2.00 Fillet frozen Whole frozen EURO/Kg 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Jul. Jul. May Nov. May Nov. Mar. Mar. Sep. Sep. jan.05 Jan.03 Jan.04

Source: Eurostat

Figure 31. EU15 Countries Import of Frozen Hake Fillets from Most Important Countries, Prices

4.00 3.50 3.00 Namibia 2.50 South-Africa 2.00 Argentina

EURO/Kg 1.50 Chile 1.00 0.50 0.00 Jul. Jul. May Nov. May Nov. Mar. Mar. Sep. Sep. jan.05 Jan.03 Jan.04

Source: Eurostat

Figure 32. EU15 Countries Import of Whole Frozen Hake from Most Important Countries, Prices

4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 Namibia 2.50 South-Africa 2.00 Argentina

EURO/Kg 1.50 Chile 1.00 0.50 0.00 Jul. Jul. May Nov. May Nov. Mar. Mar. Sep. Sep. jan.05 Jan.03 Jan.04

Source: Eurostat

45 Figure 33. EU15 Countries Import of Chilled Whole Hake from Most Important Countries, Prices

6.00

5.00 Namibia 4.00 South-Africa 3.00 Chile

EURO/Kg Canada 2.00 Morocco 1.00

0.00 Jul. Jul. May May Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Sep. Sep. jan.05 Jan.03 Jan.04 Source: Eurostat

Spain 2004

The Spanish import of fresh/chilled whole hake increased by 4.3 percent in 2004 to 61 000 tonnes. Imports from the largest supplier South Africa decreased, while the import from Chile, Canada, Namibia and Morocco increased. The import volume of frozen fillets was 52 000 tonnes in 2004, down 3.7 percent on 2003. The three largest suppliers also decreased their supply, with Namibia dropping by 20.4 percent to 33 000 tonnes. The Spanish import of whole frozen fish decreased by 3.7 percent to 52 000 tonnes in 2004. It increased by 1 000 tonnes from Namibia, but decreased from Argentina by almost 4 000 tonnes. In the frozen meat/mince category there was an increase in the import of 10.4 percent to almost 15 000 tonnes, most of which originated from Namibia.

Table 31. Spanish Import of Hake from Most Important Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 187,817 179,647 -4.3 2.54 2.54 0.0 Whole fresh 58,106 60,613 4.3 3.24 3.17 -2.2 South-Africa 17,950 15,525 -13.5 3.49 3.85 10.3 Chile 10,736 11,319 5.4 3.51 3.29 -6.3 Canada 7,083 9,954 40.5 3.89 3.98 2.3 Namibia 4,638 5,383 16.1 1.14 1.19 4.4 Morocco 4,160 4,425 6.4 3.46 3.23 -6.6 Fillets frozen 62,547 52,480 -16.1 2.40 2.41 0.4 Namibia 41,801 33,261 -20.4 2.62 2.66 1.5 Argentina 12,575 11,333 -9.9 1.48 1.50 1.4 South-Africa 4,627 4,242 -8.3 2.57 2.60 1.2 Whole frozen 53,861 51,861 -3.7 2.07 2.09 1.0 Namibia 15,334 16,319 6.4 1.58 1.61 1.9 Argentina 14,112 10,517 -25.5 1.77 1.74 -1.7 South-Africa 9,198 9,309 1.2 2.05 1.97 -3.9 Chile 8,496 8,417 -0.9 3.37 3.37 0.0 New Zealand 2,758 2,969 7.7 2.99 3.11 4.0 Meat/mince frozen 13,303 14,693 10.4 2.09 2.03 -2.9 Namibia 8,178 9,664 18.2 2.07 2.05 -1.0 Argentina 2,423 2,648 9.3 1.59 1.76 10.7 South-Africa 1,727 1,531 -11.3 2.22 1.97 -11.3 Source: Eurostat

46 2.4. Hoki

Only two species are discussed under the name hoki; Patagonian grenadier (Macruronus magellanicus) and blue grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae). Only blue grenadiers are registered with their own HS/CN Codes in the EU-trade statistics, which limits the trade discussion here.

The catch of hoki took off in the mid 1980s and rose to around 100 000 tonnes in 1985. Since then the catch has only dropped below 400 000 tonnes in two years, and was at a level of more than 500 000 tonnes for eight years. It peaked in 1998 at 799 000 tonnes and in 1999 at 728 000 tonnes. In 2003 it was 420 000 tonnes.

Figure 34. World Catches of Hoki by Species, 1970 -2003

800

700

600

500 Patagonian grenadier 400 Blue grenadier 1000 MT 300

200

100

0

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The catch of blue grenadier took off in1986 and has varied between 200 000 tonnes and 300 000 tonnes since. It peaked in 1998 at 325 000 tonnes, but had decreased to 211 000 tonnes by 2003. The main catching nation in the 1980s was Japan, but New Zealand took over this position in the mid 1990s and remains the major catching nation today. In 2003 New Zealand caught 181 000 tonnes, Ukraine caught 11 000 tonnes, the Republic of Korea caught 10 000 tonnes and Australia caught 9 000 tonnes.

Figure 35. World Catches of Hoki (Blue Grenadier) by Country, 1970 -2003

350

300 250 Other 200 USSR/Rus.Fed. 150 Japan 1000 MT New Zealand 100 50

0

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The catch of Patagonian grenadier took off at the same time as the catch of blue grenadier, and in 1986 more than 78 000 tonnes was landed, rising to 349 000 tonnes in 1988. The catch has since varied between 400 000 tonnes and 100 000 tonnes, and declined from 297 000 tonnes in 2001 to 209 000 tonnes in 2003. The main catching nation for Patagonian grenadier is Chile and in the 1970s it was virtually the sole catcher and supplier. Argentina came onto

47 the supply scene in 1992 and has been growing in importance. Other countries catching/supplying hoki include the USSR/Russian Federation, Bulgaria, Poland and the Ukraine. In 2003 Argentina caught 98 000 tonnes, Chile caught 85 000 tonnes, Spain caught 11 000 tonnes and the Falkland Isles caught 10 000 tonnes of Patagonian grenadier.

Figure 36. World Catches of Hoki (Patagonian Grenadier) by Country, 1978 -2003

500 450 400 350 300 Other 250 Chile

1000 MT 200 Argentina 150 100 50 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The EU15 import of blue grenadier increased from less than 4 000 tonnes in 1995, which was the first year for which the EU has specific trade statistics on hoki, to 25 000 tonnes in 1999. Since then it has ranged between 15 000 tonnes and 20 000 tonnes, but in 2004 was down to 12 000 tonnes. Statistics only exist for frozen fillets and frozen whole blue grenadier, but it is unlikely that there is a substantial import of fresh product. The import was higher in 1998 and 1999, up to 25 000 tonnes, which corresponds to years when higher than average catches were made. Virtually all the import originates from New Zealand, but there was a small import from Australia of 280 tonnes in 2004. In the 1990s minor amounts were also imported from China, Argentina, Chile, and Thailand, although this may be Patagonian grenadier rather than blue grenadier.

Figure 37. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Frozen Hoki (Blue Grenadier) Products, Volume

25 25

20 20

15 Other 15 frozen fillets Australia frozen whole 1000 MT 10 New Zealand 1000 MT 10

5 5

0 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Almost all of the blue grenadier import is frozen fillets, but there was a small import of frozen whole fish between 1995 and 1998, which varied between 39 tonnes and 450 tonnes. The unit value of frozen fillets of blue grenadier increased from 1.52 euros/kg in 1995 to 2.76 euros/kg in 2000. It remained at this level until 2003 when it went reduced to 2.50 euros/kg, rising to 2.61 euros/kg in 2004.

48 Figure 38. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Frozen Hoki (Blue Grenadier) Products Prices

4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 frozen whole 2.00 frozen fillets

EURO/Kg 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

France and Germany are the two main countries importing blue grenadier from New Zealand, but Denmark and the UK also imported more than 1 000 tonne in 2004. France and Germany also have the largest net import and thereby consumption of blue grenadier fillets. France has been the largest net importer since 1996, and currently imports between 4 000 tonnes and 8 000 tonnes each year. The German import has varied in the past few years between 3,000 tonnes and 12 000 tonnes. Denmark increased its net import to 3 000 tonnes in 2003, dropping to 1 900 tonnes in 2004.

EU15 2004

The EU15 countries imported 41 percent less frozen fillets of blue grenadier from third countries in 2004 than in 2003. In the same period the whole frozen category increased by 280 percent, which corresponded with a decrease in unit value of 44 percent. The average price of frozen fillets rose in that time by 4.4 percent to 2.61 euros/kg.

Table 32. EU15 Import of Hoki (Blue Grenadier) from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 20,096 12,002 -40.3% 2.50 2.58 3.2% Fillets frozen 20,046 11,812 -41.1% 2.50 2.61 4.4% Whole frozen 50 190 280.0% 1.88 1.05 -44.1% Source: Eurostat

Table 33. EU15 Countries Import of Hoki (Blue Grenadier) from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Change 2003 2004 % Total 20,096 12,002 -40.3% France 6,125 3,896 -36.4% German 6,900 2,564 -62.8% Denmark 2,685 1,894 -29.5% United Kingdom 1,132 984 -13.1% Sweden 590 842 42.7% Other 2,664 1,822 -31.6% Source: Eurostat

Within the overall EU15 import decrease of 40 percent, the French net import decreased by 27 percent, the Danish by 30 percent and the German by 52 percent. The UK, Italy and Sweden were the only countries to increase their export by a few hundred tonnes.

49

Table 34. EU15 Countries Net Import of Hoki (Blue Grenadier), 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Change 2003 2004 % France 7,562 5,502 -27.2% Germany 6,024 2,924 -51.5% Denmark 2,700 1,878 -30.4% Italy 794 1,541 94.1% United Kingdom 876 1,538 75.6% Sweden 785 1,277 62.7% Other 1,557 1,532 -1.6% Source: Eurostat

Table 35. EU15 Import of Hoki (Blue Grenadier) from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 20,096 12,002 -40.3% 2.50 2.58 3.2% New Zealand 18,004 11,173 -37.9% 2.54 2.60 2.4% Australia 1,615 280 -82.7% 2.16 2.50 15.7% Source: Eurostat

There was almost no export of blue grenadier from Australia to the EU15 in 2004. The export from New Zealand decreased by 38 percent, and the unit value of frozen fillets showed an increasing trend towards the end of 2004.

Figure 39. EU15 Import of Frozen Hoki (Blue Grenadier) Fillets, Unit Value from Most Important Countries

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00 EURO/Kg

1.50

1.00 Jul. Jul. May May Mar. Mar. Mar. Nov. Nov. Sep. Sep. jan.05 Jan.03 Jan.04

New Zealand Australia

Source: Eurostat

2.5. Haddock

World total catches of haddock decreased from more than 600 000 tonnes in 1973 to between 200 000 tonnes and 300 000 tonnes in the past few years. There was an increase in the catch from 213 000 tonnes in 2000 to 282 000 tonnes in 2003. Haddock is one of the most important groundfish species caught and consumed in Europe. The EU15 has traditionally caught large quantities of haddock, rising from 100 000 tonnes to 200 000 tonnes between 1950-1977 and varying between 200 000 tonnes and 300 000 tonnes between 1978-1990. In the past decade this catch reduced to around 100 000 tonnes per year or less. The catch in

50 2002 was 76 000 tonnes, and in 2003 was 63 000 tonnes, while the quota in 2004 was 81 000 tonnes and in 2005 was 85 000 tonnes. The UK catches the majority of the haddock, with a few thousand tonnes also caught by Denmark, France, Ireland, Germany and Sweden.

Figure 40. World Catches of Haddock by Country, 1950 -2003

1000 900 800 700 600 500

1000 MT 400 300 200 100 0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 EU15 Iceland Norway USSR/Rus Fed Faeroe Islands Canada Other Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Norway and Iceland have a substantial catch, with Russia and the Faeroe Islands catching smaller but significant amounts. In 2003 Norway and Iceland both caught around 60 000 tonnes and in 2004 Iceland caught 84 000 tonnes and Norway caught 64 000 tonnes. The Russian catch in 2003 was 46 000 tonnes and the Faeroese was 30 000 tonnes. Haddock, together with cod and saithe, are the most important species for the Faeroese fish industry.

Canada is also a large catching nation, landing between 7 000 tonnes and 15 000 tonnes per year since 1993. In 2003 the Canadian catch was 16 000 tonnes and in 2004 the quota was 20 000 tonnes. According to ‘www.fis.com’ (11 January 2005) there is an unexplained boom in the haddock population on the St Georges Bank and the Canadian industry is talking about growing the catch by 1000 percent in the next three years, with a ten-fold increase in the quota. (Source: The Directorate of Fisheries (Norway) and Iceland Statistics.)

Table 36. EU15; Catches of Haddock, MT 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 66 70 105 112 105 108 109 105 87 67 64 76 63 FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The UK is both the largest catching nation for haddock in the EU15 and the largest importer, purchasing between 30 000 tonnes and 60 000 tonnes per year since 1996. Denmark also imports more than 10 000 tonnes of haddock each year, most of which is for re-export (transit)/processing and is exported to the UK and other EU15 countries.

Table 37. EU15 Countries; Import of Haddock from Third Countries, MT 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 United Kingdom 45,002 41,818 37,264 35,668 30,916 38,477 39,331 48,768 58,556 Denmark 11,894 12,523 12,391 9,788 11,682 12,199 10,742 12,888 13,498 Sweden 847 1,414 1,398 1,378 2,039 2,731 3,239 2,891 3,451 Netherlands 251 179 549 171 166 288 394 517 1,960 Germany 2,777 2,730 2,132 1,349 1,301 578 1,098 1,389 1,159 Other 313 308 766 242 647 325 303 588 444 Total 61,084 58,972 54,500 48,596 46,751 54,598 55,107 67,041 79,068 Source: Eurostat

51

Figure 41. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Haddock Products, Volume

80 80 70 70 60 Other 60 China fresh/chilled whole 50 50 Russia frozen meat/mince 40 40 Faroe Isles frozen fillets

1000 MT 30 1000 MT 30 Iceland frozen whole 20 Norway 20 10 10 0 0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

EU15 countries import fresh whole and frozen whole haddock and frozen fillets, the latter of which is now the largest category. The total import has varied from 40 000 tonnes to 80 000 tonnes per year in the last decade. Haddock is mostly imported from Norway, Iceland and the Faeroe Isles, but Russia has also become an important player in the past 5 years and China had an export of 4 000 tonnes in 2004. The unit value of haddock products was at its lowest in 1997 and highest from 2000 to 2002, but has since declined, especially in the frozen fillet category.

Figure 42. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Haddock Products, Prices

6.00

5.00

4.00 frozen whole 3.00 frozen fillets fresh/chilled whole EURO/Kg 2.00

1.00

0.00

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

EU15 2004

The EU15 import of haddock was up 17 percent overall in 2004 on the same period in 2003. The frozen whole fish import increased by 39.8 percent and the volume of frozen fillets and whole fresh fish also increased considerably. The average unit value was lower in 2004, by 6.5 percent on fresh whole fish and by 7.8 percent on frozen whole fish. The frozen fillet price increased in the same period by 1.7 percent.

52 Table 38. EU15 Import of Haddock from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 67,041 79,068 17.9 2.19 2.11 -3.7 Whole fresh 36,907 42,863 16.1 1.70 1.59 -6.5 Fillets frozen 19,911 22,610 13.6 3.45 3.51 1.7 Whole frozen 8,853 12,376 39.8 1.54 1.42 -7.8 Meat/mince frozen 1,370 1,219 -11.0 1.16 1.33 14.7 Source: Eurostat

The UK, as the largest importer of haddock, is responsible for most of the increase in import. However, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands also increased their import in 2004 with an additional 10 000 tonnes of haddock coming from Iceland and 3 000 tonnes from Norway.

UK 2004

The UK increased its import of haddock by 17.4 percent in 2004 and there was a change of emphasis on supplier. A 90 percent increase was seen in the import of fresh whole haddock from Iceland, up from 8 000 tonnes to 16 000 tonnes and a decrease in import of fresh whole haddock by 2 000 tonnes from the Faeroe Islands. The import of whole frozen haddock increased, mostly from Norway, together with the import of frozen fillets from Iceland.

Table 39. UK Import of Haddock 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT 2003 2004 % Whole fresh Total 27,036 31,748 17.4 Whole fresh Iceland 8,382 15,999 90.9 Whole fresh Faroe Islands 14,631 12,832 -12.3 Whole frozen Total 8,801 10,065 14.4 Whole frozen Norway 3,933 5,748 46.1 Whole frozen Russia 4,326 3,396 -21.5 Whole frozen Faroe Islands 55 599 989.1 Whole frozen Iceland 0 136 Whole frozen Denmark 307 115 -62.5 Fillets frozen Total 20,148 23,106 14.7 Fillets frozen Iceland 5,828 7,958 36.5 Fillets frozen Norway 4,470 4,737 6.0 Fillets frozen China 3,554 2,945 -17.1 Fillets frozen Faroe Islands 2,377 2,892 21.7 Fillets frozen Denmark 1,710 2,197 28.5 Fillets frozen Russia 1,662 1,279 -23.0 Meat/mince frozen Total 507 527 3.9 Meat/mince frozen Faroe Islands 233 201 -13.7 Meat/mince frozen Iceland 181 159 -12.2 Total Total 56,492 65,445 15.8 Source: UK trade statistics

The unit value of whole fresh haddock experienced an upward trend in the last half of 2004, following a strong downward trend from summer 2002 to summer 2003. On whole fresh haddock, the import price from Iceland was higher than that from the Faeroe Islands for most of 2003 and 2004. Towards the end of 2004 the difference was closed to 0.5 euros/kg. On

53 whole frozen haddock the downward trend stopped during summer 2003 and has since been more stable, with an upward trend towards the end of 2004. Russian whole frozen haddock was cheaper than Norwegian by approximately 0.5 euros during most of the period.

Figure 43. UK Import prices of Whole Fresh Haddock

3.00

2.50

2.00

Iceland 1.50 Faroe Islands EURO / Kg 1.00

0.50

0.00 Ju l. Ju l. Ju l. M ai M ai M ai Nov. Nov. Nov. M ar. M ar. M ar. Sep. Sep. Sep. Jan.03 Jan.04 Jan. 02

Source: UK trade statistics

Norway and Iceland, the two main countries exporting haddock fillets to the UK, received approximately the same price for their fillets throughout most of the period, with Norwegian fillets having the edge. Following a strong downward trend until summer 2003, prices became stable and there was an upward trend for the last half of 2004. In the past few years China has been in competition with the Europeans, delivering frozen fillets of haddock to the UK at prices substantially below those of European countries. Towards the end of 2004 the difference was more than 1 euro/kg.

Figure 44. UK Import prices of Whole Frozen Haddock

3.5

3

2.5

2 Norway Russia 1.5 EURO /Kg

1

0.5

0 Ju l. Ju l. Ju l. Mai Mai Mai Nov. Nov. Nov. M ar. M ar. M ar. Sep. Sep. Sep. Jan.02 Jan.03 Jan.04

Source: UK trade statistics

54 Figure 45. UK Import prices of Frozen Haddock Fillets

6

5

4

Iceland 3 Norway China EURO/Kg 2

1

0 Jul. Jul. Jul. Mai Mai Mai Nov. Nov. Nov. Mar. Mar. Mar. Sep. Sep. Sep. Jan.02 Jan.03 Jan.04 Source: UK trade statistics

2.6. Saithe

Saithe (Pollachius virens) is a groundfish mainly caught and consumed in Europe. Traditionally the EU15 countries, Norway, Iceland, Faeroe Islands and Canada have been the large catching nations. In 2003 Norway caught 212 000 tonnes, Iceland caught 52 000 tonnes, The Faeroe Islands caught 51 000 tonnes and Canada caught 9 000 tonnes. In the 1970s the USSR and Poland also had large catches. Total catches in the 1950s were between 200 000 tonnes and 300 000 tonnes per year, rising to a peak of 700 000 tonnes in the mid-1970s, then slowly decreasing to a total catch of 391 000 tonnes in 2003.

Figure 46. World Catches of Saithe by Country, 1950 -2003

800 700 600 500 400

1000 MT 300 200 100 0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Norway EU15 Iceland Faeroe Islands Canada Other

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

EU15 catches have mirrored this pattern, with 102 000 tonnes caught in 1950, 364 000 tonnes in 1976, 52 000 tonnes in 1998 and 56 000 tonnes in 2003. The major catching nations in the EU15 are Germany with a peak catch in 1976 of 120 000 tonnes, France with a peak catch in 1977 of 86 000 tonnes, Denmark with a peak catch in 1976 of 69 000 tonnes and the UK with a peak catch in 1971 of 61 000 tonnes. France had the largest catch in 2002 with 30 000 tonnes, Germany had 15 000 tonnes, UK had 12 000 tonnes and Denmark 6 000 tonnes.

Saithe like cod is consumed as a fresh/frozen product and is also exported in large volumes as a cured product, mainly as klipfish, but also salted. This export goes mainly to Brazil and the

55 Caribbean. In 2004 Norway exported 40 000 tonnes of klipfish of saithe and salted saithe, while Iceland exported some 5 000 tonnes of cured saithe products.

EU15 countries import large amounts of fresh/frozen saithe products, mostly from Norway, but also from the Faeroe Islands and Iceland. The import from Norway has decreased in the past few years while the import from the two other countries has increased. 28 000 tonnes was imported from Norway in 2004, 24 000 tonnes from the Faeroe Islands and 20 000 tonnes from Iceland. The total volume imported in 1992 and 1993 was around 98 000 tonnes, decreasing to 63 000 tonnes in 1996, then slowly increasing to 74 000 tonnes in 2004. A little more than half of the total volume was imported as frozen fillets/frozen fillet blocks, with the remainder as chilled whole fish, chilled fillets and frozen meat/mince.

Figure 47. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Saithe Products, Volume

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 fresh/chilled fillets Other 60 60 fresh/chilled whole Iceland 50 50 frozen meat/mince Faroe Isles

1000 MT 40 40 1000 MT frozen fillets Norway 30 30 frozen whole 20 20 10 10 0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

The EU15 unit values for saithe were relatively low between 1991 and 2004. Chilled whole fish fetched less than one euro/kg in most years, and a little more than one euro/kg in 1998. Frozen fillet fetched less than 2 euros/kg in the mid-1990s and reached a peak in 1998 of 2.88 euros/kg. It is currently on a downward trend, fetching just over 2 euros/kg at the end of 2004. It is interesting to note that the changing share of fillet blocks in the fillet category can influence the price of frozen fillets. The unit value of frozen meat/mince followed a similar pattern to that of frozen fillets, fetching just under 1 euro/kg in 1993 and 1.75 euros/kg during a peak in 2002, before entering a downward trend. Fresh fillet also followed a similar pattern, but showed a substantial rise in unit value at the end of 2002 and remained on that upward trend to reach just under 3.5 euros/kg in 2004.

Figure 48. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Prices of Chilled/Frozen Saithe Products

3.50

3.00

2.50 frozen fillets 2.00 frozen meat/mince 1.50 fresh/chilled whole EURO/Kg fresh/chilled fillets 1.00

0.50

0.00 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The EU15 country importing the most saithe from third countries was Germany until 1998, when Denmark took the lead. Denmark re-exports almost all of its import to other EU15

56 countries, mostly Germany and France. As the largest net importers of saithe in the EU15, France and Germany are also the largest consumers.

Table 40. EU15 Countries; Import of Saithe from Third Countries, MT 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Denmark 25,689 17,057 26,253 28,698 32,854 35,550 35,653 35,438 30,400 Germany 26,021 24,135 19,748 14,072 14,631 12,575 10,749 12,434 11,565 Netherlands 3,231 4,600 4,665 6,172 5,015 5,652 6,165 6,104 10,761 United Kingdom 5,646 6,437 5,109 5,793 4,154 4,594 6,029 8,179 9,959 Sweden 3,641 3,368 3,950 4,850 4,093 4,967 5,220 5,587 6,481 Other 7,794 7,717 5,486 4,315 5,602 7,845 5,221 5,551 5,024 Total 72,022 63,314 65,211 63,900 66,349 71,183 69,037 73,293 74,190 Source: Eurostat

EU15 2004

In 2004 the EU15 imported 1 000 tonnes more saithe than in 2003 and there was a change of emphasis on product type. The import volume of frozen fillets and frozen meat/mince increased by 4 000 tonnes, fresh fillets increased by 1 000 tonnes, while whole fresh saithe decreased by 4 000 tonnes. In the same year, the import of frozen fillet from Norway decreased by 2 000 tonnes, while the import from Iceland increased by 4 000 tonnes. China exported 782 tonnes of saithe to the EU15 in 2004, an increase of 133 percent on 2003. Frozen fillets from China are considerably cheaper than frozen fillets from Norway, Iceland and the Faeroe Islands. There is a large price differences between suppliers in the fresh fillet category; expensive Icelandic fillets mostly go to the UK, while the cheaper Norwegian fillets go to Sweden and Denmark. The even cheaper Faeroese fillets go mostly to Denmark, but an increasing amount went to the UK in 2

Table 41. EU15 Import of Saithe from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004

Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total Total 73,293 74,190 1.2 1.69 1.67 -1.2 Fillets fresh Total 2,728 4,013 47.1 3.20 3.43 7.2 Fillets fresh Norway 1,213 1,918 58.1 2.47 2.51 1.6 Fillets fresh Faeroe Isles 848 1,206 42.2 2.46 2.45 -0.4 Fillets fresh Iceland 667 874 31.0 5.46 6.82 24.9 Whole fresh Total 28,140 23,952 -14.9 0.72 0.77 6.9 Whole fresh Norway 14,292 12,141 -15.1 0.84 0.91 8.3 Whole fresh Faeroe Isles 11,901 9,389 -21.1 0.59 0.59 0.0 Whole fresh Iceland 388 1,348 247.4 0.91 0.89 -2.2 Whole fresh Greenland 902 1,033 14.5 0.57 0.55 -3.5 Fillets frozen Total 36,820 38,862 5.5 2.39 2.09 -12.6 Fillets frozen Iceland 12,245 16,156 31.9 2.26 1.97 -12.8 Fillets frozen Norway 14,322 12,177 -15.0 2.39 2.09 -12.6 Fillets frozen Faeroe Isles 9,404 9,024 -4.0 2.59 2.35 -9.3 Fillets frozen China 336 782 132.7 1.84 1.73 -6.0 Meat/mince frozen Total 3,806 5,929 55.8 1.34 1.53 14.2 Meat/mince frozen Faeroe Isles 3,053 4,385 43.6 1.45 1.32 -9.0 Meat/mince frozen Iceland 548 1,036 89.1 0.89 2.62 194.4 Meat/mince frozen Norway 205 484 136.1 0.86 0.97 12.8 Whole frozen Total 1,799 1,434 -20.3 1.16 1.13 -2.6 Whole frozen Norway 1,212 1,162 -4.1 0.99 1.02 3.0 Whole frozen Iceland 160 129 -19.4 1.83 2.05 12.0 Whole frozen Faeroe Isles 382 82 -78.5 1.52 1.68 10.5 Source: Eurostat

57 In looking at the EU15 countries’ import of saithe from third countries, it can be seen that Denmark had a much lower import in 2004 than in 2003, especially of fresh whole saithe. The Netherlands and the UK increased their import, with the Netherlands importing more frozen fillets and the UK importing more of both fresh whole fish and frozen fillets. Analysis of the net import figures for each country shows a change in where the imported saithe ends up for consumption. The French net import of saithe increased by 58 percent in 2004 to 28 000 tonnes, and the Netherlands net import increased by 98 percent to 10 000 tonnes. In the same period the German net import decreased by 26 percent to 14 000 tonnes.

Table 42. EU15 countries; Net Import of Saithe, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT 2003 2004 % France 17,505 27,625 57.8% Germany 18,827 14,023 -25.5% Netherlands 4,951 9,810 98.1% United Kingdom 4,977 4,419 -11.2% Spain 3,163 3,802 20.2% Finland 3,461 3,222 -6.9% Belgium 1,598 1,858 16.3% Sweden 2,185 1,801 -17.6% Denmark 1,583 -290 -118.3% Source: Eurostat

The general price development on saithe in 2004 was downward, although prices rose slightly towards the end of the year. The unit value of the Faeroese and Norwegian chilled whole saithe followed the same pattern, but the Norwegian saithe was more expensive. Norwegian saithe is mainly imported by Denmark and Sweden, while Faeroese saithe is mainly imported by Denmark and the UK. The UK pays less than other countries for saithe, and Denmark pays less for Faeroese saithe than for Norwegian.

Figure 49. EU15 Import of Fresh Whole Saithe, Prices from Most Important Countries

1.40 1.20

1.00

0.80 Norway 0.60 Faroe Isles EURO/Kg 0.40

0.20 0.00 Jul. Jul. May May Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Mar. Sep. Sep. jan.05 Jan.03 Jan.04 Source: Eurostat

The unit value of frozen saithe fillets from the Faeroe Isles was slightly higher than that from Icelandic, and the Norwegian unit value rose and fell between the two. This is a difficult category to analyse since it includes a combination of fillets and blocks, which might vary from month to month. However the trend is clear. Following a price decrease in 2003 there was a period of stabilization, followed by an upward price move towards the end of 2004.

58 Figure 50. EU15 Import of Frozen Saithe Fillets, Prices from Most Important Countries

3.00 2.80 2.60 2.40 2.20 Iceland 2.00 Norway 1.80 Faroe Isles EURO/Kg 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 Jul. Jul. May May Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Mar. Sep. Sep. jan.05 Jan.03 Jan.04 Source: Eurostat

France 2004

In 2004 France imported 52 percent more saithe than in 2003. It increased the import of frozen fillet by 70 percent to 14 000 tonnes, and of fresh whole fish by 41 percent to 13 000 tonnes. The unit value of fresh whole fish remained the same in 2004 as in 2003, while the price of frozen fillets dropped by 10 percent.

Table 43. French Import of Saithe, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Change Price/EURO Change 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 18,996 28,781 51.5% 1.90 1.72 -9.5% Fillets frozen 8,292 14,091 69.9% 2.94 2.42 -17.7% Whole fresh 9,023 12,757 41.4% 0.93 0.93 0.0% Meat/mince frozen 721 1,184 64.2% 1.33 1.51 13.5% Fillets fresh 612 525 -14.2% 2.51 2.51 0.0% Whole frozen 348 224 -35.6% 2.24 2.22 -0.9% Source: Eurostat

2.7. Redfish

Redfish is traditionally caught and consumed in Europe. In Fishstat+ the term ‘redfish’ includes redfish, golden redfish and Atlantic redfish nei. (nei = not elsewhere included.) Eurostat differentiates in some categories between golden redfish (Sebastes marinus) and ‘other redfish’ but in this report all redfish are included for analysis.

The catch of redfish was around 400 000 tonnes between 1950 and the mid 1990s, with higher catches in some years, notably 1959 and 1976. During the peak times the USSR and EU15 countries in particular, caught large volumes. Throughout the period, Canada and Iceland were also important catching nations. In the past decade the catches dropped to between 250 000 tonnes and 300 000 tonnes per year, with the major catching nation being Iceland with 111 000 tonnes in 2002, 109 000 tonnes in 2003 and 84 000 tonnes in 2004, followed by the Russian Federation with 58 000 tonnes in 2002 and 2003, and Canada with 23 000 tonnes in 2002 and 21 000 tonnes in 2003. Norway caught 29 000 tonnes in 2001 but only 16 000 tonnes per year between 2002 and 2004. EU15 countries caught between 35 000 tonnes and 40 000 tonnes in recent years but set a lower quota for 2005 than for 2004. EU25 quotas were 62 000 tonnes in 2004, and 52 000 tonnes in 2005.

59 Figure 51. World Catches of Redfish by Country, 1950 -2003

700

600

500

400

300 1000 MT

200

100

0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Iceland USSR/Rus Fed EU15 Lithuania Norway Canada Other

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Germany is the EU15 country with the largest share of the redfish quota and catch in the last decade, but Portugal and Spain also have a significant share. In 2003 Germany and Portugal caught 12 000 tonnes each, while Spain caught 10 000 tonnes and the UK 3 000 tonnes.

Table 44. EU15 ; Catches of Redfish, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Germany 30,478 20,472 22,512 21,096 20,342 18,417 14,278 12,790 15,551 11,900 Portugal 11,482 9,355 5,059 5,343 6,638 10,453 9,968 8,321 9,723 11,752 Spain 904 5,249 5,275 10,403 9,805 11,761 8,271 10,227 5,759 10,302 United Kingdom 743 1,346 1,776 1,507 1,554 2,672 2,495 2,875 2,117 3,371 France 2,293 2,520 2,244 2,567 1,604 1,254 943 1,076 585 512 Netherlands 8 29 41 53 20 16 19 8 15 89 Ireland 15 18 15 48 71 171 186 433 297 87 Denmark 42 15 21 23 27 53 43 100 43 72 Belgium 54 16 19 16 2 3 5 6 3 2 Total 46,019 39,020 36,962 41,056 40,063 44,800 36,208 35,836 34,093 38,087 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Germany is also the largest importer and net importer of redfish, with an annual net import of 25 000 tonnes, while France has a yearly net import of 7 000 tonnes to 8 000 tonnes. Denmark, Netherlands and the UK import more redfish from third countries than France, but they export/re-export most of this import.

Table 45. EU15 Countries; Import of Redfish from Third Countries, MT 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Germany 27,103 25,724 26,593 27,578 25,724 21,604 25,806 25,669 25,032 Denmark 7,400 6,319 7,873 10,647 11,265 11,184 5,906 7,252 7,962 Netherlands 1,768 3,637 2,904 4,702 4,270 5,298 7,636 6,700 7,102 United Kingdom 3,991 3,846 2,806 3,002 2,911 3,362 4,442 4,056 5,191 Sweden 1,464 1,497 2,085 2,649 2,554 3,257 2,538 2,338 1,857 France 2,345 1,625 1,140 1,302 1,016 1,419 1,344 2,006 1,402 Other 6,784 5,844 5,400 3,276 4,188 5,688 5,557 4,897 3,957 Total 50,855 48,492 48,801 53,156 51,928 51,812 53,229 52,918 52,503 Source: Eurostat

60

Figure 52. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Redfish Products, Volume

60 60

50 Other 50 Greenland fresh/chilled fillets 40 40 Russia fresh/chilled whole 30 Faroe Isles 30 frozen meat/mince 1000 MT 1000 MT Norway frozen fillets 20 20 China frozen whole 10 Iceland 10

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

The total EU15 import of redfish decreased from about 60 000 tonnes per year in the early 1990s to a little more than 50 000 tonnes a year from 1999 onwards. The majority of this was imported as whole chilled fish, but frozen whole fish and frozen fillets increased their share in recent years. In 2004 the import was 22 000 tonnes of frozen fillets, 19 000 tonnes of chilled whole fish and 10 000 tonnes of whole frozen fish. Most of the EU15 import of redfish comes from Iceland and in 2004, 28 000 tonnes of the 53 000 tonnes total import originated from Iceland. Norway’s share shrank considerably, with only 5 000 tonnes originating from Norway, while the Chinese import almost doubled in 2004 to 11 000 tonnes. Some 2 000 tonnes comes from the Faeroe Islands each year. The unit value of whole redfish showed stability, with only a small increase in the nominal euro price between the early 1990s and 2002, although this has since started to decrease. The unit value of fillets followed up upward trend until 2001, when it began to decrease, ending at around 5 euros/kg in 2004.

Figure 53. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Prices of Chilled/Frozen Redfish Products

7.00

6.00

5.00 frozen whole 4.00 frozen fillets 3.00 fresh/chilled whole EURO/Kg fresh/chilled fillets 2.00

1.00

0.00 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

EU15 2004

The EU15 import volume of redfish was similar in 2004 to 2003, although the volume of frozen fillets increased and the volume of whole frozen decreased. The average unit values of all products except frozen fillets, increased by a few percent in 2004. A greater percentage of frozen fillets were imported from China, and at a much lower unit value than in 2003. The UK and Denmark increased their import of redfish from third countries, while Sweden, France and Spain decreased theirs. Analysis of the net import portrays a similar picture, with only the Netherlands decreasing its net import.

61 Table 46. EU15 Import of Redfish from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 Volume/M Price/EUR T O 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Whole fresh Total 18,758 18,834 0.4% 1.58 1.57 -0.6% Whole fresh Iceland 12,413 12,935 4.2% 1.45 1.46 0.7% Whole fresh Norway 5,418 4,184 -22.8% 1.86 1.94 4.3% Whole fresh Faeroe Isles 871 1,637 87.9% 1.54 1.34 -13.0% Fillets fresh Total 2,323 2,421 4.2% 5.14 5.24 1.9% Fillets fresh Iceland 1,491 1,556 4.4% 5.20 5.00 -3.8% Fillets fresh Faeroe Isles 685 821 19.9% 5.20 5.71 9.8% Whole frozen Total 12,578 9,589 -23.8% 1.64 1.65 0.6% Whole frozen Iceland 7,587 6,693 -11.8% 1.78 1.73 -2.8% Whole frozen Norway 1,152 964 -16.3% 1.34 1.32 -1.5% Whole frozen Greenland 2,152 927 -56.9% 1.43 1.42 -0.7% Fillets frozen Total 19,120 21,561 12.8% 3.03 2.97 -2.0% Fillets frozen China 6,048 11,058 82.8% 2.61 2.48 -5.0% Fillets frozen Iceland 10,603 6,699 -36.8% 3.33 3.86 15.9% Fillets frozen Russia 1,034 2,350 127.3% 2.80 2.72 -2.9% Meat/mince frozen Total 139 98 -29.5% 1.14 1.12 -1.8% Total Total 52,918 52,503 -0.8% 2.27 2.33 2.6% Source: Eurostat

Iceland is the main source for whole fresh redfish, with the Faeroese gradually increasing their share and the Norwegians decreasing theirs. The main source of fresh fillets is Iceland and the Faeroe Islands and most of the whole frozen fish comes from Iceland. The main recent change can be seen in frozen fillets, the largest product category. Here, the EU15 import increased by 13 percent, with China and Russia becoming new sources for the product by taking a large market share from Iceland.

Germany 2004

Germany imported less redfish in 2004 than in 2003. There were fewer whole fresh fish imported from Iceland and Denmark, but more frozen fillets from China and Russia, and much less from Iceland.

Table 47. German Import of Redfish, 2003 and 2004 Volume/MT Price/EURO 2003 2004 % 2003 2004 % Total 30,882 28,846 -6.6% 2.51 2.42 -3.6% Fillets frozen 15,520 16,300 5.0% 3.11 2.7 -13.2% Whole fresh 12,269 9,580 -21.9% 1.66 1.73 4.2% Whole frozen 2,025 1,794 -11.4% 1.61 1.7 5.6% Fillets fresh 1,061 1,139 7.4% 5.48 5.43 -0.9% Meat/mince frozen 7 33 371.4% 2.43 1.39 -42.8% Source: Eurostat

62 Figure 54. German Import of Frozen Redfish Fillets, MT

2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 MT 800 600 400 200 0 Jul. Jul. Jul. May May May Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Mar. Sep. Sep. Sep. jan.05 Jan.02 Jan.03 Jan.04

Iceland China Russia Other

Source: Eurostat

The graphs show both the recent developments in the origin of the German import of frozen redfish fillets and the price differences from different origins. The import volume of frozen redfish fillets increased in the period from January 2002 until the end of 2004. The source of these fillets changed from mainly being of Icelandic origin in the first half of 2002, to mainly being of Chinese origin in the last half of 2004, with an interim period when the two countries shared the market. During 2004 Russia also entered this market. The unit value of Chinese fillets was between 0.53 euros/kg and 1.16 euros/kg cheaper than those of Icelandic origin in the period from January 2002 to April 2005. The price of Russian fillets decreased during the period to initially being close to that of Icelandic fillets, and ending up closer to those from China.

Figure 55. German Import of Frozen Redfish Fillets, Prices From Most Important Sources

6

5

4

3

ERRO/Kg 2

1

0 Jul. Jul. Jul. May May May Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Mar. Nov. Mar. Sep. Sep. Sep. jan.05 Jan.02 Jan.03 Jan.04

Iceland China Russia

Source: Eurostat

2.8. Price Comparisons

Alaska pollock, hake and cod are the groundfish species with the largest volume import to the EU15 in the past few years. Comparing unit value of species over time, gives an indication of the price development in the market. However, it should be remembered that when comparing the unit values of fillets, the content of this category includes both single fillets and fillet

63 blocks, the price for which is generally different, and the combination of which changes over time.

Figure 56. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Yearly frozen fillet prices on Alaska Pollock, Cod, Redfish and Haddock

6

5

4 Haddock Cod 3 Redfish EUR/Kg 2 AP

1

0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Cod fillets commanded the highest unit value during most of the period, with haddock fillets having the edge in some years. Haddock fillets also showed the largest variation in unit value. Alaska pollock fillets had the lowest unit value during the whole period, while the unit value of redfish fillets ranged between those of Alaska pollock and cod. The unit value of hake increased faster than that of Alaska pollock, but hake fillets, hoki fillets and saithe fillets were less valuable than fillets of cod, haddock and redfish. The price of all seven groundfish species more or less followed the same price trend.

Figure 57. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Yearly frozen fillet prices on Alaska Pollock, Hake, Hoki and Saithe

4

3 Hake Hoki 2 Saithe EUR/Kg AP 1

0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

An examination of unit values on a monthly basis over the past two years shows that cod commanded the highest price during the whole period, with haddock values at a similar level both in the beginning and towards the end of this period. Overall unit values were fairly stable for all species, although there was a downward trend in 2003, and a more upward trend from summer 2004 onwards.

64 Figure 58. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Monthly frozen fillet prices on Alaska Pollock, Cod, Redfish and Haddock

7

6

5 Haddock 4 Cod 3 Redfish EUR/Kg AP 2

1

0

Jul. Jul. Mar. Mai Sep. Nov. Mar. Mai Sep. Nov. Mar. Mai jan.03 jan.04 jan.05

Source: Eurostat

Figure 59. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Monthly frozen fillet prices on Alaska Pollock, Hake, Hoki and Saithe

4

3 Hake Hoki 2 Saithe EUR/Kg AP 1

0

Jul. Jul. Mar. Mai Sep. Nov. Mar. Mai Sep. Nov. Mar. Mai jan.03 jan.04 jan.05

Source: Eurostat

3. Trends in the EU15 Countries Trade

In 2004, Spain was the largest importer of all chilled/frozen groundfish in the EU15 with a total import value of one billion euros. The country re-exported more than one third of this groundfish import, but remained the largest net importer, ahead of the UK, Italy, France and Germany, which had net imports worth between 626 million euros and 421 million euros.

A look at chilled/frozen products of the seven groundfish species shows that the UK is the largest importer, with an import of 670 million euros in 2004, and a net import of 561 million euros. Spain, France, Germany and Portugal are the next largest net importers, all with a net import of more than 200 million euros.

65

Table 48. EU15 Countries Net Import of Seven Groundfish Species, 1000 EURO 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 UK 324,413 388,728 438,684 550,227 578,708 667,005 696,485 656,836 543,496 560,604 Spain 268,152 249,714 293,308 357,978 348,594 349,071 438,666 387,233 429,714 407,819 France 220,557 262,337 260,688 343,515 353,860 356,376 387,768 363,702 373,878 391,069 Germany 308,179 284,394 308,779 463,781 335,689 343,134 454,857 471,784 385,894 341,045 Portugal 91,206 106,341 98,936 118,916 175,471 140,487 204,878 201,132 206,751 201,846 Italy 82,312 100,759 100,412 121,346 129,691 134,919 155,465 147,383 127,317 133,560 Netherlands 50,842 52,976 31,291 39,544 49,718 60,223 73,375 -25,516 80,743 121,528 Belgium 56,453 53,900 57,459 66,781 67,277 71,068 66,337 66,121 67,421 68,355 Sweden 30,048 21,905 25,913 44,080 40,675 38,235 46,517 51,322 38,767 38,353 Greece 11,469 15,453 14,120 12,653 17,990 16,753 19,798 20,042 18,211 17,567 Ireland -7,404 -2,688 -743 939 3,979 2,330 -94 7,718 11,792 15,096 Austria 9,982 17,695 19,349 19,980 20,813 12,520 15,619 16,991 15,929 14,945 Finland 10,508 12,625 13,430 14,511 13,615 13,111 14,486 15,169 13,727 12,439 Denmark -144,705 -162,672 -183,370 -155,802 -176,527 -157,069 -145,325 -151,767 -116,451 -86,806 Source: Eurostat

Table 49. EU15 Countries Import of Seven Groundfish Species, 1000 EURO 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 UK 370,342 433,467 478,145 609,057 634,149 719,751 758,520 737,600 665,294 670,055 Spain 362,344 367,198 402,076 472,696 477,495 508,447 603,789 556,151 607,425 583,779 Germany 406,352 399,383 437,565 619,613 503,904 554,237 677,251 688,559 580,977 504,786 France 258,394 292,514 297,234 379,020 385,559 388,084 425,375 400,174 407,110 414,051 Denmark 180,900 187,301 195,691 279,082 279,245 297,005 330,895 308,739 276,027 272,479 Netherlands 91,493 93,469 101,483 118,795 142,668 136,964 174,657 157,787 177,768 238,388 Portugal 115,363 122,532 118,367 138,145 203,838 165,696 229,383 222,229 228,102 229,109 Italy 98,957 114,450 111,831 132,292 137,142 140,761 161,962 155,085 132,465 138,196 Belgium 67,470 67,220 74,557 96,077 101,352 120,497 118,976 111,797 122,473 133,668 Sweden 58,681 56,252 67,357 79,571 84,610 87,178 105,750 115,632 112,743 126,856 Ireland 2,139 4,469 4,637 7,676 8,388 8,421 8,207 12,272 15,337 19,771 Greece 11,696 16,297 15,722 13,774 18,485 17,141 20,201 20,412 18,659 18,122 Austria 10,007 17,702 19,354 19,982 21,426 12,523 15,619 20,258 16,327 15,017 Finland 10,747 12,887 13,561 14,572 13,622 13,156 14,524 15,217 13,806 12,462 Source: Eurostat

The trend in trade is discussed here by country, starting with the UK, which was the largest importing country in 2004, followed by countries in decreasing order of import importance.

3.1. United Kingdom – the Main Cod and Haddock Importer

Figure 60. UK; import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

240 240

200 hoki 200 hake frozen whole 160 160 redfish frozen meat/mince 120 saithe 120 frozen fillets 1000 MT AP 1000 MT fresh/chilled whole 80 80 haddock fresh/chilled fillets 40 cod 40

0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

66 The UK is the largest consumer and importer of fresh/frozen cod and haddock in Europe. It imports more than 110 000 tonnes of cod each year, mostly as frozen fillets, 50 000 tonnes of haddock as whole chilled fish and frozen fillets, a decreasing volume of Alaska pollock amounting to 19 000 tonnes in 2004, plus some saithe, hake and redfish. The UK groundfish import consists mostly of frozen fillets, but there has been an increasing import of fresh/chilled whole fish the recent years. The UK has the largest catch of the seven groundfish species in the EU15, with more than 80 000 tonnes caught in 2004. The catch consists mostly of haddock and cod, with some Saithe. There is a relatively low export/re-export of the seven groundfish species considering the large import and catch, but this has increased from around 20 000 tonnes a year in the late 1990s to 45 000 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 61. UK; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 68,855 78,650 78,364 74,637 77,182 51,695 41,750 32,840 31,548 21,543 Haddock 93,698 86,315 87,420 83,388 83,436 72,001 50,644 42,865 52,869 41,392 Redfish 743 1,346 1,776 1,507 1,554 2,672 2,495 2,875 2,117 3,371 Pollack 3,531 4,011 3,631 3,845 3,211 2,398 2,706 2,839 2,765 2,682 Saithe 14,678 15,220 15,413 14,609 12,261 12,442 10,924 10,585 12,310 9,876 Hake 6130 5614 5418 5820 5235 5590 4549 2858 2896 2754 Hoki 3 80 86 166 2 347 42 30 52 88 Total 187,638 191,236 192,108 183,972 182,881 147,145 113,110 94,892 104,557 81,706 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Cod

The UK cod catch decreased from 69 000 tonnes in 1994 to 22 000 tonnes in 2003 and the quota for 2004 was 24 000 tonnes. The UK imports more than 110 000 tonnes of cod each year, mostly as frozen fillets, with some whole frozen and whole chilled cod. There is a small but increasing import of chilled fillets, rising from 662 tonnes in 1996 to 5876 tonnes in 2004, mostly originating from Iceland. The import of frozen fillets increased from 52 000 tonnes in 1996 to 78 000 tonnes in 2004, while the import of frozen whole cod decreased from 28 000 tonnes in 1996 to 13 000 tonnes in 2004. The export/re-export is small, at just a few thousand tonnes per year, except in 2003 and 2004 where it was 17 000 tonnes and 20 000 tonnes, mostly of frozen whole fish and frozen fillets.

All figures here are based on Eurostat, but the UK has its own trade statistics which show the import/export from other EU15 countries as registered on the border. In Eurostat the import/export between EU15 countries (Intrastat) is calculated from company reports. The UK trade statistics based on registrations show a few thousand tonnes more import of frozen whole cod than stated in Eurostat over the past few years, and the difference between the two data sources is increasing. The export of frozen whole cod is also larger according to UK trade statistics. It is worth noting that UK trade statistics are usually considered more accurate than Eurostat because they are based on registrations, but the table below shows Eurostat data for reasons of comparison.

67 Table 50. UK Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 662 937 2,166 2,513 3,581 5,899 4,083 4,284 5,876 Fresh/chilled whole 23,557 25,368 15,598 13,935 15,351 16,911 17,257 17,985 17,398 Frozen filets 52,293 54,246 58,262 67,604 76,661 81,883 73,741 80,835 78,339 Frozen meat 5,062 4,415 3,691 3,073 3,748 2,253 2,948 2,268 1,947 Frozen whole 28,649 24,937 28,638 21,282 21,552 16,047 17,671 18,256 13,255 Total 110,223 109,903 108,355 108,407 120,893 122,993 115,700 123,628 116,815 Export Fresh/chilled filets 964 581 878 313 189 321 499 368 303 Fresh/chilled whole 2,385 1,662 1,513 1,820 1,672 2,489 2,134 1,944 1,631 Frozen filets 1,564 3,080 3,117 2,522 2,252 2,433 2,486 4,350 7,192 Frozen meat 686 351 520 423 793 657 548 924 544 Frozen whole 4,102 1,659 2,767 1,816 3,365 3,473 6,179 9,600 10,001 Total 9,701 7,333 8,795 6,894 8,271 9,373 11,846 17,186 19,671 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets -302 356 1,288 2,200 3,392 5,578 3,584 3,916 5,573 Fresh/chilled whole 21,172 23,706 14,085 12,115 13,679 14,422 15,123 16,041 15,767 Frozen filets 50,729 51,166 55,145 65,082 74,409 79,450 71,255 76,485 71,147 Frozen meat 4,376 4,064 3,171 2,650 2,955 1,596 2,400 1,344 1,403 Frozen whole 24,547 23,278 25,871 19,466 18,187 12,574 11,492 8,656 3,254 Total 100,522 102,570 99,560 101,513 112,622 113,620 103,854 106,442 97,144 Source: Eurostat

Haddock

The UK haddock catch decreased from 94 000 tonnes in 1994 to 41 000 tonnes in 2003, and the quota in 2004 was 53 000 tonnes. The UK import of haddock has varied between 37 000 tonnes in 2000 and 64 000 tonnes in 2004. Most of the import has been of fresh whole and frozen fillet, with some frozen whole fish in the past few years. The UK exports/re-exports only small quantities of haddock and is a net consumer. It should be noted that UK trade statistics show a few thousand tonnes more import and export/re-export of frozen whole haddock than Eurostat in recent years.

Table 51. UK Import, Export and Net Import of Haddock, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled whole 18,816 20,117 21,707 17,026 15,076 19,804 20,476 27,054 31,751 Frozen filets 18,460 18,079 16,462 15,208 12,965 15,692 16,212 20,179 23,247 Frozen meat 1,034 606 579 511 522 351 553 510 532 Frozen whole 11,882 8,678 7,046 10,507 8,854 11,618 9,780 7,304 8,791 Total 50,192 47,480 45,794 43,252 37,417 47,465 47,021 55,047 64,321 Export Fresh/chilled whole 225 329 474 893 581 540 745 172 282 Frozen filets 438 536 818 353 260 269 466 572 1,432 Frozen meat 129 19 139 85 89 17 6 804 180 Frozen whole 66 222 322 243 123 350 819 2,489 1,563 Total 858 1,106 1,753 1,574 1,053 1,176 2,036 4,037 3,457 Net Import Fresh/chilled whole 18,591 19,788 21,233 16,133 14,495 19,264 19,731 26,882 31,469 Frozen filets 18,022 17,543 15,644 14,855 12,705 15,423 15,746 19,607 21,815 Frozen meat 905 587 440 426 433 334 547 -294 352 Frozen whole 11,816 8,456 6,724 10,264 8,731 11,268 8,961 4,815 7,228 Total 49,334 46,374 44,041 41,678 36,364 46,289 44,985 51,010 60,864 Source: Eurostat

68 Pollock/Alaska Pollock

UK imports of frozen fillet and meat/mince of Alaska pollock decreased from 38 000 tonnes in 1996 to 19 000 tonnes in 2004. The re-export was between 3 000 tonnes and 7 000 tonnes until 2003/2004, when it increased. The net import/consumption decreased from 33 000 tonnes in 1996 to 7 000 tonnes in 2004 and UK trade statistics show an even larger negative net import in 2003. It is worth noting that EU15 countries’ trade statistics do not show the trade of pollock and Alaska pollock by species. For fresh/chilled whole and frozen whole fish in the table, both species are included, but for frozen fillets and frozen meat, only Alaska pollock is included.

Table 52. UK Import, Export and Net Import of Pollock/Alaska Pollock, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled whole 51 86 62 92 69 144 155 60 56 Frozen filets 19,602 20,162 21,757 15,938 18,543 23,268 17,082 16,454 16,926 Frozen meat 17,775 18,953 9,535 6,713 6,074 6,993 3,199 2,276 1,881 Frozen whole 158 5 46 136 154 166 209 210 579 Total 37,586 39,206 31,400 22,879 24,840 30,571 20,645 19,000 19,442 Export Fresh/chilled whole 939 878 959 934 946 1,030 834 805 915 Frozen filets 2,635 1,644 4,390 1,519 2,049 1,828 5,152 19,339 11,521 Frozen meat 710 290 954 103 2 57 606 209 161 Frozen whole 434 8 30 6 38 26 - 114 1 Total 4,718 2,820 6,333 2,562 3,035 2,941 6,592 20,467 12,598 Net Import Fresh/chilled whole -888 -792 -897 -842 -877 -886 -679 -745 -859 Frozen filets 16,967 18,518 17,367 14,419 16,494 21,440 11,930 -2,885 5,405 Frozen meat 17,065 18,663 8,581 6,610 6,072 6,936 2,593 2,067 1,720 Frozen whole -276 -3 16 130 116 140 209 96 578 Total 32,868 36,386 25,067 20,317 21,805 27,630 14,053 -1,467 6,844 Source: Eurostat

The UK has a position as the largest catching nation, importer and net importer of the seven groundfish species in the EU15, but has experienced lower catches and had a decreasing net import in the past few years. The main products imported are frozen cod fillets and frozen haddock fillets. There is an increasing import of chilled/fresh whole haddock and chilled/fresh cod/cod fillets and a decreasing import of frozen whole cod, haddock Alaska pollock and frozen Alaska pollock fillets.

69 3.2. Spain - the Largest Hake Importer

Figure 62. Spanish Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

240 240

200 200 haddock frozen whole 160 hoki 160 frozen meat/mince AP 120 120 frozen fillets saithe 1000 MT 1000 MT fresh/chilled whole 80 redfish 80 fresh/chilled fillets cod 40 40 hake 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Hake has dominated Spanish imports of groundfish for the past decade. The total Spanish import of hake increased from 162 000 tonnes in 1996 to 180 000 tonnes in 2004, with a value of 456 million euros. Cod is also important in Spanish consumption and the import increased in the past few years to over 30 000 tonnes in 2004, with a value of 105 million euros. More than 70 percent of the total import volume of the seven groundfish species is frozen whole fish or frozen fillets/meat/mince and that percentage has increased since 2000. The rest of the volume is imported as whole fresh/chilled fish. Spain’s export/re-export of the seven groundfish species is between 50 000 tonnes and 80 000 tonnes per year, mostly as frozen whole fish but with some frozen fillets.

Spain has varying catches of hake and hoki. The hake catch peaked in 1999 at 74 000 tonnes, but had reduced to 38 000 tonnes in 2004, while the hoki catch was 6 000 tonnes in 1994 and 11 000 tonnes in 2003. The cod catch was 19 000 tonnes in 1999, but 9 000 tonnes in 2003, and the redfish catch was 12 000 tonnes in 1999 and 10 000 tonnes in 2003. The total catch of the seven groundfish species was 84 000 tonnes in 1994, up to 108 000 tonnes in 1999, and down to 71 000 tonnes in 2003.

Table 53. Spain; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 18,664 16,143 16,356 17,228 14,392 10,159 8,770 20,283 8,409 9,086 Haddock 22 62 718 505 541 780 669 2,217 156 1,457 Redfish 904 5,249 5,275 10,403 9,805 11,761 8,271 10,227 5,759 10,302 Pollack 193 216 185 213 218 175 175 436 222 193 Saithe 1 13 33 83 397 82 158 152 54 64 Hake 57,468 61,329 65,434 57,190 59,095 74,014 67,471 64,535 43,020 38,058 Hoki 6,736 10,601 7,733 7,422 16,104 11,132 9,794 13,599 12,949 11,343 Total 83,988 93,613 95,734 93,044 100,552 108,103 95,308 111,449 70,569 70,503 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Hake

Spain imported 165 000 tonnes of the EU15’s total import of 258 000 tonnes from third countries in 2004. In value terms, this amounted to 404 million of the total 601 million euros. The total Spanish import volume increased by 17 000 tonnes to 180 000 tonnes between 1996 and 2004. The main products imported are frozen fillets and chilled whole/frozen whole fish. The import of chilled whole fish increased the most, with a rise of 40 percent to 61 000 tonnes from 1996 to 2004. Between 4 000 tonnes and 7 000 tonnes of the chilled whole fish is re- exported each year, with the remainder consumed in Spain. The majority of the import is of

70 frozen fillets. Some 50 000 tonnes to 60 000 tonnes is consumed each year in Spain and approximately 10 000 tonnes is re-exported to Italy and other European countries. A large proportion of the import of frozen whole hake/Spanish catch of hake is exported/re-exported, mainly to Portugal.

Table 54. Spanish Import, Export and Net Import of Hake, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled whole 43,373 44,604 51,784 60,243 64,051 62,529 60,032 58,106 60,613 Frozen filets 53,810 48,931 61,223 43,896 43,607 57,973 47,245 62,547 52,480 Frozen meat 6,198 7,379 8,557 8,605 10,161 10,698 10,721 13,303 14,693 Frozen whole 59,105 70,598 58,064 63,771 51,926 54,327 58,265 53,861 51,861 Total 162,486 171,512 179,628 176,515 169,745 185,527 176,263 187,817 179,647 Export Fresh/chilled whole 3,808 4,300 3,800 5,115 6,582 6,280 4,603 4,842 5,366 Frozen filets 10,146 10,253 10,659 11,974 11,905 7,785 9,321 12,801 16,054 Frozen meat 962 948 1,205 1,480 1,889 1,636 1,339 2,168 2,108 Frozen whole 34,445 31,118 31,982 31,472 36,881 32,451 30,637 39,948 35,628 Total 49,361 46,619 47,646 50,041 57,257 48,152 45,900 59,759 59,156 Net Import Fresh/chilled whole 39,565 40,304 47,984 55,128 57,469 56,249 55,429 53,264 55,247 Frozen filets 43,664 38,678 50,564 31,922 31,702 50,188 37,924 49,746 36,426 Frozen meat 5,236 6,431 7,352 7,125 8,272 9,062 9,382 11,135 12,585 Frozen whole 24,660 39,480 26,082 32,299 15,045 21,876 27,628 13,913 16,233 Total 113,125 124,893 131,982 126,474 112,488 137,375 130,363 128,058 120,491 Source: Eurostat

Cod

Spain consumes its own catch of cod and has a limited production/consumption of fresh/frozen product. The catch in 1999 was 19 000 tonnes, decreasing to 9 000 tonnes in 2003. It also has an increasing net import, totalling 4 000 tonnes in 1996 and 11 000 tonnes in 2004 and consisting mostly of frozen whole fish and frozen fillets. The total Spanish cod consumption can thus be estimated at between 20 000 tonnes and 25 000 tonnes of whole fish equivalent. This figure does not include the Spanish import of cured cod products, which amounted to a yearly net import of between 25 000 tonnes and 28 000 tonnes of salted fish and dried fish/klipfish fillets from 1996 to 2004.

71 Table 55. Spanish Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled fillets 5,312 4,515 3,522 2,773 2,643 2,342 1,514 1,500 1,350 Fresh/chilled whole 5,757 4,763 4,581 3,957 3,404 4,146 3,935 4,492 4,670 Frozen filets 2,107 2,621 2,946 3,896 4,148 8,171 6,532 10,379 13,275 Frozen meat 327 334 460 884 831 929 757 1,681 425 Frozen whole 9,029 6,655 5,224 6,102 6,449 6,677 11,621 13,246 10,719 Total 22,532 18,888 16,733 17,612 17,475 22,265 24,359 31,298 30,439 Export Fresh/chilled fillets 399 575 653 159 361 231 434 253 850 Fresh/chilled whole 128 622 78 194 218 310 289 410 4,454 Frozen filets 1,808 1,912 1,755 2,090 2,517 3,209 4,182 4,049 8,523 Frozen meat 49 183 205 202 182 258 301 1,449 24 Frozen whole 15,696 2,609 2,084 1,927 1,555 1,611 6,224 5,834 5,836 Total 18,080 5,901 4,775 4,572 4,833 5,619 11,430 11,995 19,687 Net Import Fresh/chilled fillets 4,913 3,940 2,869 2,614 2,282 2,111 1,080 1,247 500 Fresh/chilled whole 5,629 4,141 4,503 3,763 3,186 3,836 3,646 4,082 216 Frozen filets 299 709 1,191 1,806 1,631 4,962 2,350 6,330 4,752 Frozen meat 278 151 255 682 649 671 456 232 401 Frozen whole -6,667 4,046 3,140 4,175 4,894 5,066 5,397 7,412 4,883 Total 4,452 12,987 11,958 13,040 12,642 16,646 12,929 19,303 10,752 Source: Eurostat

As the second largest groundfish importer and net importer in the EU15, Spain shows an increasing trend towards the import of fresh/frozen products of the seven groundfish species.

3.3. Germany – Biggest Alaska Pollock Market

Germany consumes the most Alaska pollock in Europe, and has a yearly import of over 100 000 tonnes of frozen fillets. France is also a large consumer but imports less than 50 000 tonnes. These figures exclude surimi, since Eurostat does not publish figures for surimi by species. In 2004 Germany was the third largest net importer of the seven groundfish species after the UK and Spain, with a value of 341 million euros, and an import volume of more than 250 000 tonnes, mostly of frozen fillets and mostly of Alaska pollock. It also imported around 30 000 tonnes of redfish and more than 20 000 tonnes of hake, cod and saithe, making it the largest importer of the seven groundfish species in the EU15 in terms of volume. Until 2003/2004 Germany was the second largest net importer of the seven groundfish species in the EU15 in terms of value, after the UK. However, Spain was larger in 2003 and both Spain and France were larger in 2004. Germany has a relatively small export/re-export of the seven groundfish species of between 60 000 tonnes and 70 000 tonnes per year, mostly of cod and Alaska pollock, making the net import between 190 000 tonnes and 200 000 tonnes per year.

72 Figure 63. German Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

280 280

240 240 haddock 200 200 frozen whole hoki frozen meat/mince 160 saithe 160 frozen fillets 120 cod 120

1000 MT fresh/chilled whole 1000 MT hake 80 80 fresh/chilled fillets redfish 40 AP 40 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Germany’s annual catch of the seven groundfish species was at its highest in 1996 with 78 000 tonnes, but this reduced to 42 000 tonnes in 2003. The decreasing catch consisted in 2003 of 15 000 tonnes of cod, 12 000 tonnes of Redfish and 12000 tonnes of Saithe.

Table 56. Germany; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 22,113 31,892 37,629 26,491 23,075 21,990 18,414 19,222 15,412 15,050 Haddock 4,259 3,978 2,718 2,441 1,712 1,039 1,225 1,368 1,786 2,587 Redfish 30,478 20,472 22,512 21,096 20,342 18,417 14,278 12,790 15,551 11,900 Pollack 0 87 102 117 43 63 39 41 116 85 Saithe 12,405 13,393 15,197 15,993 13,562 13,307 12,385 13,320 14,542 12,110 Hake 84 126 83 76 69 68 46 73 71 81 Total 69,339 69,948 78,241 66,214 58,803 54,884 46,387 46,814 47,478 41,813 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Alaska Pollock (Pollock)

Alaska pollock/pollock is the most important species imported and consumed in Germany. Alaska pollock frozen fillets had the lowest unit value of all frozen fillets of the seven groundfish species in the last decade. As the table below shows, the German import of Alaska pollock has varied in the last 9 years, with a peak in 1998 of 161 000 tonnes, and in 2001 of 164 000 tonnes of frozen fillets and meat/mince. In 2004 the import volume was 145 000 tonnes. The annual re-export to France and some other EU15 countries is between 22 000 tonnes and 32 000 tonnes. This puts the average yearly net import/consumption at 120 000 tonnes from 2000 to 2004. It should be noted that EU15 countries’ trade statistics do not show all trade of pollock and Alaska pollock per species. Fresh/chilled whole and frozen whole fish figures in the table include both species, but frozen fillets and frozen meat figures refer only to Alaska pollock.

73 Table 57. German Import, Export and Net Import of Pollock/A. Pollock, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled whole 277 203 191 142 165 126 126 133 100 Frozen filets 92,005 107,309 143,940 87,276 121,979 154,516 136,146 126,314 136,674 Frozen meat 12,276 17,334 16,672 8,150 10,634 8,808 9,626 9,881 7,763 Frozen whole 1 260 78 24 69 384 142 29 Total 104,558 124,847 161,063 95,646 132,802 163,519 146,282 136,470 144,566 Export Fresh/chilled whole 240 123 140 78 162 119 99 105 85 Frozen filets 19,848 30,189 30,211 24,604 25,012 29,337 21,890 21,128 23,302 Frozen meat 1,958 2,419 1,916 3,917 2,402 2,554 2,564 1,904 1,646 Frozen whole - - - 48 12 11 34 118 220 Total 22,046 32,731 32,267 28,647 27,588 32,021 24,587 23,255 25,253 Net Import Fresh/chilled whole 37 80 51 64 3 7 27 28 15 Frozen filets 72,157 77,120 113,729 62,672 96,967 125,179 114,256 105,186 113,372 Frozen meat 10,318 14,915 14,756 4,233 8,232 6,254 7,062 7,977 6,117 Frozen whole - 1 260 30 12 58 350 24 -191 Total 82,512 92,116 128,796 66,999 105,214 131,498 121,695 113,215 119,313 Source: Eurostat

Redfish

Germany is the largest importer and consumer of redfish in the EU15. EU15 countries had large redfish catches before 1975, with a peak in 1964 of 195 000 tonnes, of which Germany had 172 000 tonnes. In the 1970s the catch peaked at 126 000 tonnes in 1977, of which Germany had 108 000 tonnes. The last decade has seen the catch decline and Iceland take a larger percentage of the quota. The EU15 catch is now down to around 35 000 tonnes, of which Germany has about 15 000 tonnes. Germany has imported some 30 000 tonnes of redfish each year over the past decade, consisting of an increasing proportion of frozen fillets and a decreasing proportion of chilled whole fish. Germany exports/re-exports about 5 000 tonnes of redfish each year, mainly to France and the UK.

Table 58. German Import, Export and Net Import of Redfish, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 1,959 2,049 2,330 2,262 1,512 1,499 1,074 1,061 1,139 Fresh/chilled whole 14,102 15,219 16,699 15,449 16,261 11,952 13,672 12,269 9,580 Frozen filets 12,628 10,325 8,877 11,269 11,536 11,225 13,167 15,520 16,300 Frozen meat 283 114 31 76 42 14 5 7 33 Frozen whole 1,603 1,518 1,918 1,847 1,321 1,399 2,317 2,025 1,794 Total 30,575 29,225 29,855 30,903 30,672 26,089 30,235 30,882 28,846 Export Fresh/chilled filets 66 60 357 574 176 211 229 192 88 Fresh/chilled whole 1,677 1,002 1,090 889 2,127 1,853 1,145 528 420 Frozen filets 2,124 2,436 1,845 1,955 1,899 2,178 2,092 2,992 2,191 Frozen meat ------23 Frozen whole 300 525 1,126 842 1,759 1,820 3,350 1,400 818 Total 4,167 4,023 4,418 4,260 5,961 6,062 6,816 5,112 3,540 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets 1,893 1,989 1,973 1,688 1,336 1,288 845 869 1,051 Fresh/chilled whole 12,425 14,217 15,609 14,560 14,134 10,099 12,527 11,741 9,160 Frozen filets 10,504 7,889 7,032 9,314 9,637 9,047 11,075 12,528 14,109 Frozen meat 283 114 31 76 42 14 5 7 10 Frozen whole 1,303 993 792 1,005 -438 -421 -1,033 625 976 Total 26,408 25,202 25,437 26,643 24,711 20,027 23,419 25,770 25,306 Source: Eurostat

74

Cod

Germany was the fourth largest importer of cod in the EU15 after the UK, Denmark and Portugal until 2004, when the German import decreased and the Netherlands import increased. Germany exports/re-exports more than two thirds of its cod import to the UK, France, Netherlands and other European countries. The German cod catch decreased from 38 000 tonnes in 1996 to 15 000 tonnes in 2003. Germany’s cod import and export consists mostly of frozen fillets but it also exports a few thousand tonnes of chilled whole fish.

Table 59. German Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 3,040 3,138 3,064 2,798 2,186 2,254 2,833 2,249 2,219 Fresh/chilled whole 7,888 7,959 4,790 4,589 2,847 2,245 1,706 1,729 1,724 Frozen filets 16,332 21,624 21,884 18,973 22,845 24,122 21,989 23,791 16,752 Frozen meat 929 1,128 1,711 1,693 2,218 2,133 2,554 2,761 1,253 Frozen whole 787 419 1,075 281 350 294 283 112 1,700 Total 28,976 34,268 32,524 28,334 30,446 31,048 29,365 30,642 23,648 Export Fresh/chilled filets 233 249 424 465 77 100 225 184 249 Fresh/chilled whole 10,045 6,874 7,002 9,332 8,999 6,987 5,762 4,613 5,832 Frozen filets 8,821 8,541 6,783 9,017 15,003 14,256 14,485 15,407 9,529 Frozen meat 65 132 128 635 1,564 1,554 1,773 2,342 822 Frozen whole 392 78 184 37 206 199 93 2 764 Total 19,556 15,874 14,521 19,486 25,849 23,096 22,338 22,548 17,196 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets 2,807 2,889 2,640 2,333 2,109 2,154 2,608 2,065 1,970 Fresh/chilled whole -2,157 1,085 -2,212 -4,743 -6,152 -4,742 -4,056 -2,884 -4,108 Frozen filets 7,511 13,083 15,101 9,956 7,842 9,866 7,504 8,384 7,223 Frozen meat 864 996 1,583 1,058 654 579 781 419 431 Frozen whole 395 341 891 244 144 95 190 110 936 Total 9,420 18,394 18,003 8,848 4,597 7,952 7,027 8,094 6,452 Source: Eurostat

Saithe

Germany was the largest net importer of saithe in the EU15 in 2003, a position normally held by France. The German catch of saithe was between 12 000 tonnes and 15 000 tonnes per year over the past decade. The saithe import consists mostly of frozen fillets, with around 5 000 tonnes of chilled fillets per year. The import of chilled whole fish decreased from 7 000 tonnes in 1996 to 2 000 tonnes in 2004. The German export/re-export of 5 000 tonnes to 9 000 tonnes per year is mostly frozen fillets, with a varying proportion of chilled whole fish, probably fish in transit. The export/re-export mostly ends up in France and Netherlands.

75 Table 60. German Import, Export and Net Import of Saithe, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 6,246 5,850 4,995 4,753 4,245 5,334 5,183 4,595 3,744 Fresh/chilled whole 7,465 6,941 4,228 5,551 4,887 2,922 2,512 1,994 2,259 Frozen filets 22,418 19,697 21,631 11,419 15,007 13,528 14,441 15,234 13,115 Frozen meat 1,037 1,075 538 1,010 1,503 1,668 2,126 1,856 1,497 Frozen whole 300 167 207 179 109 165 202 356 377 Total 37,466 33,730 31,599 22,912 25,751 23,617 24,464 24,035 20,992 Export Fresh/chilled filets 104 59 126 167 173 173 198 168 118 Fresh/chilled whole 3,103 976 1,814 1,180 4,095 3,232 1,853 1,328 3,257 Frozen filets 3,202 2,838 2,736 2,984 4,496 4,312 3,840 3,473 3,398 Frozen meat 71 2 191 123 310 189 213 36 6 Frozen whole 67 45 2 75 197 578 179 203 190 Total 6,547 3,920 4,869 4,529 9,271 8,484 6,283 5,208 6,969 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets 6,142 5,791 4,869 4,586 4,072 5,161 4,985 4,427 3,626 Fresh/chilled whole 4,362 5,965 2,414 4,371 792 -310 659 666 -998 Frozen filets 19,216 16,859 18,895 8,435 10,511 9,216 10,601 11,761 9,717 Frozen meat 966 1,073 347 887 1,193 1,479 1,913 1,820 1,491 Frozen whole 233 122 205 104 -88 -413 23 153 187 Total 30,919 29,810 26,730 18,383 16,480 15,133 18,181 18,827 14,023 Source: Eurostat

Hake

Germany was the third largest importer and the fourth largest net importer of hake in 2004, with an import of 27 000 tonnes and a net import of 21 000 tonnes. Its net import/ consumption has varied in the past few years between 16 000 tonnes and 24 000 tonnes. The re-export goes to Italy and Spain and in the mid nineties also went to France. Most of the import and re-export is of frozen fillets, with a recent increasing share of frozen meat/mince.

Table 61. German Import, Export and Net Import of Hake, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled whole 464 465 303 321 678 582 221 293 195 Frozen filets 24,789 20,852 18,242 18,812 17,710 19,483 23,254 18,492 21,999 Frozen meat 916 826 511 1,986 1,475 1,966 3,277 1,429 4,063 Frozen whole 497 319 193 202 317 321 348 219 265 Total 26,666 22,462 19,249 21,321 20,180 22,352 27,100 20,433 26,522 Export Fresh/chilled whole 209 62 118 211 76 100 96 24 145 Frozen filets 2,522 2,418 2,080 2,530 2,063 2,003 2,760 3,850 4,992 Frozen meat 135 56 13 72 21 60 41 20 - Frozen whole 101 80 79 114 72 72 161 6 1 Total 2,967 2,616 2,290 2,927 2,232 2,235 3,058 3,900 5,138 Net Import Fresh/chilled whole 255 403 185 110 602 482 125 269 50 Frozen filets 22,267 18,434 16,162 16,282 15,647 17,480 20,494 14,642 17,007 Frozen meat 781 770 498 1,914 1,454 1,906 3,236 1,409 4,063 Frozen whole 396 239 114 88 245 249 187 213 264 Total 23,699 19,846 16,959 18,394 17,948 20,117 24,042 16,533 21,384 Source: Eurostat

76 3.4. France – a Market for many Species

Figure 64. French Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

180 180 160 160 haddock 140 140 hoki frozen whole 120 120 redfish frozen meat/mince 100 100 hake frozen fillets 80 80 1000 MT 1000 MT saithe fresh/chilled whole 60 60 cod fresh/chilled fillets 40 40 AP 20 20 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

France imported between 150 000 tonnes and 160 000 tonnes of groundfish each year from 1994 to 2003, rising to 165 000 tonnes in 2004, mostly of frozen fillets of Alaska pollock, cod, hake and saithe, together with chilled whole cod and saithe. France has a small annual demand for fresh fillets of cod, saithe and redfish of between 2 000 tonnes and 5 000 tonnes. France exports/re-exports 8 000 tonnes to 12 000 tonnes of groundfish each year, mostly of frozen fillets with some chilled whole fish.

Table 62. France; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 16,607 17,669 21,500 25,123 20,640 14,431 11,886 11,336 11,614 8,911 Haddock 4,187 4,167 6,027 8,060 4,983 3,582 4,379 5,970 5,979 7,890 Redfish 2,293 2,520 2,244 2,567 1,604 1,254 943 1,076 585 512 Pollock 4,554 3,843 3,881 3,626 3,359 2,935 3,775 3,649 3,964 3,463 Saithe 29,317 19,882 19,598 17,802 18,218 24,638 26,941 28,533 30,736 23,359 Hake 16,733 16,309 10,339 10,019 6,635 9,168 11,635 10,029 13,612 13,295 Hoki 114 15 29 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Total 73,805 64,405 63,618 67,197 55,439 56,010 59,559 60,593 66,490 57,430 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The total French catch has been relatively stable in the past decade, ranging between 55 000 tonnes and 74 000 tonnes, with the 2004 catch at 57 000 tonnes. The cod catch decreased from 25 000 tonnes in 1997 to 9 000 tonnes in 2003, while the hake catch decreased from 17 000 tonnes in 1994 to 7 000 tonnes in 1998, rising to 13 000 tonnes in 2003. The saithe catch has been the most productive in recent years and increased from 18 000 tonnes in 1997 and 1998 to 30 000 tonnes in 2002, dropping in 2003 to 23 000 tonnes. France also catches a few thousand tonnes of haddock and pollock each year with catches in 2003 of 8 000 tonnes of haddock and 3 000 tonnes of pollock.

Cod

In addition to its cod catch, which decreased rapidly from 25 000 tonnes in 1997 to 9 000 tonnes in 2003, France imports around 20 000 tonnes of chilled whole cod each year and a little under 20 000 tonnes of frozen fillets and cod meat. It also imports a few tonnes of frozen whole cod and an increasing volume of fresh fillets, amounting to some 4 000 tonnes. The export/re-export is low, with most of the import and catch consumed in France. France also has an annual net import of between 6 000 tonnes and 8 000 tonnes of cured cod products, mainly salted cod and klipfish of cod.

77 Table 63. French Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 2,998 2,747 2,736 2,681 1,663 1,276 1,393 2,608 3,812 Fresh/chilled whole 30,551 27,352 21,155 24,879 22,714 20,335 19,073 21,415 20,620 Frozen filets 15,803 15,146 15,338 15,015 14,027 14,276 13,044 15,529 15,881 Frozen meat 5,188 3,823 6,293 5,425 5,066 3,094 2,588 3,261 4,054 Frozen whole 2,288 1,560 4,607 3,970 3,705 3,742 3,637 4,534 3,628 Total 56,828 50,628 50,129 51,970 47,175 42,723 39,735 47,347 47,995 Export Fresh/chilled filets 344 1,021 1,077 1,256 720 421 430 510 413 Fresh/chilled whole 581 1,084 496 370 196 229 395 356 317 Frozen filets 1,569 1,214 1,258 744 749 1,011 740 691 623 Frozen meat 44 44 62 146 136 187 103 64 223 Frozen whole 7 57 42 35 32 36 67 36 19 Total 2,545 3,420 2,935 2,551 1,833 1,884 1,735 1,657 1,595 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets 2,654 1,726 1,659 1,425 943 855 963 2,098 3,399 Fresh/chilled whole 29,970 26,268 20,659 24,509 22,518 20,106 18,678 21,059 20,303 Frozen filets 14,234 13,932 14,080 14,271 13,278 13,265 12,304 14,838 15,258 Frozen meat 5,144 3,779 6,231 5,279 4,930 2,907 2,485 3,197 3,831 Frozen whole 2,281 1,503 4,565 3,935 3,673 3,706 3,570 4,498 3,609 Total 54,283 47,208 47,194 49,419 45,342 40,839 38,000 45,690 46,400 Source: Eurostat

Alaska Pollock (Pollock)

France is the second largest importer and consumer of Alaska pollock in EU15, after Germany. (Surimi import excluded.) The French import of Alaska pollock varied during the period from 37 000 tonnes in 1996, mostly of frozen fillets and meat/mince, to 53 000 tonnes in 2001 and 50 000 tonnes in 2004. It should be noted that EU15 countries’ trade statistics do not show all trade of pollock and Alaska pollock per species. Fresh/chilled whole and frozen whole fish figures in the table include both species, but frozen fillets and frozen meat figures refer only to Alaska pollock.

Table 64. French Import, Export and Net Import of Pollock/Alaska Pollock, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled whole 1,682 1,498 1,354 1,535 1,739 1,730 1,553 1,584 4,421 Frozen filets 31,016 30,480 35,538 31,717 37,808 45,181 39,016 38,907 41,127 Frozen meat 4,260 5,427 4,350 3,593 4,698 5,855 4,339 4,807 4,550 Frozen whole 6 2 400 58 21 8 36 11 16 Total 36,964 37,407 41,642 36,903 44,266 52,774 44,944 45,309 50,114 Export Fresh/chilled whole 23 97 791 605 217 80 78 176 55 Frozen filets 2,523 2,207 1,856 1,252 1,347 1,194 1,451 1,463 704 Frozen meat 155 212 17 27 - 220 382 113 388 Frozen whole 9 22 1 1 19 12 4 2 10 Total 2,710 2,538 2,665 1,885 1,583 1,506 1,915 1,754 1,157 Net Import Fresh/chilled whole 1,659 1,401 563 930 1,522 1,650 1,475 1,408 4,366 Frozen filets 28,493 28,273 33,682 30,465 36,461 43,987 37,565 37,444 40,423 Frozen meat 4,105 5,215 4,333 3,566 4,698 5,635 3,957 4,694 4,162 Frozen whole -3 -20 399 57 2 -4 32 9 6 Total 34,254 34,869 38,977 35,018 42,683 51,268 43,029 43,555 48,957 Source: Eurostat

78 Hake

France is the fourth largest importer of hake in the EU15 after Spain, Italy and Germany. The import consists mostly of frozen fillets and meat, with some frozen and chilled whole fish imported. The import of fillets decreased from 20 000 tonnes in 1996 to 14 000 tonnes in 2004, with the other categories more stable. There is a small re-export of hake from France. The French catch of hake decreased from 17 000 tonnes in 1994 to 7 000 tonnes in 1998 but rose again to 13 000 tonnes in 2003.

Table 65. French Import, Export and Net Import of Hake, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled whole 2,466 2,806 3,033 3,640 3,232 3,196 2,361 2,228 2,917 Frozen filets 20,466 17,276 17,196 16,671 14,840 14,832 13,303 14,934 14,449 Frozen meat 1,267 1,056 1,655 1,708 2,177 1,856 1,187 584 1,726 Frozen whole 2,394 2,449 2,526 2,668 2,324 2,690 1,825 1,667 1,052 Total 26,593 23,587 24,410 24,687 22,573 22,574 18,676 19,413 20,144 Export Fresh/chilled whole 1,600 2,242 932 957 888 882 1,378 1,562 709 Frozen filets 1,556 830 417 399 1,178 1,301 764 417 263 Frozen meat 146 57 34 9 - 27 31 2 12 Frozen whole 212 686 129 194 182 301 153 72 65 Total 3,514 3,815 1,512 1,559 2,248 2,511 2,326 2,053 1,049 Net Import Fresh/chilled whole 866 564 2,101 2,683 2,344 2,314 983 666 2,208 Frozen filets 18,910 16,446 16,779 16,272 13,662 13,531 12,539 14,517 14,186 Frozen meat 1,121 999 1,621 1,699 2,177 1,829 1,156 582 1,714 Frozen whole 2,182 1,763 2,397 2,474 2,142 2,389 1,672 1,595 987 Total 23,079 19,772 22,898 23,128 20,325 20,063 16,350 17,360 19,095 Source: Eurostat

Saithe

France and Germany are the largest net importers of saithe in the EU15. The French catch is considerably higher than the German, making France the largest consumer of saithe in the EU15. The French import is almost equally divided between frozen fillets and chilled whole fish. The export/re-export was between 1 000 tonnes and 2 000 tonnes during the period and the net import ranged from 18 000 tonnes in 1996 to 22 000 tonnes in 2001, dropping to18 000 tonnes in 2003 and increasing to 28 000 tonnes in 2004. This pattern is likely to be connected to the French saithe catch, which increased from 18 000 tonnes in 1997 and 1998, to 30 000 tonnes in 2002, decreasing to 23 000 tonnes in 2003.

79 Table 66. French Import, Export and Net Import of Saithe, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 1,660 1,965 1,416 1,403 747 796 510 612 525 Fresh/chilled whole 8,883 7,595 6,651 8,754 8,650 10,674 8,782 9,023 12,757 Frozen filets 6,933 7,541 8,321 9,845 8,448 10,834 9,579 8,292 14,093 Frozen meat 1,162 445 716 956 1,036 1,160 983 721 1,184 Frozen whole 249 382 498 199 198 346 785 348 224 Total 18,887 17,928 17,602 21,157 19,079 23,810 20,639 18,996 28,783 Export Fresh/chilled filets 244 325 503 496 582 324 317 234 174 Fresh/chilled whole 163 308 255 51 186 64 105 162 91 Frozen filets 880 668 561 603 560 1,776 1,668 1,037 861 Frozen meat 83 76 156 23 80 37 92 55 32 Frozen whole 3 8 11 12 22 31 - 3 - Total 1,373 1,385 1,486 1,185 1,430 2,232 2,182 1,491 1,158 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets 1,416 1,640 913 907 165 472 193 378 351 Fresh/chilled whole 8,720 7,287 6,396 8,703 8,464 10,610 8,677 8,861 12,666 Frozen filets 6,053 6,873 7,760 9,242 7,888 9,058 7,911 7,255 13,232 Frozen meat 1,079 369 560 933 956 1,123 891 666 1,152 Frozen whole 246 374 487 187 176 315 785 345 224 Total 17,514 16,543 16,116 19,972 17,649 21,578 18,457 17,505 27,625 Source: Eurostat

3.5. Denmark – a Processor of Groundfish

Figure 65. Danish Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

160 160 140 140 hake 120 120 hoki frozen whole 100 100 AP frozen meat/mince 80 redfish 80 frozen fillets 1000 MT 1000 MT 60 haddock 60 fresh/chilled whole saithe fresh/chilled fillets 40 40 cod 20 20

0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Statistics Denmark

Denmark is a large importer of fresh whole and frozen whole cod and fresh whole saithe and haddock. Some redfish is imported for re-export. The Danish export is almost as large as the import in volume, while the export value is considerably larger than the import value. The import volume has decreased over the last three years, while the export volume has remained constant.

80 Figure 66. Danish Export of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

160 160

140 140 hoki 120 120 hake frozen whole 100 AP 100 frozen meat/mince 80 redfish 80 frozen fillets 1000 MT 1000 MT 60 haddock 60 fresh/chilled whole saithe fresh/chilled fillets 40 40 cod 20 20 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Statistics Denmark

Denmark’s catch of the seven groundfish species peaked in 1996 at 102 000 tonnes, but by 2003 the catch had reduced to 45 000 tonnes. Cod is by far the most important species caught, with smaller amounts of haddock, saithe and hake, and minor amounts of pollock and redfish.

Table 67. Denmark; Catches of Seven Groundfish species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 55,221 78,332 90,741 80,491 69,025 70,547 57,018 46,200 37,867 31,526 Haddock 4,768 4,479 5,050 5,227 5,786 3,130 2,707 4,001 8,920 4,781 Redfish 42 15 21 23 27 53 43 100 43 72 Pollock 1,301 1,036 1,049 637 564 480 490 357 464 366 Saithe 4,331 4,395 4,708 4,517 3,973 4,501 3,536 3,593 5,686 6,959 Hake 2,128 1,487 868 670 591 846 811 1,043 1,163 1,200 Total 67,791 89,744 102,437 91,565 79,966 79,557 64,605 55,294 54,143 44,904 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Cod

Denmark’s cod catch reached a peak in 1996 with 90 000 tonnes, but had reduced to 32 000 tonnes by 2003. The quota for 2004 was 25 000 tonnes. Denmark exports more cod than it imports and the export consists of more fillet products and less whole fish than the import. That means that the consumption in Denmark is considerably lower than its catch. The import for re-export (transit) of fresh whole cod was 9 000 tonnes in 2003 and 2004, almost all of which originated in Norway and the destination for which was France, the UK and the Netherlands. Most of the cod imported to and exported from Denmark is thus packed and processed in Denmark.

81 Table 68. Danish Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 1,615 1,527 1,611 879 1,471 2,021 1,798 2,273 3,092 Fresh/chilled whole 52,185 45,998 33,187 34,490 31,186 31,637 27,592 29,940 28,254 Frozen filets 11,548 9,446 10,766 9,561 10,584 8,497 6,735 7,023 7,415 Frozen meat 1,445 1,097 1,267 847 1,470 917 1,065 2,579 2,812 Frozen whole 25,483 26,489 26,419 26,558 31,483 42,484 49,684 36,847 26,913 Total 92,276 84,557 73,249 72,335 76,194 85,557 86,874 78,662 68,486 Export Fresh/chilled filets 18,729 17,227 13,117 13,627 12,468 11,653 10,244 10,825 11,743 Fresh/chilled whole 37,200 33,857 30,389 31,874 31,684 25,067 28,218 39,768 57,249 Frozen filets 30,553 27,019 24,202 22,193 21,509 24,251 19,492 14,570 13,201 Frozen meat 2,338 2,553 2,014 1,358 1,534 1,194 1,278 1,482 1,142 Frozen whole 5,552 4,162 4,736 5,537 9,282 14,381 20,236 16,093 5,585 Total 94,372 84,819 74,458 74,590 76,477 76,547 79,469 82,737 88,920 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets -17,114 -15,700 -11,506 -12,748 -10,997 -9,632 -8,446 -8,552 -8,651 Fresh/chilled whole 14,985 12,142 2,798 2,615 -499 6,570 -626 -9,828 -28,996 Frozen filets -19,005 -17,573 -13,436 -12,632 -10,925 -15,753 -12,758 -7,547 -5,787 Frozen meat -892 -1,456 -747 -511 -64 -276 -213 1,097 1,671 Frozen whole 19,931 22,326 21,683 21,021 22,201 28,103 29,448 20,755 21,328 Total -2,096 -261 -1,209 -2,255 -283 9,011 7,405 -4,076 -20,435 Source: Statistics Denmark

Fresh whole cod imported to Denmark is mostly of Norwegian and Swedish origin, but cod from Russia, Latvia, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania and Poland also ends up in Denmark for processing. Whole fresh cod exported from Denmark goes mostly to France, Spain and the Netherlands. Frozen whole cod imported to Denmark for processing is mostly of Russian origin, but in the past few years there has been an increasing amount from the USA, amounting to 5 000 tonnes in 2002, 6 000 tonnes in 2003, and 4 000 tonnes in 2004. Frozen whole cod exported from Denmark has recently been destined more for China and Poland and less to Portugal and Spain. Fresh cod fillets exported from Denmark go to other EU15 countries, mostly to Italy, Germany, France, Spain and Belgium. The frozen fillet export decreased from 31 000 tonnes in 1996 to 13 000 tonnes in 2004 and went mostly to other EU15 countries including the UK, France and Germany, with some to USA.

Saithe

The Danish saithe catch was around 4 000 tonnes a year until 2002 when EU15 quotas started to increase. The Danish catch was 6 000 tonnes in 2002 and 7 000 tonnes in 2003, while the quota for 2004 was 8 000 tonnes. Denmark imported between 20 000 tonnes and 28 000 tonnes of fresh whole saithe per year from 1996 – 2004. Between 2 000 tonnes and 6 000 tonnes of this was imported from Norway for re-export (transit), mostly to Germany, Netherlands and France. The Danish export of fresh whole saithe goes to other EU15 countries and mostly to France, Germany and Netherlands. The Danish export of fresh fillets of saithe goes mostly to Germany. Danish import and export of frozen fillets increased until 2002, but reduced again in 2003 and 2004. More than two thirds of the frozen fillet volume is in transit from the Faeroe Islands to Germany and France. The remaining third is mostly in transit from Norway, together with the Danish import from the Faeroe Islands and Norway. The Danish export goes mostly to Germany and France and other EU15 countries including Finland and Greece.

82

Table 69. Danish Import, Export and Net Import of Saithe, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 496 577 1,026 2,142 2,172 2,435 1,405 1,599 1,815 Fresh/chilled whole 24,046 20,290 21,742 22,506 22,602 24,610 28,378 26,664 19,683 Frozen filets 7,733 3,973 9,180 9,496 9,802 10,056 12,664 10,526 10,611 Frozen meat 1,537 324 1,033 2,955 3,570 3,629 2,692 3,009 4,416 Frozen whole 142 88 554 182 183 413 201 349 341 Total 33,954 25,252 33,536 37,281 38,329 41,143 45,340 42,148 36,866 Export Fresh/chilled filets 5,904 4,796 5,154 7,161 7,154 8,791 8,009 8,084 7,848 Fresh/chilled whole 6,265 6,220 7,593 10,755 9,469 10,001 9,613 15,384 13,533 Frozen filets 10,910 6,264 12,870 10,819 13,869 16,317 19,070 13,446 11,271 Frozen meat 1,472 292 1,036 3,025 3,907 4,639 3,248 2,902 3,863 Frozen whole 194 294 394 541 429 212 194 210 278 Total 24,745 17,866 27,047 32,300 34,827 39,960 40,134 40,025 36,793 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets -5,409 -4,218 -4,128 -5,019 -4,982 -6,356 -6,604 -6,484 -6,033 Fresh/chilled whole 17,782 14,070 14,149 11,751 13,133 14,608 18,765 11,280 6,150 Frozen filets -3,177 -2,291 -3,689 -1,323 -4,066 -6,261 -6,406 -2,919 -660 Frozen meat 65 32 -3 -69 -337 -1,010 -556 107 554 Frozen whole -52 -205 160 -359 -247 202 7 139 63 Total 9,209 7,387 6,489 4,981 3,502 1,183 5,207 2,123 73 Source: Statistics Denmark

Haddock

The Danish haddock catch increased from 5 000 tonnes in 1994 to 9 000 tonnes in 2002. In 2003 the catch was 5 000 tonnes and the quota in 2004 was 6 000 tonnes. Denmark imports between 9 000 tonnes and 12 000 tonnes of fresh whole haddock each year, more than half of which is imported from Norway for re-export mainly to the UK. The Danish import also comes from Norway, with some from Sweden. Denmark exports fresh whole haddock to the UK and France. The increasing import of whole frozen haddock comes from Russia, while the export goes to China. The export of frozen fillets goes to the UK.

Table 70. Danish Import, Export and Net Import of Haddock, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled whole 11,339 12,810 12,202 9,414 10,213 11,365 9,406 12,458 11,246 Frozen filets 983 839 647 430 424 76 146 545 554 Frozen meat 59 - 211 328 269 190 195 396 195 Frozen whole 1,806 612 536 1,293 2,768 4,048 4,452 2,602 3,824 Total 14,187 14,260 13,597 11,464 13,674 15,679 14,199 16,001 15,818 Export Fresh/chilled whole 3,999 5,556 12,834 9,310 10,553 13,892 14,590 14,098 10,188 Frozen filets 2,105 1,657 1,195 944 1,018 813 1,625 1,604 2,003 Frozen meat 58 71 255 339 247 109 163 466 451 Frozen whole 1,137 433 210 463 1,376 2,495 1,258 2,401 738 Total 7,299 7,717 14,494 11,056 13,193 17,308 17,636 18,569 13,381 Net Import Fresh/chilled whole 7,340 7,254 -632 104 -340 -2,527 -5,184 -1,639 1,057 Frozen filets -1,122 -819 -547 -514 -594 -737 -1,479 -1,059 -1,449 Frozen meat 1 -71 -44 -10 23 82 32 -70 -257 Frozen whole 669 179 326 829 1,392 1,553 3,194 201 3,086 Total 6,888 6,543 -898 409 482 -1,629 -3,437 -2,568 2,438 Source: Statistics Denmark

83 Redfish

Denmark has a very minor catch of redfish, and a small import and export. Of the yearly import of 3 000 tonnes to 7 000 tonnes of fresh whole redfish, more than half is imported for re-export (transit) from Norway. Both the Danish export and the transit go to France, Germany, Belgium and Netherlands. The annual import of frozen whole fish of between 1 000 tonnes and 4 000 tonnes originates in Greenland, Iceland and Norway and is exported to Portugal, Russia, Greece, Germany, Croatia, Italy and China.

Table 71. Danish Import, Export and Net Import of Redfish, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 629 578 1,128 1,644 1,671 1,331 753 636 958 Fresh/chilled whole 4,894 4,305 5,328 6,156 7,265 5,375 2,989 3,524 3,888 Frozen filets 1,103 541 468 558 338 995 559 796 1,884 Frozen meat 13 - - 21 - - 1 - - Frozen whole 1,836 1,492 1,635 2,885 3,651 4,298 2,964 3,673 2,521 Total 8,477 6,917 8,559 11,264 12,925 11,999 7,266 8,629 9,251 Export Fresh/chilled filets 609 832 1,291 1,396 1,690 1,338 806 724 1,126 Fresh/chilled whole 2,026 1,691 5,388 5,753 6,420 5,318 2,729 3,566 3,952 Frozen filets 953 652 445 420 476 984 643 705 907 Frozen meat 24 1 90 42 13 - 0 12 - Frozen whole 1,696 1,487 1,600 2,877 3,564 5,231 3,263 3,598 1,978 Total 5,309 4,664 8,814 10,488 12,162 12,871 7,442 8,605 7,963 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets 20 -254 -163 248 -19 -6 -53 -88 -168 Fresh/chilled whole 2,868 2,614 -59 403 845 56 260 -42 -64 Frozen filets 150 -111 22 138 -137 11 -84 91 977 Frozen meat -11 -1 -90 -22 -13 - 1 -12 - Frozen whole 140 5 35 8 87 -932 -299 75 543 Total 3,168 2,253 -255 776 762 -871 -176 24 1,289 Source: Statistics Denmark

3.6. The Netherlands – a Trader in Groundfish

The Netherlands’ import of the seven groundfish species increased from a little under 50 000 tonnes a year before 2003, to 87 000 tonnes in 2004. The import consists mostly of frozen fillets of cod, Alaska pollock, saithe, hake and redfish, and fresh and frozen whole cod. Imports of Alaska pollock and cod have increased in the past few years, while imports of other species remain constant or are decreasing.

Figure 67. The Netherlands; Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

90 90 80 80 hoki 70 70 haddock frozen whole 60 60 frozen meat/mince 50 redfish 50 frozen fillets 40 hake 40 1000 MT 1000 MT fresh/chilled whole 30 saithe 30 fresh/chilled fillets 20 AP 20 10 cod 10 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

84 The Netherlands’ import of chilled whole cod decreased from 16 000 tonnes in 1996 to 8 000 tonnes in 2004. About one third of this is exported/re-exported as chilled whole cod. The import of frozen cod fillets increased from 3 000 tonnes in 1996 to 17 000 tonnes in 2004. Most of this is re-exported, with only a few thousand tonnes consumed each year in the Netherlands.

Figure 68. The Netherlands; Export of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

60 60

50 hoki 50 haddock frozen whole 40 40 redfish frozen meat/mince 30 hake 30 frozen fillets 1000 MT 1000 MT AP fresh/chilled whole 20 20 saithe fresh/chilled fillets 10 cod 10

0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The Netherlands’ import of Alaska pollock increased from 4 000 tonnes in 1996 to 19 000 tonnes in 2004, most of which was consumed in the Netherlands. The Netherlands annually imports between 2 000 tonnes and 4 000 tonnes of chilled whole saithe which is not re- exported. The import of frozen saithe fillets increased from 1 000 tonnes in 1996 to 11 000 tonnes in 2004, more than half of which was re-exported. The Netherlands imported 14 000 tonnes of frozen hake fillets in 1996 but just 8 000 tonnes in 2004. As more than 4 000 tonnes of this is re-exported each year, the country’s net-import/consumption decreased. The Netherlands imported increasing quantities of whole frozen redfish in 2004, amounting to 3 000 tonnes, together with 4 000 tonnes of frozen fillets. Most of the whole frozen fish were re-exported with some fillets consumed in the Netherlands.

The Netherlands has a large export/re-export of groundfish and the export of fresh fillets is larger than or the same as the import, which means that a certain amount of processing of fresh fillets for export takes place within the Netherlands.

Table 72. Netherlands; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 6,512 11,189 9,307 11,838 14,724 9,075 6,000 3,656 4,714 2,372 Haddock 95 146 111 494 289 115 121 295 360 194 Redfish 8 29 41 53 20 16 19 8 15 89 Pollack 14 17 19 15 7 5 5 1 1 2 Saithe 17 9 19 42 8 7 11 19 5 21 Hake 75 78 111 62 75 98 43 72 18 24 Total 6,721 11,468 9,608 12,504 15,123 9,316 6,199 4,051 5,113 2,702 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The Netherlands still has a small catch of groundfish species, mostly of North Sea cod, amounting to 2 400 tonnes in 2003, which was a large decrease from 15 000 tonnes in 1998.

3.7. Portugal – Whole Frozen Orientation

Portugal imports large quantities of groundfish both as chilled/frozen and salted or dried/salted fish of different qualities and species. A large proportion of the imported groundfish is generally salted in Portugal before being consumed. The Portuguese import of

85 chilled/frozen fish is mainly frozen whole cod and hake, amounting to 60 000 tonnes to 75 000 tonnes per year. There is also a small volume import of frozen whole redfish and Alaska pollock, and some frozen fillets of hake, Alaska pollock and cod. Portuguese catches of the seven groundfish species declined from 25 000 tonnes in 1994 to 23 000 tonnes in 2003 and consisted of redfish, cod and hake. In the period the volume of redfish varied between 5 000 tonnes and 12 000 tonnes, while the Cod catch decreased from about 8 000 tonnes in the mid 1990s to about 4 000 tonnes in recent years. The hake catch was 10 000 tonnes in 1996 and between 3 000 tonnes and 7 000 tonnes per year thereafter.

Figure 69. Portuguese Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

100 100 90 90 80 hoki 80 70 redfish 70 frozen whole 60 haddock 60 frozen meat/mince 50 50 frozen fillets saithe

40 1000 MT 1000 MT 40 fresh/chilled whole AP 30 30 fresh/chilled fillets 20 hake 20 10 cod 10 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Table 73. Portugal; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 8,280 7,323 8,083 9,079 6,042 4,212 3,778 4,384 4,118 4,305 Haddock 765 607 208 207 55 48 144 128 231 396 Redfish 11,482 9,355 5,059 5,343 6,638 10,453 9,968 8,321 9,723 11,752 Pollack 3 2 2 2 1 1 15 41 45 31 Saithe 13 5 24 13 49 37 64 86 132 270 Hake 4,788 6,154 9,738 4,253 3,960 3,785 3,106 3,671 6,742 6,679 Hoki 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 Total 25,331 23,446 23,114 18,897 16,745 18,536 17,107 16,631 20,991 23,433 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Cod

Portugal is the third largest importer of fresh/frozen cod in the EU15 after the UK and Denmark, and since Denmark exports/re-exports most of the cod it imports, this makes Portugal the second largest net importer after the UK. Portugal had an average net import of some 40 000 tonnes per year in recent years, most of which was frozen whole fish for salting. The re-export is 4 000 tonnes to 5 000 tonnes per year and the annual catch is approximately the same. The net import of cod increased from 21 000 tonnes in 2000 to 46 000 tonnes in 2004. Portuguese export/re-export of cod usually goes to Spain, France and the UK, but in 2003/2004 there was also a significant export to China.

86 Table 74. Portuguese Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 20 108 110 32 66 74 54 34 Fresh/chilled whole 705 759 204 2,207 725 1,310 908 834 3,118 Frozen filets 36 74 147 412 538 708 817 892 144 Frozen meat 21 114 362 260 529 1,358 1,586 2,309 1,125 Frozen whole 44,129 30,645 25,124 41,184 24,366 36,433 38,513 44,433 46,049 Total 44,891 31,612 25,945 44,173 26,190 39,875 41,898 48,522 50,470 Export Fresh/chilled filets - 6 11 - 19 25 2 - 23 Fresh/chilled whole 8 52 618 1,953 722 3 49 12 36 Frozen filets 1,334 1,559 393 1,383 870 874 1,073 487 293 Frozen meat 194 689 172 152 182 223 183 393 457 Frozen whole 3,539 3,550 3,343 3,178 3,106 3,413 2,580 3,392 3,347 Total 5,075 5,856 4,537 6,666 4,899 4,538 3,887 4,284 4,156 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets - 14 97 110 13 41 72 54 11 Fresh/chilled whole 697 707 -414 254 3 1,307 859 822 3,082 Frozen filets -1,298 -1,485 -246 -971 -332 -166 -256 405 -149 Frozen meat -173 -575 190 108 347 1,135 1,403 1,916 668 Frozen whole 40,590 27,095 21,781 38,006 21,260 33,020 35,933 41,041 42,702 Total 39,816 25,756 21,408 37,507 21,291 35,337 38,011 44,238 46,314 Source: Eurostat

Portugal also had a yearly net import of between 45 000 tonnes and 81 000 tonnes of cured cod products in the years 1996 to 2004, mostly of salted fish with some klipfish of cod.

Table 75. Portuguese Import, Export and Net Import of Klipfish and Salted Cod, MT 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Klipfish Import 17,703 18,949 19,202 19,212 16,298 16,762 18,921 20,121 22,692 Export 1,475 1,729 1,165 1,497 2,263 3,000 3,379 3,629 5,231 Net import 16,228 17,220 18,037 17,715 14,035 13,762 15,542 16,492 17,461 Salted fish Import 66,127 63,940 60,958 56,351 46,646 43,966 36,457 29,961 37,651 Export 980 2,096 410 1,572 1,351 2,621 1,883 1,418 1,185 Net import 65,147 61,844 60,548 54,779 45,295 41,345 34,574 28,543 36,466 Total Import 83,830 82,889 80,160 75,563 62,944 60,728 55,378 50,082 60,343 Export 2,455 3,825 1,575 3,069 3,614 5,621 5,262 5,047 6,416 Net import 81,375 79,064 78,585 72,494 59,330 55,107 50,116 45,035 53,927 Source: Eurostat

Hake

Portugal was the third largest net-importer of hake after Spain and Italy in 2004, with a net import of 34 000 tonnes. Portugal has traditionally imported similar volumes of hake to Italy, but while Italy’s import consists mainly of frozen fillets, Portugal imports mostly whole frozen fish. Portugal’s net import of hake was stable at between 25 000 tonnes and 28 000 tonnes of whole frozen fish, with a couple of tonnes of fresh whole fish, from 1996 to 2004, while the import of frozen fillets increased from 3 000 tonnes to 6 000 in the same period.

87 Table 76. Portuguese Import, Export and Net Import of Hake, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled whole 1,575 1,988 2,657 2,920 2,812 2,719 2,637 2,685 2,566 Frozen filets 3,353 3,295 4,007 4,792 4,855 4,123 4,165 6,144 7,287 Frozen meat 1,359 986 1,489 495 453 1,399 2,165 1,758 1,425 Frozen whole 29,190 27,922 28,889 28,484 27,793 28,619 26,779 28,117 26,502 Total 35,477 34,191 37,042 36,691 35,913 36,860 35,746 38,704 37,780 Export Fresh/chilled whole 53 128 231 140 189 128 165 279 453 Frozen filets 159 420 215 391 174 169 153 407 853 Frozen meat 48 15 291 369 502 1,122 831 678 984 Frozen whole 1,000 978 925 826 847 665 371 724 1,303 Total 1,260 1,541 1,662 1,726 1,712 2,084 1,520 2,088 3,593 Net Import Fresh/chilled whole 1,522 1,860 2,426 2,780 2,623 2,591 2,472 2,406 2,113 Frozen filets 3,194 2,875 3,792 4,401 4,681 3,954 4,012 5,737 6,434 Frozen meat 1,311 971 1,198 126 -49 277 1,334 1,080 441 Frozen whole 28,190 26,944 27,964 27,658 26,946 27,954 26,408 27,393 25,199 Total 34,217 32,650 35,380 34,965 34,201 34,776 34,226 36,616 34,187 Source: Eurostat

3.8. Italy – Strong Hake Focus

Italy’s import of fresh and frozen groundfish decreased from 57 000 tonnes in 1996 to 50 000 tonnes in 2004. In addition the catch decreased from 36 000 tonnes in 1994 to 11 000 tonnes in 2003. The catch consists only of hake and hake is the major species imported, but there is also a small cod import which decreased from 13 000 tonnes in 1996 to 9 000 tonnes in 2004. The hake import comprises an increasing share of frozen fillets and a decreasing share of frozen whole fish. Italy has very little export/re-export of this groundfish species but has a traditional annual import and consumption of cured products, mostly of cod, with a few thousand tonnes of other species.

Figure 70. Italian import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

60 60

50 haddock 50 frozen whole 40 saithe 40 AP frozen meat/mince 30 hoki 30 frozen fillets 1000 MT 1000 MT fresh/chilled whole 20 redfish 20 fresh/chilled fillets cod 10 10 hake 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Table 77. Italy; Catches of Seven Groundfish species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Hake 36,334 38,100 30,707 17,971 13,166 9,754 9,220 9,304 9,918 10,759 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

88 Hake

Italy is the second largest hake importer and net importer in the EU15 after Spain. The import varied from 40 000 tonnes in 1996 to 36 000 tonnes in 2004 and consists of an increasing share of frozen fillets, rising from 40 percent to 60 percent. The remainder is frozen whole fish and a few tonnes of meat/mince per year. Italy has almost no export/re-export of hake.

Table 78. Italian Import, Export and Net Import of Hake, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled whole 950 663 699 451 344 361 345 602 802 Frozen filets 14,875 14,660 18,043 18,095 15,723 18,133 22,358 21,323 23,124 Frozen meat 1,859 2,044 1,700 1,948 2,281 2,849 2,641 2,039 1,061 Frozen whole 23,121 20,914 19,859 18,903 15,612 14,135 13,860 10,602 11,260 Total 40,805 38,281 40,301 39,397 33,960 35,478 39,204 34,566 36,247 Export Fresh/chilled whole 1,347 834 477 248 348 279 250 163 288 Frozen filets 293 217 298 191 101 50 72 64 62 Frozen meat 45 53 77 43 25 208 13 2 1 Frozen whole 1,801 1,002 815 514 202 205 1,301 363 180 Total 3,486 2,106 1,667 996 676 742 1,636 592 531 Net Import Fresh/chilled whole -397 -171 222 203 -4 82 95 439 514 Frozen filets 14,582 14,443 17,745 17,904 15,622 18,083 22,286 21,259 23,062 Frozen meat 1,814 1,991 1,623 1,905 2,256 2,641 2,628 2,037 1,060 Frozen whole 21,320 19,912 19,044 18,389 15,410 13,930 12,559 10,239 11,080 Total 37,319 36,175 38,634 38,401 33,284 34,736 37,568 33,974 35,716 Source: Eurostat

Cod Italy’s import of cod products declined from 13 000 tonnes in 1996 to 9 000 tonnes in 2004, while its major product frozen fillets, decreased from 7 000 tonnes in 1996 to 3 000 tonnes in 2004. Italy is one of the markets that imports all types of cod products and from 1996 to 2004, the country imported a few thousand tonnes per year each of fresh fillets, frozen whole and chilled whole cod.

Table 79. Italian Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled filets 2,251 2,456 2,262 2,455 2,148 2,021 1,975 2,233 2,280 Fresh/chilled whole 1,838 2,088 2,498 2,284 2,023 1,782 1,777 1,840 1,575 Frozen filets 6,636 5,104 5,006 3,937 3,306 3,343 2,798 2,342 2,881 Frozen meat 109 159 199 127 103 103 64 225 329 Frozen whole 1,902 1,641 1,460 1,789 1,680 2,083 1,399 1,589 1,707 Total 12,736 11,448 11,425 10,592 9,260 9,332 8,013 8,229 8,772 Export Fresh/chilled filets 18 18 11 25 31 35 13 38 21 Fresh/chilled whole 1,662 1,547 1,407 677 450 354 407 381 283 Frozen filets 104 54 118 18 19 41 24 32 36 Frozen meat 1 10 - - - 4 - 2 1 Frozen whole 481 340 129 432 378 241 919 545 469 Total 2,266 1,969 1,665 1,152 878 675 1,363 998 810 Net Import Fresh/chilled filets 2,233 2,438 2,251 2,430 2,117 1,986 1,962 2,195 2,259 Fresh/chilled whole 176 541 1,091 1,607 1,573 1,428 1,370 1,459 1,292 Frozen filets 6,532 5,050 4,888 3,919 3,287 3,302 2,774 2,310 2,845 Frozen meat 108 149 199 127 103 99 64 223 328 Frozen whole 1,421 1,301 1,331 1,357 1,302 1,842 480 1,044 1,238 Total 10,470 9,479 9,760 9,440 8,382 8,657 6,650 7,231 7,962 Source: Eurostat

89 The traditional Italian import of cured cod products decreased from 23 000 tonnes in 1996 to 18 000 tonnes in 2004. It consists mostly of salted cod and klipfish fillets, but also klipfish and dried cod.

Table 80. Italian Import of Cured Cod Products, MT 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Klippfish 4,974 3,742 3,450 3,402 2,117 2,496 2,429 2,406 2,753 Salted fish 8,221 7,304 6,896 5,809 5,241 6,848 4,521 5,801 6,123 Dried fish 3,685 3,986 3,660 2,378 2,368 2,950 2,601 3,199 3,461 Klippfish fillets 6,108 6,424 5,458 5,309 4,669 5,541 5,760 5,824 5,897 Total 22,988 21,456 19,464 16,898 14,395 17,835 15,311 17,230 18,234 Source: Eurostat 3.9. Belgium /Luxemburg – Fresh Fillets Focus

The Belgian (Luxembourg included) import of the seven groundfish species is between 25 000 tonnes and 30 000 tonnes per year and the catch is 3 000 tonnes to 4 000 tonnes of cod and less than 1 000 tonnes of haddock. Belgium imports mostly frozen fillets of cod, hake, saithe and Alaska pollock and fresh fillets/whole fresh saithe, cod and redfish. Belgium exports/re-exports about one third of the fresh/frozen fish it imports/catches.

Figure 71. Belgian Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

35 35

30 30 hoki 25 redfish 25 frozen whole

20 haddock 20 frozen meat/mince saithe frozen fillets 15 15 1000 MT AP 1000 MT fresh/chilled whole 10 hake 10 fresh/chilled fillets cod 5 5

0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Table 81. Belgium; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 3,611 5,938 4,491 5,677 6,893 4,540 3,693 3,207 3,506 1,856 Haddock 706 648 394 746 976 569 512 840 737 511 Redfish 54 16 19 16 2 3 5 6 3 2 Pollack 144 158 115 119 113 108 116 137 143 125 Saithe 169 236 161 264 256 208 126 30 120 47 Hake 105 76 42 54 76 92 117 124 91 72 Total 4,789 7,072 5,222 6,876 8,316 5,520 4,569 4,344 4,600 2,613 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Table 82. Belgium; Export/Re-export of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fresh/chilled fillets 520 624 966 1023 1,398 1,379 1,496 2,215 2,880 Fresh/chilled whole 1,019 1,585 3,429 1,447 5,619 2,836 2,402 1,909 1,813 Frozen fillets 2,331 3,734 5,397 5,971 6,451 8,094 5,961 7,327 8,446 Frozen meat/mince 132 157 163 119 209 145 13 - 76 Frozen whole 1279 374 152 841 1144 1,065 738 656 498 Total 5,281 6,474 10,107 9,401 14,821 13,519 10,610 12,107 13,713 Source: Eurostat

90 3.10. Sweden – Low Import for Consumption

The Swedish import increased from just below 30 000 tonnes before 2000 to more than 40 000 tonnes in 2004. Sweden imports mostly fresh whole fish and frozen fillets, but also exports/re-exports (in transit) 15 000 tonnes to 20 000 tonnes of fresh whole fish and a few tonnes of fresh/frozen fillets. Swedish catches of cod decreased from 31 000 tonnes in 1994 to 16 000 tonnes in 2003 due to lower catches/quotas in the Skagerrak – Kategat - Baltic Sea areas. The cod quota in 2004 was about 14 000 tonnes.

Figure 72. Swedish Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, SevenGroundfish Species

45 45 40 40 35 hake 35 frozen whole 30 hoki 30 frozen meat/mince 25 redfish 25 frozen fillets 20 haddock 20 1000 MT 1000 MT fresh/chilled whole 15 AP 15 fresh/chilled fillets 10 saithe 10 5 cod 5 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Sweden imported 6 000 to 7 000 tonnes of fresh whole cod and 6 000 to 8 000 tonnes of frozen cod fillets per year in the past few years, but exported/re-exported some 10 000 tonnes of fresh whole cod, mainly to Denmark, France and the Netherlands. The import of saithe consisted of an increasing volume of fresh whole fish, rising from 2 000 tonnes to 4 000 tonnes, plus some 2 000 tonnes to 3 000 tonnes of frozen fillets and an increasing volume of fresh fillets, rising to more than 1 000 tonnes in 2004. It is interesting to note that the import of Alaska pollock fillets increased to about 6 000 tonnes per year in 2004 and that most of the haddock and redfish import is exported/re-exported.

Table 83. Sweden; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 30,986 33,186 41,827 34,797 22,475 22,597 23,174 24,111 17,383 16,310 Haddock 959 1,265 1,226 1,519 1,013 895 964 1,087 965 642 Redfish 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Pollack 350 510 355 261 180 160 124 108 112 53 Saithe 5,366 1,998 1,773 1,649 1,857 1,929 1,468 1,628 1,868 1,880 Hake 170 69 45 33 26 27 34 63 51 55 Total 37,835 37,029 45,226 38,259 25,551 25,609 25,764 26,997 20,379 18,940 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

3.11. Ireland – a Small but Increasing Groundfish Importer Ireland imported the least of the seven groundfish species of all EU15 countries until 2003, but during 2004 the Irish import increased while some of the other countries’ import decreased.

91

Figure 73. Irish import of chilled/frozen products, Seven Groundfish species

5 5

saithe 4 4 AP frozen whole 3 hake 3 frozen meat/mince hoki frozen fillets 2 1000 MT redfish 1000 MT 2 fresh/chilled whole haddock fresh/chilled fillets 1 cod 1

0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The Irish catch of the seven groundfish species decreased from 17 000 tonnes in 1997 to 8 000 tonnes in 2003. Despite smaller catches in the last few years the import is just 2 000 to 4 000 tonnes per year. The import in the past few years consists mostly of frozen cod fillets, cod products, haddock and some redfish. At the same time Ireland has exported between 2 000 tonnes and 3 000 tonnes of whole fresh/chilled and whole frozen groundfish of these species each year.

Table 84. Ireland; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 4,963 5,650 7,258 5,702 5,294 3,860 2,928 2,653 2,503 1,694 Haddock 2,860 3,417 4,421 6,234 6,572 4,898 5,812 5,404 3,509 2,788 Redfish 15 18 15 48 71 171 186 433 297 87 Pollack 947 1,190 1,288 1,052 946 1,049 1,131 1,382 1,334 1,238 Saithe 2,355 2,929 2,514 1,841 1,687 1,704 1,743 2,048 1,354 924 Hake 2,175 2,186 1,741 2,270 1,971 2,090 2,037 1,124 698 1,077 Total 13,315 15,390 17,237 17,147 16,541 13,772 13,837 13,044 9,695 7,808 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

3.12. Greece – Decreasing Groundfish Imports

The Greek hake catch decreased from 6 000 tonnes in 1994 to 3 000 tonnes in 2003 and its import of groundfish also decreased, from 12 000 tonnes in 1996 to 9 000 tonnes in 2004. The import consists mostly of whole frozen hake and redfish, and frozen fillets of hake. An increasing export of frozen cod fillets amounted to 1 053 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 74. Greek Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

14 14

12 12 haddock 10 hoki 10 frozen whole 8 AP 8 frozen meat/mince frozen fillets 6 saithe 6 1000 MT 1000 MT fresh/chilled whole cod 4 4 fresh/chilled fillets redfish 2 hake 2 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

92 Table 85. Greece; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Hake 6,429 5,454 4,649 4,257 3,052 3,128 2,969 2,753 3,279 3,171 FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

3.13. Austria – Imports only Fillets

Austria has no catches of the seven groundfish species, and its import is around 4 000 tonnes per year. This consists mostly of frozen Alaska pollock fillets, fresh and frozen cod fillets and frozen saithe fillets.

Figure 75. Austrian import of chilled/frozen products, Seven groundfish species

6 6

5 hoki 5 haddock frozen whole 4 4 hake frozen meat/mince 3 redfish 3 frozen fillets

1000 MT saithe 1000 MT fresh/chilled whole 2 2 cod fresh/chilled fillets 1 AP 1

0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Source: Eurostat

3.14. Finland – Mainly Frozen Saithe Fillets

Finland has some small catches of cod, and the import of the seven groundfish species has been around 5 000 tonnes per year over the past few years. The import consists mostly of frozen saithe fillets and frozen whole redfish, with some 30 - 40 tonnes of fresh cod fillets per year, which increased to 63 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 76. Finnish Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species

6 6

5 haddock 5 hoki frozen whole 4 4 cod frozen meat/mince 3 hake 3 frozen fillets 1000 MT 1000 MT AP fresh/chilled whole 2 2 redfish fresh/chilled fillets 1 saithe 1

0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Table 86. Finland; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Cod 529 1,861 3,139 1,543 1,037 1,572 1,824 1,723 1,049 1,168 FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

93

94 4. Most Important Suppliers to EU15

The import value into the EU15 of chilled/frozen products from the seven groundfish species increased from 1.36 billion euros in 1991 to 2.3 billion euros in 2004. In 2004 the largest trade partner for the EU15 countries for fresh and frozen groundfish from the seven defined species was Iceland, followed by Norway, China, USA, Russia and Namibia. The increased importance of Iceland, China and the USA as trade partners for EU15 countries is important to note.

Figure 77. EU15 Import Fresh/Chilled and Frozen Products from Seven Groundfish Species, Values

2,500 Other Uruguay New Zealand 2,000 Poland Chile 1,500 Argentina Faroe Isles 1,000 South Africa M illion EURO Namibia 500 Russia USA 0 China Norway

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Iceland

Source: Eurostat

The countries exporting groundfish to the EU15 can be divided into three groups. The first group are exporters of cod, haddock, saithe and redfish, and most of their export is to the EU15. This group includes Iceland, Norway and the Faeroe Islands. In the second group are China, USA and Russia, which are the main exporters of Alaska pollock to the EU15 market, but who also export cod and other groundfish species. The third group are countries that mainly supply just one species to the EU15 market, such as Namibia, South Africa, Argentine, Chile and Uruguay for hake, New Zealand for hoki, and Poland for cod.

Traditionally Norway and Iceland have been the most important suppliers of groundfish to the EU15, but during the past ten years Russia, China and the USA have gained in importance. In 2004 Iceland was the most important supplier in terms of value, followed by Norway, China, USA, Russia and Namibia.

The discussion that follows looks at these countries in-group order.

4.1. Iceland – Largest Exporter to the EU15 in 2004

Seafood is the most important export product for Iceland. In 1994 almost 80 per cent of the Icelandic export was seafood, but by 2003 it had declined to 62 per cent. Today fisheries accounts for 12.4 percent of the Icelandic GNP and employs 6.7 percent of the labour force. (Source: Alda Moller: talk at “Hvitfiskkonferansen 2004”, by NSEC Tromsø Norway)

95 Icelandic seafood exports amounted to 107 billion ISK in 2004 (1.2 billion euros), up from 67 billion ISK in 1990. Most of this export consisted of groundfish, but there were also considerable values/amounts of crustaceans, mostly shrimp, and pelagic fish. The shrimp export was worth 11.7 billion ISK, herring 3.9 billion ISK and capelin 4.3 billion ISK in 2004. ‘Other products’ exported include lumpfish roe, salmon and molluscs, while ‘other fish based products fresh or frozen’ are unspecified. Consumption of the last category increased considerably in 2003 and 2004.

Figure 78. Icelandic Export of Seafood, Values

120

100

80 Other Pelagic's 60 Crustaceans

Billion ISK 40 Ground fish

20

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The Icelandic groundfish export grew from 55 billion ISK in 1990 to 80 billion ISK in 2004. 324 000 tonnes were exported in 1990, decreasing to 273 000 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 79. Icelandic Export of Ground fish, Volumes (and Values)

350 90

300 80 70 250 Other 60 Other 200 Cured 50 Cured 150 Frozen 40 Frozen 1000 MT

Fresh/chilled Billion ISK 30 Fresh/chilled 100 20 50 10 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Frozen groundfish has traditionally been the most important export product for Iceland, but fresh fish and especially fresh fillets, have increased in importance in the past few years. Approximately 60 percent of the export volume is in frozen fish, while cured and fresh fish account for 20 percent each. In 2004 52 percent was frozen, 25 percent chilled and 22 percent cured. There was a larger fresh export in the early nineties consisting of chilled whole fish, mainly cod, haddock and redfish. In value the cured products are more important than in volume. In 2004 the volume was 22 percent of the total groundfish while the value was 28 percent.

The volume export of cured products, mainly of salted cod/salted cod fillets, is around 50 000 tonnes per year, plus some 10 000 tonnes to 13 000 tonnes of dried cod heads. There is also an annual export of salted saithe/salted saithe fillets of 4 000 tonnes to 5 000 tonnes. In 2004, 1 000 ton of dried haddock heads was exported.

96 Figure 80. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Groundfish, Volumes and Values

300 60

250 50 Other Other 200 40 Saithe Saithe 150 Haddock 30 Haddock Redfish 1000 MT Redfish 100 Billion ISK 20 Cod Cod 50 10

0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The category ‘Others’ in the species graphs consists mostly of flat fish. In 2004 the export was 22 000 tonnes of Greenland halibut, plaice and other flatfish, together with some wolfish, ling and anglerfish. In 2004, 7 000 tonnes of anglerfish was exported.

The most important species exported as a fresh/frozen product is cod, but redfish and haddock are also important for the Icelandic fish industry. Most of the groundfish is exported to the EU15, but cod and haddock are also exported to the USA, and redfish is exported to Japan.

Figure 81. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Groundfish, Volumes and Values

300 60

250 50

200 Other 40 Other Japan Japan 150 30 USA USA 1000 MT 100 EU Billion ISK 20 EU

50 10

0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The category ‘Others’ in the countries graphs mainly refers to whole frozen redfish exported to China and whole frozen Greenland halibut exported to Taiwan, but in the past few years, it also refers to frozen redfish and frozen saithe fillets, mainly to Russia, Poland and Lithuania.

Cod

Iceland has exported about 60 000 tonnes of fresh/frozen cod products per year since 1998. In 2004 the export was 67 000 tonnes. The majority of the export goes to the EU15 and to the USA. The Icelandic export to the USA amounted to 18 000 tonnes in 1990, increased to 23 000 tonnes in 1996 and 1997, but declined to 11 000 tonnes in 2004. The export to the USA in the past few years consisted mostly of frozen fillets, with some frozen meat and blocks. The larger export of fillet blocks in the early to mid nineties has now been replaced by a larger export of sea frozen fillets.

97 Table 87. Icelandic Catches of Cod, 1000 MT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 376 354 333 307 267 261 215 203 204 209 243 261 238 240 213 206 227 Sources: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production/Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The pattern of export is consistent with the Icelandic cod catch, which was at its highest before 1990 and decreased to 333 000 tonnes in 1990, before rising and falling to a level of 227 000 tonnes in 2004.

The Icelandic export of cured cod products was relatively constant during the period, amounting to between 35 000 tonnes and 45 000 tonnes before 1996, rising to around 50 000 tonnes per year thereafter. Most of this was salted cod and salted cod fillets, with an increasing amount of dried cod heads, rising from 5 000 tonnes in 1990 to 13 000 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 82. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Cod, Volume and Values

100 30 90 80 25

70 20 60 Others Others 50 USA 15 USA

1000 MT 40 EU EU Billion ISK 10 30

20 5 10 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Figure 83. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod to the EU15, Volumes and Values

80 22 70 20 18 60 Frozen meat/mince 16 Frozen meat/mince 50 Frozen whole 14 Frozen whole 12 40 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets 10 1000 MT 30 Fresh whole Fresh whole

Billion ISK 8 Fresh fillets/mince 20 6 Fresh fillets/mince 4 10 2 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The volume of cod exported from Iceland to the EU15 has been in excess of 40 000 tonnes per year since 1998, increasing to 55 000 tonnes in 2004. The export consists mostly of frozen fillets/fillet blocks, with some fresh whole fish and an increasing volume of fresh fillets since 1998. After 1997 the value increased more than the volume, with the unit price of fresh fillets especially high. In the mid 1990s Iceland reduced the production of blocks from 17 000 tonnes per year to between 4,000 tonnes and 7 000 tonnes. At the same time it increased the export of other sea and land frozen cod fillets, all of which factors account for the steep increase in value of the Icelandic cod export since the mid 1990s.

Unit value increases on cod exported from Iceland between 1990 and 2004 were largest on fresh fillets, which rose from under 200 ISK/kg in 1990 to approximately 650 ISK/kg. The

98 other products, frozen fillets, frozen meat/mince and fresh/chilled whole fish followed the same pattern, with a stable price/small increase from 1990 to 1997, followed by a steeper price increase until 2002, then a decrease, but mostly on frozen mince/meat. The development in the frozen fillet price was influenced by the composition of the fillet group, with the volume of lower value blocks decreasing and sea frozen and land frozen fillets increasing.

Figure 84. Icelandic Export of Cod to the EU15, Prices ISK

700

600 500 Fresh fillets/mince 400 Fresh whole 300 Frozen fillets ISK/Kg Frozen meat/mince 200 100

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Figure 85. Icelandic Export of Cod. Composition of the Fillet Category, Volume percentages

100%

90%

80%

70% Sea frozen block 60% Land frozen block

MT 50% Frozen meat/mince Sea frozen fillets 40% Land frozen fillets 30%

20%

10%

0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Fillet blocks accounted for more than 40 percent of the export in 1990, decreased to 20 percent between 1993 and 1995, then decreased further to 10 percent from 2001 to 2004. Land frozen fillets decreased to 38 percent of the total in 1990 and 30 percent in 1996, but increased to 54 percent in 2004. Sea frozen fillets made up18 percent in 1990, increased to 42 percent in 1995, but decreased slowly to 27 percent in 2004. Frozen meat/mince had a 2 percent share in 1990, but slowly increased to 10 percent in the past few years.

From 1998 onwards, sea frozen fillets commanded the highest unit value of the frozen fillet products, whereas between 1993 and 1997, land frozen fillets had a higher value than sea frozen. Land frozen blocks had the lowest unit value in the fillet category during the whole period, while frozen mince/meat had the lowest unit value of all.

99 Figure 86. Export of Cod to EU15, Prices (ISK) on Main Fillet Products

600

500

400 Land frozen fillets Sea frozen fillets 300 Frozen meat/mince ISK/Kg 200 Land frozen block

100

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Iceland was the first third country to build a substantial fresh fillet industry supplying into the EU15 market and consequently commanded a high price. Fresh cod fillets are mainly air freighted into the UK. The UK market for chilled seafood products has been increasing since 1999, while the frozen seafood market has been relatively stable in the same period. Iceland has around 20 fillet processing plants, which together export some 250 tonnes per week. (Source: Alda Moller: talk at “Hvitfiskkonferansen 2004”, by NSEC Tromsø Norway)

Icelandic cod is caught all year round, giving the Icelandic industry a fresh fillet processing advantage over Norway, where cod is mostly caught during the winter months.

Figure 87. Iceland; Monthly Cod Landings, Volume

35 000

30 000

25 000

20 000 2002 2003 MT 15 000 2004

10 000

5 000

0

April May June July March August January Oktober February November December September Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa) (Preliminary data’s)

While Iceland catches more than 10 000 tonnes of cod every month of the year and more than 15 000 tonnes during 9 months of the year, Norway catches less than 10 000 tonnes for 5 months of the year and more than 15 000 tonnes for a further 5 months of the year.

100 Figure 88. Norway; Monthly Cod Landings, Volume

70 000

60 000

50 000

40 000 2003

MT 2004 30 000

20 000

10 000

-

April May June July March August January February Oktober November December September Source: The Directorate of Fisheries (Norway)

In the past few years the Norwegian and Icelandic catch of Cod has been at a similar level. Iceland’s quota year starts on July 1st and ends on June 30th each year and it operates an ‘exchange/selling and buying’ system for quotas. This might be one reason for the different patterns in the monthly catches.

Redfish

Iceland has been the largest catching nation for redfish in the past decade and the main supplier for EU15 countries. Icelandic catches of redfish peaked in 1994 at 142 000 tonnes, then stabilised at around 110 000 tonnes until 2001 and 2004, when low catches of 93 000 tonnes and 84 000 tonnes were landed.

Table 88. Icelandic Catches of Redfish, 1000 MT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 94 93 95 104 108 116 142 119 121 112 116 110 116 93 111 109 84 Sources: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production/Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The export of fresh/frozen redfish followed the same pattern as the catch, with 55 000 tonnes landed in 1990, 79 000 tonnes in 1994, and around 60 000 tonnes per year for the remainder of the period, with lows in 2001 and 2004 of 48 000 tonnes. Most of the redfish is exported as whole frozen or whole fresh fish, with a small export of frozen fillets, and some fresh fillets. Most of the export goes to the EU15 and Japan, but recent years have seen an increasing export to China. The Chinese market is for whole frozen fish, while Japan buys whole frozen fish and some frozen fillets.

101

Figure 89. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Redfish, Volume and Values

80 12 70 10 60 Others Others 8 50 USA USA 40 Japan 6 Japan

1000 MT 30 China China Billion ISK 4 20 EU EU 2 10 0 0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The export of redfish to the EU15 was 39 000 tonnes in 1990, increasing to 44 000 tonnes in 1993, and reducing to 29 000 tonnes in 2004. Before 1995 most of the export was as chilled whole fish but after 1996 there was an increasing demand for fillets. Between 8 000 tonnes and 12 000 tonnes of frozen fillets were exported each year between 1990 and 2003, but this reduced to 6 000 tonnes in 2004. One reason for this drop in supply is the increasing export by China of redfish fillet to the EU15. The export of frozen whole fish increased slowly from 3 000 tonnes in 1990 to 10 000 tonnes in 2003, and was 9 000 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 90. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Redfish to the EU15, Volumes and Values

45 7 40 6 35 Frozen whole 5 Frozen whole 30 Frozen meat/mince Frozen meat/mince 25 4 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets 20 3 Fresh whole 1000 MT Fresh whole 15 Billion ISK Fresh fillets/mince 2 Fresh fillets/mince 10 5 1 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The unit value of whole redfish was stable through the 1990s, but increased from 2000 to 2001/2002 and reduced again in 2003/2004. During the period, frozen whole redfish had a higher unit value than fresh. Fresh fillets rose in unit value continuously from 1990 to 2001, then dropped to around 4 euros/kg.

Figure 91. Icelandic Export of Redfish to the EU, Prices ISK

500 450 400 350 Fresh fillets/mince 300 Fresh whole 250 Frozen fillets ISK/Kg 200 150 Frozen whole 100 50 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

102 Haddock

Iceland is the third largest haddock catching nation after the EU15 and Norway, and the third largest exporter to the EU15 after Norway and the Faeroe Islands. The Icelandic haddock catch varied between 40 000 tonnes and 66 000 tonnes per year from 1988 to 2003, and in 2004 was at its highest since 1950, at 84 000 tonnes. (1950 is the earliest available figures in FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production.)

Table 89. Icelandic Catches of Haddock, 1000 MT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 53 62 66 54 46 47 58 60 56 43 41 45 42 40 50 60 84 Sources: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production/Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Iceland exported 30 000 tonnes of haddock in 1990. From 1991 to 2003 the export varied between 15 000 tonnes and 24 000 tonnes per year, rising to 38 000 tonnes in 2004. The majority is exported to EU15 countries and the USA. The export to the USA was at its largest between 1994 and 1997, when it was between 8 000 tonnes and 11 000 tonnes per year, dropping to around 7 000 tonnes per year until 2004, when it rose again to 11 000 tonnes. The USA takes mostly frozen fillets/fillet blocks, with some fresh fillet, amounting to 2 400 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 92. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Haddock, Volume and Values

40 10 9 35 8 30 7 25 Other 6 Other 20 USA 5 USA 4 1000 MT 15 EU EU Billion ISK 3 10 2 5 1 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The Icelandic export of haddock to the EU15 was 24 000 tonnes in 1990, between 9 000 tonnes and 17 000 tonnes in the years 1991 to 2003, increasing to 27 000 tonnes in 2004. The main product is fresh/chilled whole fish, with exports of between 3 000 tonnes and 6 000 tonnes of frozen fillets per year between 1990 and 2003, rising to 9 000 tonnes in 2004. An increasing volume of fresh fillets is also exported, amounting to 1 600 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 93. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Haddock to the EU15, Volumes and Values

30 6

25 5 Frozen whole Frozen whole 20 4 Frozen meat/mince Frozen meat/mince 15 Frozen fillets 3 Frozen fillets 1000 MT

Fresh whole Billion ISK Fresh whole 10 2 Fresh fillets/mince Fresh fillets/mince 5 1

0 0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

103 The unit value of Icelandic haddock varied during the period, with the frozen fillet price mirroring the trend of chilled whole fresh fish. Unit values ranged from 120 ISK/kg for chilled whole fish and 280 ISK/kg for frozen fillets in 1990/1991, to 175 ISK/kg for chilled whole fish and 439 ISK/kg for frozen fillets in 2002. The unit value decreased in 2003/2004 to 119 ISK/kg for chilled whole fish and 318 ISK/kg for frozen fillets. When the export of fresh fillets started to take off in 1998, their unit value rose well above that of frozen fillets, and in 2004 was 505 ISK/kg.

Figure 94. Icelandic Export of Haddock to the EU15, Prices ISK

700

600

500 Fresh fillets/mince 400 Fresh whole 300 ISK/Kg Frozen fillets 200

100

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Saithe

Iceland is the fourth largest catching nation for saithe after Norway, the EU15 and the Faeroe Islands, and the third largest exporter of Saithe to the EU15 after Norway and the Faeroe Islands. The Icelandic catch was highest in 1991 at 99 000 tonnes, and lowest in 1998/1999 at 31 000 tonnes. In 2004 it was 63 000 tonnes.

Table 90. Icelandic Catches of Saithe, 1000 MT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 74 80 95 99 78 70 63 47 39 37 31 31 33 32 42 52 63 Sources: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production/Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Figure 95. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Saithe, Volume and Values

40 5.5 5.0 35 4.5 30 4.0 3.5 25 Other Other 3.0 20 USA USA 2.5

1000 MT 15 EU 2.0 EU Billion ISK 10 1.5 1.0 5 0.5 0 0.0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Most of the Icelandic saithe is exported as frozen fillets to the EU15 and the USA. In recent years an increasing export has also developed to Canada and Eastern Europe. The export to the USA decreased from 4 000 tonnes in 1999 to 1 400 tonnes in 2004.

104 Export volumes to the EU15 decreased from 31 000 tonnes in 1990 to 5 000 tonnes in 1996, rising to 20 000 tonnes in 2004. Since 1996 the majority of the export has been frozen fillet/fillet blocks. In 1990, 10 000 tonnes of frozen whole fish was exported, reducing to less than 500 tonnes in 1996. In 2004 the export was 1 300 tonnes. Iceland also exports between 4 000 tonnes and 5 000 tonnes of cured, mostly salted, saithe products per year.

Figure 96. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Saithe to the EU15, Volumes and Values

35 4.5

30 4.0 3.5 25 Frozen whole Frozen whole 3.0 Frozen meat/mince Frozen meat/mince 20 2.5 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets 15 2.0 1000 MT Fresh whole Fresh whole Billion ISK 1.5 10 Fresh fillets/mince Fresh fillets/mince 1.0 5 0.5 0 0.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Figure 97. Icelandic Export of Saithe to the EU15, Development in the Product Categories, Volume percentages

100%

80% Land frozen whole Sea frozen whole 60% Sea frozen block Frozen meat/mince 40% Land frozen block Land frozen fillets 20% Sea frozen fillets

0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

Icelandic export of fillet blocks accounted for about 60 percent of the export in the early 1990s, but decreased rapidly from 1994 to 1997 to 20 percent, and was just 12 percent in 2004. The gap is now filled by sea frozen and land frozen fillets, with sea frozen fillets accounting for around 45 percent of the market and land frozen fillets for 35 percent. Land frozen fillet blocks achieve a similar unit value to sea frozen fillets. In general the unit value of Icelandic saithe prices varied during the period, but has shown a decreasing trend since 2002.

105 Figure 98. Icelandic Export of Saithe fillets to the EU15, Prices ISK

250

200

150 Sea frozen fillets Land frozen fillets

ISK/Kg 100 Land frozen block

50

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

4.2. Norway – Worlds Largest Seafood Exporter

Norway is one of the largest seafood exporters in the world. In 2003 it was the largest volume exporter and the third largest value exporter after China and Thailand. Its export includes large volumes of herring, mackerel, salmon, cod, fishmeal and oil products. In 2004, the most important export species by value were salmon, cod, herring, mackerel, saithe, trout and shrimp. Salmon/trout accounted for 44 percent of the export value in 2004, groundfish for 28 percent and small pelagic fish for 18 percent. Groundfish here includes flatfish and the large export of cured fish comprising stockfish, klipfish and salted groundfish.

Figure 99. Norwegian Export of seafood, Values

35

30

25 Other 20 Prawns Small pelagics 15 Whitefish (incl. flatfish) Billion NOK 10 Salmon/trout

5

0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

In Norway the export volume of traditional cured groundfish products is similar to the export of fresh and frozen products. In 2004, 72 percent of the cured products were based on cod by value, but only 54 percent by volume. Saithe, ling and tusk are also used for cured products. There is competition for use of the raw materials between the cured sector and the fresh/ chilled/frozen sector and in 2004 Norway reported increased production and unit values on cured products, leaving a decreased volume for export in the fresh/frozen sector.

106 Figure 100. Norwegian Export of Groundfish, Volumes and Values

450 11 400 10 9 350 Flatfish 8 Flatfish 300 7 Salted Salted 250 6 Stockfish/klippfish Stockfish/klippfish 200 5 1000 MT Fresh/chilled 4 Fresh/chilled 150 Billion NOK Frozen 3 Frozen 100 2 50 1 0 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Figure 101. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Groundfish, Volumes and Values

300 5.5 5.0 250 4.5 Other 4.0 Other 200 Redfish 3.5 Redfish 3.0 150 Haddock Haddock 2.5

1000 MT Saithe 2.0 Saithe

100 Billion NOK Cod 1.5 Cod 50 1.0 0.5 0 0.0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

In 2004 the export volume of fresh/frozen saithe products was larger than the volume of cod products for the first time since 1995. 61 000 tonnes of saithe was exported with a value of 576 million NOK, together with 55 000 tonnes of cod with a value of 1.8 billion NOK. The value of cod products was more than three times that of saithe products. A large volume of haddock was exported in 2004, amounting to 43 000 tonnes worth 642 million NOK. As shown in the graphs, the cod export is decreasing due to a lower import of cod from Russia, while the saithe and haddock export is increasing. There is a small but decreasing export of redfish and an increasing export of other fish including flatfish, anglerfish and wolffish.

Figure 102. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Groundfish, Volumes and Values

300 5.5 5.0 250 4.5 Other 4.0 Other 200 China 3.5 China 3.0 150 Eastern Europe Eastern Europe 2.5

1000 MT USA 2.0 USA

100 Billion NOK EU15 1.5 EU15 50 1.0 0.5 0 0.0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

More than 65 percent of the export value of fresh/frozen groundfish went to the EU15 in 2004 as in previous years, with the remainder going to a variety of countries. The USA has traditionally be a large market for Norwegian fish, but has lately been losing ground to China and some Eastern European countries, notably Ukraine and Russia, which are purchasing large volumes of whole frozen fish for processing.

107 Cod

The Norwegian catch of cod was at its highest in 1997 at 401 000 tonnes, but since 2000 has been just over 200 000 tonnes. The Norwegian cod quota for 2005 is 225 000 tonnes.

Norway exports a large proportion of cod as cured products. In 2004 it exported 34 000 tonnes of klipfish, 24 000 tonnes of salted cod and 4 000 tonnes of dried cod.

Table 91. Norwegian Catches of Cod, 1000 MT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 252 186 125 164 219 275 374 365 358 401 321 257 219 209 229 217 226 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production/ The Directorate of Fisheries (Norway)

Almost all of the Norwegian export of fresh/frozen cod goes to the EU15 countries. From 1993, until recently, it also exported a reasonable volume of frozen fillets to the USA, but this reduced to 2 000 tonnes in 2004, down from 11 000 tonnes in 1995. Small volumes also go to Canada and other countries.

Figure 103. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Cod, Volume and Values

140 3,000

120 2,500 100 Other Other 2,000 Eastern Europe 80 Eastern Europe China 1,500 China 60

1000 MT USA USA

Million NOK 1,000 40 EU15 EU15 20 500

0 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Figure 104. Norwegian Export of Cod to the EU15, Volume and Values

120 2,500

100 2,000

80 Frozen whole Frozen whole 1,500 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets 60 Fresh whole Fresh whole

1000 MT 1,000

40 Fresh fillets/mince Million NOK Fresh fillets/mince

20 500

0 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

The main products exported to the EU15 are fresh whole cod and frozen fillets/fillet blocks, with a smaller volume of frozen whole cod and an increasing export of fresh cod fillets. The frozen fillet/fillet block export is still the most important in terms of value. In 2004, 11 000 tonnes of fresh whole cod was exported to Denmark for re-export to other EU15 countries, 4 500 tonnes to France and 2 100 tonnes to Portugal. In addition, 4 600 tonnes of whole frozen cod was exported to Portugal for salting, and 1 000 tonnes each to Germany, the UK and Denmark. 9 200 tonnes of frozen fillets went to the UK in 2004, 4 000 tonnes to France and 2 400 tonnes to Sweden. The increasing export of fresh fillets went to Denmark, France and the UK in 2004. Total exports of fresh fillets amounted to a little over 3 000 tonnes in

108 2004, worth 195 million NOK. The unit value of cod products to the EU15 in NOK was generally higher in 2004 than in 2003. The unit value of fresh fillets increased rapidly in the past few years, but the quantities remained small at around 2 000 tonnes in 2002 and 2003.

Figure 105. Norwegian Export of Cod to the EU15, Prices NOK

70

60

50 Fresh fillets/mince 40 Fresh whole 30 Frozen fillets NOK/Kg Frozen whole 20

10

0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Farmed and Sea Ranged Cod from Norway

Norway has the largest production/sale of farmed cod in the world, but Iceland and Scotland also have a small production. As the table below shows, Norwegian production in 2004 was 3 000 tonnes of farmed cod. Estimates for the years 2005 and 2006 predict 10 000 tonnes per year, with a larger increase thereafter. (Estimates from Norsk Fiskeoppdrett nr. 12-2004.)

Table 92. Production (sale) of Farmed Cod in Norway, MT 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Farmed 247 946 1,688 Sea Ranged 1,006 1,239 1,480 Total production 157 169 864 1,253 2,185 3,168 Source: The Directorate of Fisheries (Norway)

Table 93. Norwegian Export of Fresh Whole Farmed and Sea Ranged Cod, MT 2001 2002 2003 2004 France 5 129 309 342 Denmark 82 174 211 Belgium 0 35 60 126 Spain 1 3 66 The Netherlands 2 11 59 Germany 0 16 25 Other 1 8 31 36 Total 6 257 604 865 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

856 tonnes of farmed and sea ranged fresh/chilled whole cod was exported in 2004. Norwegian trade statistics cover both farmed and sea ranged cod, but only the fresh/chilled whole sector has a separate code for farmed/sea ranged cod. France and Denmark are the largest importers of Norwegian farmed and sea ranged cod, and the average unit value for whole fresh farmed/sea ranged fish was 70 percent higher in 1994 than for wild.

109 Norwegian import of Cod for processing and re-export

Russian vessels land into Norway, a large percentage of the cod processed for fillets in Norwegian factories. From an import level of around 100 000 tonnes of whole cod for processing up to1997, the import declined to 43 000 tonnes in 2004. Import figures are similar to landings from foreign vessels in Norway.

Table 94. Norwegian landings from foreign vessels, MT 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Cod 131,697 96,501 102,388 99,087 90,619 83,886 53,943 52,49 Haddock 10,147 8,244 9,178 10,895 13,364 11,491 9,882 11,516 Saithe 732 1,867 1,623 1,526 1,881 1,871 1,283 2,986 (Source: Norges Råfisklag, Catch Reports)

Figure 106. Norwegian Import of Whole Cod, 1988 to 2004

120

100

80 Frozen 60 Fresh 1000 MT 40

20

0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Fresh whole cod is mostly imported from Russia, although volumes have declined rapidly since 1995. Most of the frozen whole cod also comes from Russia, with approximately 10 000 tonnes per year coming from other sources, notably the USA.

Figure 107. Norwegian Import of Whole Frozen Cod, 1988 to 2004

70

60

50

40 Other USA 30

1000 MT Russia

20

10

0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

110

Saithe

The Norwegian export of fresh/frozen saithe rose to 77 000 tonnes in 1995 but reduced to 40 000 tonnes to 50 000 tonnes a year between 1998 and 2002. In 2003 and 2004 it was 61 000 tonnes. Norwegian quotas/catches of saithe remained stable in recent years, but not all quota was landed. The quota was 208 000 tonnes in 2002, 235 000 tonnes in 2003, 248 000 tonnes in 2004 and 273 000 tonnes in 2005.

Norway exports a large proportion of the saithe as cured products. In 2004, some 36 000 tonnes of klipfish, 3 000 tonnes of salted saithe and 1 000 ton of dried saithe were exported.

Table 95. Norwegian Catches of Saithe, 1000 MT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 148 145 112 140 168 188 189 219 222 183 194 198 170 170 204 212 207 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production/ The Directorate of Fisheries(Norway)

Figure 108. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Saithe, Volume and Values

80 800 70 700 60 Other 600 Other Turkey Turkey 50 500 Poland Poland 40 400 Russia Russia

1000 MT 30 300

Ukraine Million NOK Ukraine 20 EU15 200 EU15 10 100 0 0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Traditionally, fresh/frozen Norwegian saithe is exported to EU15 countries, approximately half as fresh whole saithe and half as frozen fillets/fillet blocks. In the past few years increasing volumes of frozen whole saithe have been exported to Russia and Ukraine, due to over supply and very low unit values. ‘Other’ in the graph includes different countries each year.

Figure 109. Norwegian Export of Saithe to the EU15, Volume and Values

65 800 60 55 700 50 600 45 40 Frozen whole 500 Frozen whole 35 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets 400 30 Fresh whole Fresh whole 1000 MT 25 300 Fresh fillets/mince Million NOK Fresh fillets/mince 20 15 200 10 100 5 0 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

The main value of saithe from Norway to the EU15 has historically been in frozen fillets/fillet blocks, but the Norwegian export to the EU15 fell rapidly from the mid 1990s until 2004, due to the EU15s increased import from Iceland and the Faeroe Islands. In the same period, unit values went up until 1998, when they began a downward price trend, which persists today.

111

Figure 110. Norwegian Export of Saithe to the EU15, Prices NOK

30

25

20 Fresh fillets/mince Fresh whole 15 Frozen fillets NOK/Kg 10 Frozen whole

5

0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Haddock

The Norwegian catch of haddock peaked in 1997 at 106 000 tonnes, but by 2004 was at 65 000 tonnes. Norwegian processors also import around 10 000 tonnes of haddock from Russian vessels each year. Norwegian haddock quotas were 72 000 tonnes in 2002, 66 000 tonnes in 2003, 86 000 tonnes in 2004 and 80 000 tonnes in 2005.

Table 96. Norwegian Catches of Haddock, 1000 MT 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 200 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 63 39 23 25 40 44 74 80 97 106 79 53 46 52 55 60 65 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production/ The Directorate of Fisheries(Norway)

Norway has exported more than 30 000 tonnes of fresh/frozen haddock per year since 1994, with a peak export of 60 000 tonnes in 1996. In 2004 the export volume was 43 000 tonnes. Norway exports most of the fresh/frozen haddock to the EU15, but also exported between 8 000 tonnes and 15 000 tonnes of frozen fillets/frozen whole fish to the USA in the mid 1990s, reducing to 4 000 tonnes in 2004. In the past three years, China entered the market as a new importer of Norwegian frozen whole haddock, as a result of lower unit values.

Figure 111. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Products of Haddock, Volume and Values

60 1,000 900 50 800 Other Other 40 700 Canada 600 Canada 30 USA 500 USA

1000 MT China 400 China

20 Million NOK EU15 300 EU15 10 200 100 0 0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Norwegian export of haddock to the EU15 consists mostly of fresh whole haddock to the Danish industry, with smaller but decreasing volumes going to the UK. Frozen fillets and frozen whole fish are mostly exported to the UK. Unit values of haddock products were at their highest around 2000, but have since reduced, especially on frozen fillets.

112 Figure 112. Norwegian Export of Haddock to the EU15, Volume and Values

40 650 600 35 550 30 500 450 Frozen whole Frozen whole 25 400 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets 20 350 Fresh whole 300 Fresh whole

1000 MT 15 250 Fresh fillets/mince

Million NOK Fresh fillets/mince 200 10 150 5 100 50 0 0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Figure 113. Norwegian Export of Haddock to the EU15, prices NOK

50 45 40 35 Fresh fillets/mince 30 Fresh whole 25 Frozen fillets

NOK/Kg 20 Frozen whole 15 10 5 0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Redfish

The Norwegian export of redfish is less important than the export of cod, saithe and haddock, but it is still worth close to 100 million NOK per year. As with the other groundfish species most of the redfish is exported to the EU15, with China recently entering the market and processing small volumes. Until ten year ago, Japan was also a large market for redfish. The quota/catch gradually decreased from 56 000 tonnes in 1991 to17 000 tonnes in 2004.

Table 97. Norwegian Catches of Redfish, 1000 MT 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 200 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 25 27 41 56 38 33 29 23 29 23 29 31 26 29 16 17 17 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production/ The Directorate of Fisheries (Norway)

Most of the Norwegian redfish is exported as whole fresh fish to the EU15 countries Germany, France and Denmark, but some are exported as whole frozen fish to Finland, Germany and Denmark.

113 Figure 114. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Products of Redfish, Volume and Values

35 300

30 250 25 Other 200 Other 20 Japan Japan 150 15 China China 1000 MT EU15

Million NOK 100 EU15 10

5 50

0 0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Figure 115. Norwegian Export of Redfish to The EU15, Volume and Values

18 250 16 14 200

12 Frozen whole Frozen whole 150 10 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets 8 Fresh whole Fresh whole

1000 MT 100 Fresh fillets/mince 6 Million NOK Fresh fillets/mince

4 50 2 0 0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

The unit value of fresh whole and frozen whole fish increased slowly until 2001, when frozen whole fish experienced a price downturn, and fresh whole fish increased in unit value. In 2004 the unit value was 16.26 NOK for fresh whole fish and 10.59 NOK for frozen whole fish. Fillets attracted a higher unit value than whole fish, but experienced a downturn in unit value in 2003.

Figure 116. Norwegian Export of Redfish to the EU15, prices NOK

40

35

30

25 Fresh fillets/mince Fresh whole 20 Frozen fillets NOK/Kg 15 Frozen whole 10

5

0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

4.3. Faeroe Islands –Saithe Country

The Faeroe Islands exported fish and seafood worth more than 3 billion DKK in 2004. Groundfish is the most important group exported, but some 762 million DKK of salmon, plus pelagic fish and other species was also exported. The export of 96 000 tonnes of groundfish products was worth almost 2 billion DKK in 2004. The exported volume of groundfish

114 increased by almost 40 000 tonnes from 1999 to 2002 and amounted to 102 000 tonnes in 2002. The main increase was in the fresh segment which in 2004 was the largest in volume, at 41 000 tonnes worth 622 millions DKK. This represented a large increase on 1990, when it was 13 000 tonnes worth 160 millions. The frozen segment decreased in the same period from 46 000 tonnes worth 795 millions DKK in 1990, to 36 000 tonnes worth 674 millions DKK in 2004. The export of cured products increased from 14 000 tonnes worth 357 millions DKK in 1990 to 17 000 tonnes worth 586 millions DKK in 2004. The export of cured products consisted in 2004 mostly of salted cod products, mainly exported to Spain and Denmark, and dried/salted fish fillets in retail packaging. Prepared cod was exported to Spain, and cod, ling and tusk to Italy. An increasing export of dried fish to Nigeria has developed in the last 4 years.

Figure 117. Faroe Islands Export of Groundfish, Volumes and Values

120 2500

100 2000 80 Other Other 1500 Cured Cured 60 Fresh/chilled Fresh/chilled 1000 1000 MT

40 Frozen Million DKK Frozen 500 20

0 0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

Figure 118. Faroese Export of Fresh/Frozen Groundfish Products, Volumes and Values

80 1600 70 1400 60 Other 1200 Other 50 Redfish 1000 Redfish 40 Cod 800 Cod

1000 MT 30 Haddock 600 Haddock Million DKK 20 Saithe 400 Saithe 10 200 0 0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

In 2004 the Faeroe Islands exported 25 000 tonnes of saithe, 17 000 tonnes of haddock, 14 000 tonnes of cod and 6 000 tonnes of redfish as fresh/frozen products. It also exported 10 000 tonnes of other species, mainly Greenland halibut and other flatfish, anglerfish and blue ling. In value, cod was the most important species in 2004, with an export value of 351 million DKK. The haddock export was valued at 287 million DKK and saithe at 255 million DKK. Most of the fresh and frozen groundfish products from the Faeroe Islands are exported to the EU15. In 2004 only 7 percent of the volume and value was exported outside the EU15. Most of this was redfish to China and Japan, haddock to the USA and small volumes of haddock and saithe to Canada.

115 Figure 119. Faeroese Export of Fresh/Frozen Groundfish Products, Volumes and Values

80 1600 70 1400 60 1200 50 1000 Other Other 40 800 EU EU

1000 MT 30 600 Million DKK 20 400 10 200 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

Cod

Except for small volumes to Canada and the USA, all fresh/frozen cod products from the Faeroe Islands have been exported to the EU15 since 1990. The export consists mostly of fresh whole cod and frozen fillets/fillet blocks. The Faeroese cod catch has varied between 20 000 tonnes and 60 000 tonnes over the past 15 years, while the export has remained the same.

Table 98. Faeroe Islands; Catches of Cod, 1000 MT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 51 44 30 24 20 28 36 45 61 58 40 34 33 40 56 58 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Figure 120. Faeroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Cod, Volume and Values

30 500 450 25 400 350 20 300 Other Other 15 250 EU EU 200 1000 MT 10 Million DKK 150 100 5 50 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

Exports of cod were at their highest in 1996, with 15 000 tonnes of chilled whole fish and 12 000 tonnes of frozen fillets going mostly to EU15 countries. In the period around 2000, the total export was about 10 000 tonnes per year, with two thirds exported as frozen fillets. By 2004 the export has risen to 13 000 tonnes, with 6 000 tonnes as chilled whole fish and 7 000 tonnes as frozen fillets. Due to a large unit value increase on cod products in the late 1990s, the value in DKK of the cod export did not vary as much as the volume during the period, but remained between 300 and 400 000 DKK per year.

116 Figure 121. Faeroese Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod to the EU15, Volume and Values

30 500 450 25 400 Frozen whole Frozen whole 20 350 Frozen meat/mince 300 Frozen meat/mince 15 Frozen fillets 250 Frozen fillets

1000 MT Fresh whole 200 Fresh whole

10 Million DKK Fresh fillets/minced 150 Fresh fillets/minced 5 100 50 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

A 400 tonnes per year export of fresh cod fillets from the Faeroe Islands to Germany, Denmark, France and Switzerland, reduced to 109 000 tonnes in 2004. Fresh fillets commanded a higher unit value than frozen fillets after 1998. The unit value of fresh whole fish followed that of fresh fillets, with prices increasing slightly from 1996 to1999, then decreasing on fresh whole fish after 2000 and on fresh fillets after 2002.

The Faeroe Islands does not have the same currency uncertainty against the euro as Norway and Iceland, since the Faeroese Krone follows the DKK, which is an EU15 member currency. On species exports where the unit value follows the USD, the uncertainty remains. Saithe prices and to some extent haddock prices, follows the USD since they follow the Alaska pollock price.

Figure 122. Faeroese Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod to the EU15, Prices DKK

50 45 40 35 30 Fresh fillets/minced 25 Fresh whole 20

DKK/Kg Frozen fillets 15 10 5 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Statistics Faroe Islands (Hagstova)

Saithe

A large percentage of the volume export of fresh/frozen saithe products from the Faeroe Islands is exported to EU15 countries. Small volumes of fresh/frozen saithe are also exported to Iceland and the USA/Canada, with a small export of salted saithe going to Canada. The catch was at its lowest in 1996 at 20 000 tonnes when the export of fresh/frozen products was also less than 10 000 tonnes. The export increased to 28 000 tonnes in 2002/2003 while the catch increased to 57 000 tonnes in 2002 but decreased to 51 000 tonnes in 2003. The export was 26 000 tonnes in 2004.

117 Table 99. Faeroe Islands; Catches of Saithe, 1000 MT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 48 47 66 58 40 37 35 32 20 23 27 34 36 51 57 51 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Figure 123. Faeroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Saithe, Volume and Values

35 550 500 30 450 25 400 350 20 Other 300 Other 15 EU 250 EU

1000 MT 200 10 Million DKK 150 100 5 50 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

Figure 124. Faeroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Saithe to the EU15, Volume and Values

35 550 500 30 450 25 Frozen whole 400 Frozen whole 350 20 Frozen meat/mince Frozen meat/mince 300 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets 15 250

1000 MT Fresh whole 200 Fresh whole Million DKK 10 Fresh fillets/minced 150 Fresh fillets/minced 100 5 50 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

The main products exported from the Faeroe Islands to the EU15 are frozen fillets and fillet blocks of saithe, together with some chilled whole saithe in recent years. In 2004 the export comprised 12 000 tonnes of frozen fillet products and 9 000 tonnes of chilled whole saithe. More than 1 000 tonnes of fresh fillets was also exported in the same year.

Figure 125. Faeroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Saithe to the EU15, Prices DKK

25

20

15 Fresh fillets/minced Fresh whole 10

DKK/Kg Frozen fillets 5

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

The unit value of saithe products has been low and falling in recent years. In the late 1990s the Faeroe Islands increased the percentage of frozen fillets exported, while decreasing that of fillet blocks, but in the past few years the percentage of fillet blocks slowly increased again.

118 Fillets of saithe generally command a higher unit price than fillet blocks, which can be as much as 20 percent.

Haddock

The Faeroe Islands increased its catch of haddock from 5 000 tonnes in 1993 to 30 000 tonnes in 2003. Most of the haddock is exported as a fresh/frozen product to the EU15, but some is also exported to the USA.

Table 100. Faeroe Islands; Catches of Haddock, 1000 MT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 14 16 13 10 7 5 8 8 14 21 23 20 16 17 27 30 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Figure 126. Faeroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Haddock, Volume and Values

20 400 18 350 16 300 14 12 250 Other Other 10 200 EU EU

1000 MT 8 150

6 Million DKK 100 4 2 50 0 0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

Figure 127. Faeroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Haddock to the EU15, Volume and Values

18 300 16 250 14 Frozen whole Frozen whole 12 200 Frozen meat/mince Frozen meat/mince 10 Frozen fillets 150 Frozen fillets 8

1000 MT Fresh whole Fresh whole

6 Million DKK 100 Fresh fillets/minced Fresh fillets/minced 4 50 2 0 0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

The export of haddock to the EU15 was 16 000 tonnes in 2004. Most of the haddock is exported as fresh/chilled whole, with a smaller volume exported as frozen fillets. In 2004, 12 000 tonnes of fresh whole fish and 3 000 tonnes of frozen fillets was exported. Haddock has traditionally enjoyed a higher unit value than saithe, but lower than that of cod. Haddock prices in DKK rose sharply from 1996 to 2000/2001, then decreased, especially from 2002 to 2003.

119 Figure 128. Faeroese Export of Fresh/Frozen Haddock to The EU15, Prices DKK

45 40 35 30 25 Fresh whole 20 Frozen fillets

DKK/Kg 15 10 5 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

Faeroe Islands – Fillet Block or ‘Other Fillets’ From Cod, Saithe and Haddock

One way of increasing the value of a limited catch is to increase the value addition of the fillet production. Since ‘other fillets’ (mainly single frozen fillets) have a considerably higher unit value than fillet blocks, the Faeroe Islands increased its resource revenue by decreasing the production of fillet blocks while increasing the production of ‘other fillets’ from 20 percent in 1993 to between 60 and 70 percent in the years 1997 to 1999. However, this had decreased to 58 percent by 2004.

Figure 129. Faeroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod, Saithe, Haddock, Volume percent

100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % mince/meat 50 % fillet block 40 % fillet 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

4.4. China – Growing Fast

China was the largest producer of fish in the world in 2003, both in terms of capture volume and aquaculture volume. While the capture volume has stagnated at 17 billion tonnes since 1998, the volume produced in aquaculture, including aquatic plants, is still increasing rapidly, rising from 20 billion tonnes in 1995 to 39 billion tonnes in 2003.

120 Figure 130. Chinese Catches from 1950 -2003

18 16 14 12 10 8

Billion MT 6 4 2 0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Marine fishes nei Freshwater fishes nei Japanese anchovy Largehead hairtail Marine molluscs nei Scads nei Akiami paste shrimp Chub mackerel Golden threadfin bream Southern rough shrimp Various squids nei Japanese Spanish mackerel Other

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Figure 131. Chinese Aquaculture Production from 1950 -2003

40 35 30 25 20 15 Billion MT 10 5 0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Japanese kelp Aquatic plants nei Pacific cupped oyster Grass carp(=White amur) Silver carp Japanese carpet shell Common carp Freshwater fishes nei Bighead carp Crucian carp Marine molluscs nei Other

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Aquaculture production

The species captured and produced in Chinese aquaculture can be viewed in the graphs. Carp and other freshwater fish dominate aquaculture production, but there are also large volumes of molluscs. The Chinese import of seafood has increased from zero in 1983 to 2.5 billion tonnes in 2003. More than 1 billion tonnes of the import is fresh and frozen fish, mainly for processing and re-export, with the remainder as fish and crustaceans. Almost half of the value import originates in Russia. Other important countries for Chinese seafood import are North Korea, the USA, Japan, Canada and Norway.

121 Figure 132. Chinese import of seafood, 1976-2003

2,5

2,0 Other Fish, dried, salted, or smoked 1,5 Sponges, Corals, etc... Aquatic Plants Crustaceans and molluscs

Billion MT 1,0 Meals Fish, fresh, chilled or frozen 0,5

0,0

1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Commodities production and trade, 2003

In 2003 China was the world’s largest value exporter, while Norway was the largest volume exporter. China exported 2 million tonnes of seafood in 2003, an increase of 566 000 tonnes since 2000. In general terms, the export of frozen whole fish is rapidly decreasing, while the export of frozen fillets is rapidly increasing, as is the export of prepared and packaged fish, crustaceans and molluscs. The total value of the Chinese export amounted to 5.3 billion USD in 2003. In value terms, 41 percent of the export went to Japan in 2003, a decrease of 57 percent since 1999. In the same year 989 million tonnes was exported to the USA, an increase of 188 percent since 1999, 666 000 tonnes went to the Republic of Korea, an increase of 93 percent, 315 000 tonnes went to Hong Kong, an increase of 131 percent, 185 000 tonnes went to Germany, an increase of 168 percent, and 96 000 tonnes went to the UK, an increase of 433 percent. (Sources: USDA/GAIN Report Number CH4015 and Fishstat Plus)

China is now the EU15’s third largest trade partner in the seven groundfish species after Iceland and Norway. The growth in China’s trade importance over the past five years makes it interesting to examine carefully, the level of and relationship between exports and imports from the EU15 and other trade partners. Since accurate information from China is not easy to obtain, this report relies on trade partners’ statistics to give an overview of China’s role in groundfish processing and trade.

Figure 133. EU15 Countries; Import from and Export to China of the seven groundfish species, MT

140 14

120 12

100 10 Frozen whole Frozen whole 80 Frozen meat 8 Frozen meat Frozen filets Frozen filets 60 6 1000 MT Fresh/chilled whole 1000 MT Fresh/chilled whole Fresh/chilled fillet Fresh/chilled fillet 40 4

20 2

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

The EU15 imported 134 000 tonnes of fillets of the seven groundfish species from China in 2004, an increase from 120 000 tonnes in 2001 and 2003. The import was slightly less in

122 2002 when EU15 import restrictions were put in place on seafood products from China for ‘food safety’ reasons. Alaska pollock is the main species imported, with 86 000 tonnes of fillets in 2004. The EU15 import of frozen cod fillets from China increased from almost zero in 1996 to 32 000 tonnes in 2004. The EU15 also imports smaller volumes of redfish fillets and haddock fillets from China. Most of the frozen cod, saithe and redfish fillets entering the EU15 from China can be expected to have a European origin. In 2004 the EU15 exported 10 000 tonnes of frozen whole fish to China for processing, mainly cod and redfish, but with some haddock. The EU15 imported around 34 000 tonnes of other groundfish and groundfish products from China in 2004, mostly prepared/preserved surimi, anglerfish and flatfish.

Table 101. EU15 import of Alaska Pollock from China, MT Import 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Frozen filets 42,017 39,090 59,903 58,685 72,069 94,976 56,524 84,080 86,208 Frozen meat 2,998 5,750 5,250 3,035 3,547 4,428 2,026 957 1,335 Frozen whole - - 28 76 10 - 23 19 49 Total 45,015 44,840 65,181 61,796 75,626 99,404 58,573 85,056 87,592 Source: Eurostat

Table 102. EU15 import of fillets and export of whole fish from/to China, MT Import(fillets) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Redfish - - 7 205 718 3,593 3,766 6,048 11,058 Cod 25 1,620 3,982 6,672 9,942 16,645 12,340 26,382 32,167 Saithe 21 17 23 20 1,174 2,637 157 336 782 Haddock - - - - 326 1,123 1,142 3,698 3,646 Total 46 1,637 4,012 6,897 12,160 23,998 17,405 36,464 47,653 Export(whole) Redfish - - 23 120 939 2,410 2,367 3,318 3,443 Cod - - - 237 17 101 1,166 4,494 5,722 Haddock - 3,543 - - 16 25 617 1,690 1,152 Total 0 3,543 23 357 972 2,536 4,150 9,502 10,317 Source: Eurostat

Figure 134. Norwegian Export of Whole Fish to China, MT

16

14 12 Other whitefish 10 Saithe 8 Haddock

1000 MT 6 Cod Redfish 4

2 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: NSEC/Norway Statistics

Many different countries export fish to China for processing and re-export. Norway’s export of whole frozen fish amounted to 15 000 tonnes in 2004, which was similar in volume to 2003, but far greater than in preceding years. The export is mainly haddock and redfish, with some cod. Iceland has also developed its export of whole frozen redfish to China, with 6 000 tonnes exported in 2003, but only 4 000 tonnes in 2004. The Faeroe Islands exported 1 500 tonnes of redfish to China in 2004.

123

Figure 135. Icelandic Export of Whole Fish to China, MT

7

6

5

4 Other flatfish Greenland halibut 3

1000 MT Redfish 2

1

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The USA is a large trade partner of China in groundfish products and exported 60 000 tonnes for processing in 2004, mostly of whole frozen fish. In the same year the USA also imported 187 000 tonnes of groundfish/groundfish products from China, which means that in 2004, the USA imported around 20 000 tonnes more groundfish/groundfish products from China than the EU15.

Figure 136. USA; Export of fresh/frozen Groundfish products to China, MT

60

50

40 other products frozen whole sole 30 frozen whole other flatfish

1000 MT frozen whole yellowfin sole 20 frozen whole cod

10

0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: NMFS

The USA export to China is mostly whole frozen flatfish for processing, such as sole and other flatfish. An increasing volume of cod and other fish is also exported, including saithe, pollock, surimi, rock sole and hake.

The USA import from China comprises a number of different species. As shown in the graph, the USA imports approximately 70 000 tonnes of frozen Alaska pollock fillets each year from China and is rapidly increasing its import of tilapia. The tilapia fillet import increased from zero prior to 1999 to 27 000 tonnes in 2004, while the import of whole frozen tilapia rose to 31 000 tonnes in 2004. There is an increasing import from China of frozen cod fillets and frozen sole fillets, and also of prepared whitefish products, amounting to some 20 000 tonnes in 2004. These consist mostly of dried/salted and minced meat products from species without codes in the statistics, or a mixture of species.

124

Figure 137. USA; Import of fresh/frozen Groundfish products from China, MT

200 180 160 140 other products 120 frozen sole fillets frozen tilapia fillets 100 frozen cod fillets 1000 MT 80 frozen whole tilapia 60 frozen alaska pollock fillets 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: NMFS

Canada’s export of whole frozen groundfish to China increased from 175 tonnes in 2000 to 4 000 tonnes in 2004 and consisted mostly of Greenland halibut, hake and redfish. Canada imported 22 000 tonnes of fresh/frozen groundfish from China in the same period, up from 11 000 tonnes in 2000. In 2004 it imported 6 000 tonnes of Alaska pollock filets/meat, 6 000 tonnes of frozen sole fillets, 4 000 tonnes of frozen haddock products and 5 000 tonnes of frozen cod products, included more than 1 000 tonne of whole frozen cod.

4.5. USA - the New Alaska Pollock Supplier

The USA is the second largest importing nation of seafood in the world after Japan, with an import worth more than 10 billion USD per year in 2000, 2001 and 2002, increasing to 11.8 billion USD in 2003. The USA is also the fourth largest exporter of seafood after China, Thailand and Norway, with an export worth 3.5 billion USD in 2003. (Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Commodities production and trade.)

The USA import of seafood increased from 5.3 billion USD in 1990 to 11.9 billion USD in 2004. This corresponded with an increase in volume from 1.5 million tonnes in 1990 to 2.1 million tonnes in 2004. In 2004, 693 000 tonnes of crustaceans were imported, plus 433 000 tonnes of whitefish, 358 tonnes of pelagic fish, 223 tonnes of salmon/trout and 161 tonnes of molluscs. The remaining 230 tonnes of ‘other fish’ comprised frozen and chilled products from ‘unknown saltwater’ species, snapper, toothfish and freshwater fishes including perch.

The USA import of seafood mainly originates in Asia, other Northern American countries and South America. The largest countries in terms of value in 2004 were Canada, Thailand, China, Chile, Indonesia and Vietnam. The 433 000 tonnes of imported whitefish products in 2004 included 113 000 tonnes of tilapia, 78 000 tonnes of Alaska pollock, 65 000 tonnes of cod, 27 000 tonnes of haddock, 23 000 tonnes of sole, 11 000 tonnes of swordfish, 10 000 tonnes of salted dried fillets of unknown species, and 40 000 tonnes of minced meat products from unknown species. The import came mainly from China, Canada and Iceland.

According to USA trade statistics (NMFS), the USA export of seafood increased from 2.9 billion USD in 1990 to 3.7 billion USD in 2004. This corresponded with an increase in

125 volume from 1.1 million tonnes in 1990 to 1.3 million tonnes in 2004. In 2004, the export included 662 000 tonnes of whitefish products, 173 000 tonnes of salmon/trout, 149 tonnes of pelagic fish, 67 tonnes of molluscs and 64 tonnes of crustaceans. Most of the remaining 187 000 tonnes was frozen whole fish, frozen fillets, chilled fillets and chilled whole fish of species not identified in the USA trade statistics. The USA export of seafood mainly ends up in Asia, Europe and other Northern American countries. The largest importers of USA seafood in 2004 were Japan, Canada, South Korea, China and EU15 countries.

The USA export of 662 000 tonnes of whitefish products in 2004 included 291 000 tonnes of Alaska pollock, 103 000 tonnes of cod, 43 000 tonnes of hake, 34 000 tonnes of Yellowfin sole, 31 000 tonnes of saithe, 25 000 tonnes of Atka mackerel, 15 000 tonnes of sable fish, 55 000 tonnes of other flatfish, and 55 000 tonnes of surimi and other minced fish products of ‘unknown’ species. These products were mainly exported to Japan, South Korea and China, and EU15 countries, Lithuania, Russia and Norway.

Figure 138. USA; Import of the Seven Groundfish Species, MT

250

200 Saithe Hake 150 Redfish Haddock

1000 MT 100 Cod

50 A. Pollack

0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: NMFS

While the import of the seven groundfish species decreased from 232 000 tonnes in 1990 to 187 000 tonnes in 2004, the export increased from 95 000 tonnes in 1990 to 476 000 tonnes in 2004. The import consists mostly of Alaska pollock, cod and haddock, while the export is mostly Alaska pollock and cod. The USA export of cod products increased from 72 000 tonnes in 2000 to 103 000 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 139. USA; Export of the Seven Groundfish Species, MT

500 450 400 Haddock 350 Redfish 300 Saithe 250 Hake

1000 MT 200 Cod 150 100 A. Pollack 50 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: NMFS

126 The USA export to the EU15 consists of the seven groundfish species as analysed further on, plus 30 000 tonnes to 40 000 tonnes of salmon per year since 1990, rising to 43 000 tonnes in 2004. The USA export of molluscs and crustaceans to the EU15 of between 15 000 tonnes and 40 000 tonnes each year, consists mostly of squid/octopus, lobster and scallops. There is a large export of pelagic fish, mostly of fish oil from menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), and an increasing export of tuna of some 5 000 tonnes to 10 000 tonnes per year over the past four years. The ‘other’ category consists mostly of frozen fish and fish meat from ‘unknown’ species. In the white fish category there is also a surimi export from ‘unknown’ species, plus 1 000 tonnes to 2 000 tonnes of anglerfish per year in addition to the species analysed here.

Figure 140. USA; Export of Seafood to the EU15, MT

280

240

200 Other Pelagics 160 Crustaceans

120 Molluscs 1000 MT Salmon/trout 80 White fish

40

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NMFS

The USA groundfish export to the EU15 increased from relatively small volumes before 2001, mostly of Pacific cod, to 140 000 tonnes in 2004 worth 295 million USD. The export consists mostly of Alaska pollock but also includes Pacific cod and hake. The USA whole frozen hake export to the EU15 increased from 1 000 tonnes in 1999 to 10 000 tonnes in 2004.

Figure 141. USA; Export of the Seven Groundfish Species to the EU15, Volume and Value

140 300

120 250 Redfish 100 Redfish Haddock 200 Haddock 80 Saithe Saithe 150 60 Hake Hake 1000 MT

Cod Million USD 100 Cod 40 A. Pollack A. Pollack 20 50

0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NMFS

The USA export of the seven groundfish species to the EU15 is mostly of fresh/frozen products, with a small volume of salted cod amounting to around 2 000 tonnes per year.

Alaska Pollock

USA catches of Alaska pollock increased from 1.055 million tonnes in 1999 to 1.525 million tonnes in 2003. At the same time the USA export of Alaska pollock products increased from 89 000 tonnes in 1999 to 266 000 tonnes in 2004. This export mostly ends up in EU15 countries, Japan and South Korea. In 2004, the export included 162 000 tonnes of frozen

127 surimi and 104 000 tonnes of frozen fillets. The export value of the Alaska pollock products was 462 million USD in 2004.

Table 103. USA; Catches of Alaska Pollock, 1000 MT 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1,432 1,295 1,339 1,478 1,417 1,294 1,190 1,140 1,232 1,055 1,182 1,442 1,516 1,525 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Most of the USA frozen Alaska pollock fillets are exported to EU15 countries, but only some of the frozen surimi. The export of Alaska pollock fillets from the USA increased from 4 000 tonnes in 2000 to 90 000 tonnes in 2004. The export of frozen surimi increased from 7 000 tonnes to 14 000 tonnes during the same period.

Figure 142. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Alaska Pollock products, Volume

280

240

200 Other 160 South Korea 120 Japan 1000 MT EU15 80

40

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NMFS

Figure 143. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Alaska Pollock to the EU15, Volume

105

90

75

60 Frozen surimi 45 Frozen fillet 1000 MT 30

15

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NMFS

128 Figure 144. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Alaska Pollock to the EU15, Prices

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

USD/Kg 1.00

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Frozen fillet Frozen surimi

Source: NMFS

The unit value of Alaska pollock products from the USA shows a declining trend over the past few years. Fillets exported to EU15 countries had a higher unit value than surimi products, which are mainly exported to Asian countries.

Figure 145. USA; Export of Frozen Alaska Pollock Surimi, Prices

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

USD/Kg 1.00

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU15 JAPAN SOUTH KOREA

Source: NMFS

Cod

The USA catch of cod increased from 229 000 tonnes in 2001 to 268 000 tonnes in 2003, with an anomalous peak of 313 000 tonnes in 1997. The export of fresh/frozen cod products increased from 50 000 tonnes in 1998 to 101 000 tonnes in 2004. Japan is the largest importer of cod from the USA but EU15 countries and China are increasing their import. Most of the cod is exported as whole frozen fish. In 2004 some 85 000 tonnes was exported, together with 11 000 tonnes of whole fresh/chilled and some smaller volumes of frozen fillets and salted cod.

Table 104. USA; Catches of Cod, 1000 MT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 267 249 298 293 278 242 226 282 289 313 263 247 252 229 246 268 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

129 Figure 146. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod, Volume

100 90 80 Other 70 South Korea 60 Canada 50 Norway

1000 MT 40 China 30 EU15 20 Japan 10 0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NMFS

The USA export of cod products to EU15 countries has varied in the past few years but increased from 8 000 tonnes in 2000 to 21 000 tonnes in 2004. Most of the export has traditionally been frozen whole fish, but in the last five years an increasing amount of fresh/chilled whole fish was exported from the USA to EU15 countries, amounting to 4 000 tonnes in 2004. The export goes mainly to Portugal and Spain, and also to the Netherlands and Denmark. The unit value of frozen whole cod increased in recent years to almost 3 USD/kg in 2004.

Figure 147. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod to the EU15, Volume

25

20

Frozen meat/mince 15 Frozen fillets Fresh whole 10 1000 MT Frozen whole 5

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NMFS

Figure 148. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod to the EU15, Prices

3.00

2.50

2.00 Frozen whole 1.50 Fresh whole

USD/Kg Frozen fillets 1.00

0.50

0.00

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: NMFS

130 4.6. Russia – Less Important for the EU15

Russia was the fifth most important supplier to the EU15 market of the seven groundfish species in 2004, with an export value of 215 million euros.

Table 105. Russian Catches of Alaska Pollock and Cod, 1000 MT 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Alaska Pollock 2,341 2,114 1,747 2,208 2,440 2,253 1,931 1,500 1,215 1,145 827 1,056 Cod, total 358 397 407 425 424 403 347 340 280 288 286 277 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The total Russian fish catch in 1991 according to the Russian State Fisheries Committee/ Russian State Statistics Committee was almost 7 million tonnes, but decreased to 3.3 million tonnes in 2003. The most important species was Alaska pollock with a catch of 2.5 million tonnes in 1991, and 1 million tonnes in 2003. The Russian catch of cod, including Atlantic, Pacific and Polar, was 218 000 tonnes in 1991 and 277 000 tonnes in 2003. Other important species caught in 2003 were herring at 335 000 tonnes, blue whiting at 360 000 tonnes, salmon at 235 000 tonnes, mackerel at 140 000 tonnes, plus more than 100 000 tonnes of flatfish.

According to Russian Statistics (published by Fish Resources), the Russian export of seafood amounted to 1.2 million tonnes in 2003. Alaska pollock accounted for 431 000 tonnes of this total. Most of the seafood is exported to the Republic of Korea, Japan and China. In the same year, Russia imported 712 000 tonnes of fish, half of which originated in Norway and consisted mostly of herring. The remainder originated in many different countries. Both the import and export consists mostly of frozen whole fish. During 2003 and 2004 the Russian value import increased more than the export, mainly due to the higher import of salmon and herring from Norway and a sharp decrease in the export of black caviar. (Source: USDA/ GAIN Report Number RS4051). It should be noted that these figures do not take unreported catches or trade into consideration, although these are thought to be considerable over the past ten years, especially for Atlantic cod.

The EU15 imported more of the seven groundfish species from Russia than from any other country in 2003, but in 2004 Russia was in fifth place in terms of value and volume, having decreased its export volume by more than 30 000 tonnes from 2003. The import was largest in 1998 when it reached a peak of 200 000 tonnes, with a value of more than 374 million euros. In 2004 the volume was almost 98 000 tonnes with a value of 215 million euros. Russia supplies mainly Alaska pollock and cod to the EU15, but also some 5 000 tonnes to 10 000 tonnes per year of haddock, and some small quantities of redfish. In the early 1990s, the EU15 also imported up to 30 000 tonnes of frozen squid (Illex) from Russia, and in the past three years imported more than 5 000 tonnes of frozen fillets/whole frozen fish and ‘other freshwater fish’. 70 percent of the Russian aquaculture production of 109 000 tonnes in 2003 was freshwater carp, at 80 000 tonnes, which probably explains this import.

131 Figure 149. EU15 Import of Alaska Pollock from Russia, MT

140

120

100

80 Frozen whole Frozen meat/mince 60

1000 MT Frozen filets 40

20

0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The EU15 import of Alaska pollock from Russia was 10 000 tonnes in 1992, increased to almost 140 000 tonnes in 1998, and reduced to 30 000 tonnes in 2004. The main product is frozen fillets included fillet blocks. The EU15 import of cod from Russia was more stable and consists mostly of frozen whole cod, with an increasing share of frozen fillets. In most years the total import was between 60 000 tonnes and 80 000 tonnes. In 2004 the import was 59 000 tonnes, comprising 48 000 tonnes of whole frozen cod and 11 000 tonnes of frozen fillets.

Figure 150. EU15 Import of Cod from Russia, MT

100 90 80 70 Frozen whole 60 Frozen meat/mince 50 Frozen filets

1000 MT 40 Fresh/chilled whole 30 Fresh/chilled fillet 20 10 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The processing industry in Norway, Iceland and the Faeroe Islands purchases whole cod from Russian vessels for processing and/or re-export. As shown in the graph, in the years 1994 to 1997 these countries imported more than 100 000 tonnes of whole cod from Russia. This decreased to a little more than 26 000 tonnes in 2004. Canada’s import of whole frozen cod from Russia increased from 7 000 tonnes in 2000 to 13 000 tonnes in 2003, but reduced to 7 000 tonnes in 2004.

132 Figure 151. Norway, Iceland and Faeroe Islands Import of whole Cod from Russia, MT

120

100

80 FAR frozen ISL frozen 60 NOR frozen 1000 MT 40 NOR fresh

20

0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Sources: NSEC/Norway Statistics; Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa); Statistics Faeroe Islands (Hagstova)

The Russian export of cod to the EU15 was 10 000 tonnes to 30 000 tonnes higher between 2001 and 2003 than in previous years. At the same time there was a decrease in import from other countries of between 50 000 tonnes and 80 000 tonnes, which is consistent with the decline in catches in the same period.

The USA imported less Alaska pollock and cod from Russia in the 1990s than the EU15, but between 1995 and 2000, the annual import of Alaska pollock fillets and surimi was 20 000 tonnes to 40 000 tonnes. By 2004 this had reduced to a few tonnes. The USA also imports about 6 000 tonnes of cod products per year, mostly as frozen fillets from Russia.

Figure 152. USA; Import of Alaska Pollock from Russia, MT

45 40 35 30 Frozen surimi 25 Frozen whole 20 Frozen meat 1000 MT 15 Frozen fillet 10 5 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: NMFS

Figure 153, USA; Import of Cod from Russia, MT

8 7 6

5 Frozen whole 4 Frozen meat

1000 MT 3 Frozen fillet 2 1 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

133 Source: NMFS

4.7. Namibia – the Largest Hake Supplier

Namibia has been the most important exporter of hake to the EU15 in terms of import value, since 1999. Namibia’s catch of Cape hake increased from 22 000 tonnes in 1987 to 88 000 tonnes in 1992 and slowly increased to 192 000 tonnes in 2003.

Figure 154. Namibian Catches from 1985 -2003

800

700

600 Other 500 Devil anglerfish 400 Southern African pilchard

1000 MT Cape hakes 300 Cape horse mackerel 200

100

0 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Namibia has a large catch of Cape horse mackerel of between 300 000 tonnes and 400 000 tonnes per year, plus a total catch of between 50 000 tonnes and 100 000 tonnes of many other different species. Southern African pilchard, devil anglerfish and kingclip have been the largest of these in recent years. Namibia also has a small aquaculture production that amounted to 25 tonnes of Pacific cupped oysters, 10 tonnes of blue mussels, 15 tonnes of freshwater fish and 67 tonnes of seaweed in 2003. The total export of seafood from Namibia was 342 000 tonnes worth 333 million USD in 2003.

The EU15 imported 95 000 tonnes of seafood from Namibia worth 245 million euros in 2004, making the EU15 the most important market for Namibian seafood products. The EU15 import was mostly hake products, with some anglerfish and other saltwater species.

Figure 155. EU15 Import of Seafood from Namibia

110 300 100 90 250 Other Other 80 200 70 Sardines Sardines 60 Sharks, excl. dogfish Sharks, excl. dogfish 150 50 Anglerfish Anglerfish 1000 MT 40 Other saltwater fish 100 Other saltwater fish 30 Million EURO Hake Hake 20 50 10 0 0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

More than 50 percent of the imported hake volume is frozen fillets and meat, totalling 40 000 tonnes to 60 000 tonnes a year since 1998. The remainder is mostly frozen whole fish, plus 5 000 tonnes to 14 000 tonnes per year of fresh/chilled whole fish. The EU15 import of Cape

134 hake from Namibia started in1991 and increased in line with an increase in the Namibian catch until 1994, after which time it became more variable.

Figure 156. EU15 Import of Hake from Namibia

90 250 80 70 200

60 Frozen whole Frozen whole 150 50 Frozen meat Frozen meat 40 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets

1000 MT 100 Fresh whole Fresh whole 30 Million EURO 20 50 10

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

4.8. South Africa – an Important Hake Supplier

South Africa has been the second most important exporter of hake to the EU15 in terms of import value after Namibia, for the past five years. In volume, Argentina has been larger than South Africa for the past two years. As in Namibia, the hake catch in South Africa is of Cape hake. The yearly catch of Cape hake increased from 48 000 tones in 1950 to 183 000 tonnes in 1985, and decreased to 139 000 tonnes in 2003. Other imported species caught in South Africa are the pelagic species South African pilchard, South African anchovy, whitehead’s round herring and Cape horse mackerel. There are also smaller catches of devil anglerfish, kingclip, panga seabream, swordfish, Patagonian toothfish and other species. The catch of pilchard and anchovy is slowly increasing, following a period with lower catches.

South Africa has a fish farming sector producing small volumes of some 20 different species, with a total production of about 5 000 tonnes per year. The most important species besides aquatic plants are rainbow trout, mussels and other shellfish, tilapia and catfish.

Figure 157. South African Catches from 1950 -2003

2,200 2,000 1,800 Other 1,600 Cape horse mackerel 1,400 Brown seaweeds 1,200 Whitehead's round herring 1,000

1000 MT 800 Cape hakes 600 S A anchovy 400 S A pilchard 200 0 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

South African export of seafood increased in recent years and in 2003, was 183 000 tonnes with a value of 395 000 USD.

135 Figure 158. EU15 Import of Seafood from South Africa

80 250 70 200 60 Other Other 50 Anglerfish 150 Anglerfish 40 Albacore Albacore

1000 MT 30 Cuttlefish/squid 100 Cuttlefish/squid

Hake Million EURO Hake 20 50 10

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

The EU15 import of seafood from South Africa increased from 30 000 tonnes to 40 000 tonnes before 1996, to more than 70 000 tonnes per year over the past 4 years. This corresponds with an increase in value from 89 000 euros in 1991 to 247 000 euros in 2004, making the EU15 the most important market for South Africa. The most important species imported is hake, but squid has recently gained in importance. There is also a small import of albacore, anglerfish and other species including sardines and shark.

The EU15 import of hake from South Africa increased from between 20 000 tonnes and 30 000 tonnes per year before 1996 to more than 50 000 tonnes in the past few years. In 2004 the import was 16 000 tonnes of chilled whole fish, 12 000 tonnes of frozen fillets, 3 000 tonnes of frozen meat and 16 000 tonnes of frozen whole fish, with a total value of 143 million euros.

Figure 159. EU15 Import of Hake from South Africa

60 160 140 50 120

40 Frozen whole 100 Frozen whole Frozen meat Frozen meat 30 80 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets

1000 MT 60 20 Fresh whole Fresh whole Million EURO 40 10 20

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

4.9. Argentina – Frozen Hake Supplier

Argentina has been the fourth most important exporter of hake to the EU15 for the past few years in terms of import value, having slipped from first place between 1991 and 1997.

136 Figure 160. Argentine Catches from 1950 -2003

1,400

1,200 Other Anchovy 1,000 Southern blue whiting 800 Scallop 600 Shrimp 1000 MT Patagonian grenadier 400 Squid 200 Argentine hake 0 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The Argentine catch of Argentine hake grew from just 9 000 tonnes in 1950 to 604 000 tonnes in 1996, dropped to 194 000 tonnes in 2000, then increased to 359 000 tonnes in 2002 and 334 000 tonnes in 2003. Argentina is also an important catching nation for Patagonian grenadier (hoki). The catch of Patagonian grenadier increased from about 1 000 tonnes in 1978 to 124 000 tonnes in 2000, then reduced to 98 000 tonnes in 2002 and 2003. Argentina has a smaller catch of a few tonnes per year of other grenadiers, southern hake, Patagonian toothfish, and argentine seabass. More important than these are the large catches of squid, shrimps, scallops, southern blue whiting and anchovy. There are also smaller catches of many other species. Argentina has only a very small seafood aquaculture production of around 1 000 tonnes of rainbow trout per year.

The total export of seafood from Argentina amounted to between 0.7 billion USD and 1 billion USD between 1993 and 2003. Most of this came from shrimps, squid and frozen marine fish. The total export in volume was between 500 000 tonnes and 800 000 tonnes per year.

The EU15 import from Argentina was about 150 000 tonnes from 1991 to 1996, increased to 220 000 tonnes in 1998, then decreased to 155 000 tonnes in 2004. In terms of volume the two most important species are hake and squid, but in terms of value, shrimp has been more important than squid since 1991 and than hake since 1999. The total value of the import varied from around 250 million euros before 1997, to between 500 million euros and 600 million euros from 2001 to 2003, rising to 448 million euros in 2004. There is also an import of other saltwater fish of between 10 000 tonnes and 20 000 tonnes per year, mostly of frozen whole fish and frozen fillets. It is not possible to identify the species from Eurostat, but there are good reasons to believe that this is mostly Patagonian grenadier, with smaller quantities of other grenadiers, argentine seabass, and other saltwater species.

137 Figure 161. EU15 Import of Seafood from Argentine

220 700 200 600 180 160 Other 500 Other 140 Other saltwater fish 120 400 Other saltwater fish Shrimps/prawns 100 Shrimps/prawns 300 Cuttlefish/squid 1000 MT 80 Cuttlefish/squid

Million EURO Hake 60 Hake 200 40 20 100 0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

Figure 162. EU15 Import of Hake from Argentine

110 150 100 135 90 120 80 105 Frozen whole Frozen whole 70 90 60 Frozen meat Frozen meat 75 50 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets

1000 MT 60 40 Fresh whole Fresh whole 30 Million EURO 45 20 30 10 15 0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

Most of the hake imported from Argentina is Argentine hake, with some southern hake. The EU15 import of hake from Argentina decreased along with the catch from more than 100 000 tonnes in 1996 and 1997 to 57 000 tonnes in 2004. Before the decline in the import, about half the volume was frozen whole fish and the other half frozen fillets and minced fish. After the decline, more frozen fillets were imported from Argentine than frozen whole fish. In 2004 the import was 15 000 tonnes of frozen whole fish, 4 000 tonnes of frozen minced fish and 36 000 tonnes of frozen fillets, plus 1 500 tonnes of fresh whole fish.

4.10. Chile – Fresh/Chilled Hake Supplier

Chile has been the third most important exporter of hake to the EU15 in terms of import value, for the past four years. In addition to hake, Chile also exports Patagonian grenadier and other species to the EU15. Besides catches of hake and hoki, Chile has large catches of pelagic species including jack mackerel, anchoveta, chub mackerel and herring. In the 1980s the largest catch was pilchard.

138 Figure 163. Chilean Catches from 1950 -2003

8 7

6 Other 5 Hake/grenadier Araucanian herring 4 Chub mackerel

Million MT 3 Anchoveta 2 Chilean jack mackerel

1 0

1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

Figure 164. Chilean Catches of Hake and Hoki from 1950 -2003

500

400

300 Patagonian grenadier Southern hake

1000 MT 200 South Pacific hake

100

0

1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The Chilean catch of South Pacific hake has returned to levels previously seen in the 1960s, of more than 100 000 tonnes per year, after a low period in the 1970s and 1980s of around 30 000 tonnes to 40 000 tonnes per year. The catch of southern hake began in 1979 at 44 000 tonnes and remained broadly stable, with a peak in 1989 of 69 000 tonnes. Since 1993 the catch has settled at between 20 000 tonnes and 30 000 tonnes per year. The Patagonian grenadier catch shows large variations, from lows of 20 000 tonnes in the late 1970s when commercial exploitation began, to a high of 230 000 tonnes in 1995. In 2002 was around 100 000 tonnes.

Chile’s aquaculture sector is growing in importance and now produces more than 600 000 tonnes per year of Salmondiae, seaweed and shellfish.

139

Figure 165. Chilean Aquaculture Production from 1980 -2003

700 600 Other 500 Peruvian calico scallop 1000 MT Chilean mussel 400 Gracilaria seaweeds 300 Coho(=Silver) salmon 200 Rainbow trout Atlantic salmon 100

0 1990199219941996199820002002 1980 19821984 19861988

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Aquaculture production

Chile has exported more than 1 million tonnes of seafood per year over the past 20 years, mostly of oily fishmeal and salmon products, but also mackerel, hake and a range of products from other species. The value of the Chilean seafood export increased from 500 million USD in 1996 to 2.2 billion USD in 2003.

Figure 166. EU15 Import of Seafood from Chile

100 350 90 300 80 Other 70 250 Other Surimi 60 Surimi Other saltwater fish 200 Other saltwater fish 50 Mussels 150 Mussels

1000 MT 40 Salmon

Salmon Million EURO 30 Hake 100 Hake 20 10 50

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

The EU15 import of seafood for human consumption from Chile increased from 49 000 tonnes in 1997 to 99 000 tonnes in 2004, with values of 160 million euros in 1997 and 317 million euros in 2004. The EU15 import of hake from Chile decreased from 40 000 tonnes in 1991 to 28 000 tonnes in 2004. The import is shared between fresh whole fish, frozen whole fish and frozen fillets, with a small volume of frozen mince. The volume of fresh whole fish increased steadily from 1991 to 2000 then stabilised at 11 000 tonnes per year. The volume of frozen whole fish decreased from 12 000 tonnes in 1993 to 9 000 tonnes in 2004, while frozen fillets increased from 5 000 tonnes in 1991 to 12 000 tonnes in 2003. In 2004 just 6 000 tonnes of frozen fillets was imported from Chile.

140 Figure 167. EU15 Import of Hake from Chile

40 120

35 100 30 80 25 Frozen whole Frozen whole Frozen meat Frozen meat 20 60 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets 1000 MT 15 Fresh whole

Fresh whole Million EURO 40 10 5 20

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

The EU15 import of frozen surimi from Chile increased from 1 000 tonnes in 1996 to more than 6 000 tonnes per year in 2003 and 2004.

Figure 168. EU15 Import of Surimi from Chile

7 12

6 10 1000 MT Million EURO 5 8 4 6 3 1000 MT 4 2 Million EURO

1 2

0 0 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

The import of frozen whole and frozen fillets/frozen meat of other saltwater species increased from 2 000 tonnes between 1995 and 1997 to 10 000 tonnes in 2004, mainly of Patagonian grenadier.

Figure 169. EU15 Import of Other Saltwater Fish from Chile

10 9 8 7 Fresh whole 6 Fresh fillet/mince 5 Frozen meat

1000 MT 4 Frozen whole 3 Frozen fillets 2 1 0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

4.11. Uruguay – Mostly Frozen Hake Fillets

Uruguay is the fifth most important exporter of hake to the EU15, in terms of import value. The catch was 35 000 tonnes in 2003, but has been as high as 100 000 tonnes in the past. Other important species for Uruguay include whitemouth croaker, striped weakfish, squid and

141 Patagonian toothfish. There is also a catch of Patagonian grenadier and smaller catches of a species including crab, scallops and rays. The total catch has varied between 90 000 tonnes and 150 000 tonnes per year since 1979. Uruguay has developed a small aquaculture sector in the past few years with a few thousand tonnes of sturgeon, American bullfrogs, catfish and carp.

Figure 170. Uruguay Catches from 1950 -2003

160 140 120 Other 100 Patagonian toothfish Argentine shortfin squid 80 Striped weakfish 1000 MT 60 Whitemouth croaker 40 Argentine hake 20 0

1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

In the ten years to 2003 Uruguay exported some 60 000 tonnes to 100 000 tonnes of seafood per year, with a value of 80 million USD to 110 million USD. The EU15 import from Uruguay is mostly hake, with some other saltwater fish imported as frozen whole fish, plus squid, shark, swordfish, scallops and crab.

Figure 171. EU15 Import of Seafood from Uruguay

22 50 20 45 18 40 16 35 Other Other 14 30 12 Cuttlefish/squid Cuttlefish/squid 25 10 Other saltwater fish Other saltwater fish

1000 MT 20 8 Hake Hake Million EURO 6 15 4 10 2 5 0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

In terms of both volume and value, the EU15 import of hake increased more or less steadily from 1994 onwards, and in 2004 was 15 000 tonnes. The import of Hake is mostly frozen fillets, with a small but increasing import of frozen whole fish.

142 Figure 172. EU15 Import of Hake from Uruguay

15 35

30 12 25 Frozen whole Frozen whole 9 Frozen meat 20 Frozen meat Frozen fillets 15 Frozen fillets

1000 MT 6 Fresh whole Fresh whole Million EURO 10 3 5

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

4.12. New Zealand – Largest Hoki Supplier

New Zealand is the major exporter of hoki (blue grenadier) to the EU15. Blue grenadier is also the most important species caught in New Zealand, where the catch increased from 5 000 tonnes in 1979 to 278 000 tonnes in 1998, but reduced to 181 000 tonnes in 2003. A number of other species is also caught, the most important of which in terms of volume are squid, mackerel, blue whiting and snoek. There are also catches of southern hake, orange roughy, silver seabream and other grenadier species. New Zealand has an aquaculture sector which produces 70 000 tonnes to 80 000 tonnes of mussels, 5 000 tonnes to 10 000 tonnes of chinook (king) salmon and a few thousand tonnes of oysters per year.

Figure 173. New Zealand Catches from 1985 -2003

700 Other 600 Southern hake Oreo dories nei 500 Orange roughy 400 Skipjack tuna Pink cusk-eel 300 1000 MT Snoek 200 Southern blue whiting Jack and horse mackerels nei 100 Wellington flying squid 0 Blue grenadier 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

New Zealand has exported around 300 000 tonnes of seafood per year for the past ten years, worth between 700 million USD and 800 million USD. The EU15 import of seafood from New Zealand increased from 20 000 tonnes to 30 000 tonnes per year before 1998, to more than 50 000 tonnes per year from 1998 onwards, except in 2000 when the import was 38 000 tonnes. The increase in volume corresponded with an increase in value from 42 million euros in 1991 to 130 million euros in 2004. The most important species are squid and blue grenadier. There is a varying import of squid, ranging from 3 000 tonnes in 1991 to 23 000 tonnes in 2004. The import of hoki varies between 4 000 tonnes and 24 000 tonnes per year and there is also an import of a few thousand tonnes per year of other saltwater fish. Before 1995 blue grenadier was included in the other saltwater species, but this sector now comprises varying

143 volumes of orange roughy, other grenadiers, silver seabream and other species. New Zealand also exports large volumes of mussels, New Zealand hake, albacore and pink cusk eel, and smaller quantities of a range of other species to the EU15.

Figure 174. EU15 Import of Seafood from New Zealand

70 160

60 140

Other 120 Other 50 Pink cusk-eel Pink cusk-eel Albacor 100 Albacor 40 Hake Hake 80 Mussels Mussels

1000 MT 30 Other saltwater fish Other saltwater fish

Million EURO 60 20 Hoki Hoki Squid/octopus 40 Squid/octopus

10 20

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

The EU15 import of blue grenadier is almost entirely of frozen fillets and increased from about 3 000 tonnes in 1995 to 24 000 tonnes in 1999. It then declined to 11 000 tonnes in 2004. The corresponding value was 5 million euros in 1995, 61 million euros in 1999, and 29 million euros in 2004. The EU15 imported 2 600 tonnes of New Zealand hake in 1991, 4 500 tonnes in 1998 and 3 300 tonnes in 2004. From 1996 onwards, the majority of the import was whole frozen hake.

Figure 175. EU15 Import of Hoki (Blue Grenadier) from New Zealand

25 70

60 20 50

15 40 Frozen whole Frozen whole Frozen fillet 30 Frozen fillet

1000 MT 10

Million EURO 20 5 10

0 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat

Figure 176. EU15 Import of Hake from New Zealand

5 12

4 10

Frozen whole 8 Frozen whole 3 Frozen meat Frozen meat 6 Frozen fillets Frozen fillets 2 1000 MT Fresh whole Fresh whole

Million EURO 4 1 2

0 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

4.13. Poland – a Frozen Cod Fillet Supplier

Poland is the seventh most important supplier of cod to the EU15 and export of this fish has traditionally been based on its own catch. The Polish catch of cod was around 100 000 tonnes

144 per year in the period 1965 to 1985, but declined to a level of around 20 000 tonnes per year by 2003. Poland has had significant catches of Alaska pollock and saithe in the past, together with large catches of pelagic fish including sprat, herring, mackerel and sardines. The total catch of all fish declined from more than 700 000 tonnes in 1983 to less than 200 000 tonnes in 2003.

Figure 177. Polish Catches from 1985 -2003

800

700

600

500

400

1000 MT 300

200

100

0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

European sprat Atlantic herring Atlantic cod Freshwater fishes nei Antarctic krill Flatfishes nei Cape horse mackerel Alaska pollock Other

Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

The total Polish seafood export increased from 129 000 tonnes worth 185 million USD in 1990, to 168 000 tonnes worth 314 million USD in 2003. At the same time the import increased from 159 000 tonnes in 1990 to 250 000 tonnes in 2003. Since 1993, Poland has imported more seafood than it exports, which has led to important changes in the large Polish seafood industry.

Table 106. Polish Seafood Trade 1990 to 2003, Volumes and Values 1000 MT/Mill. 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 USD 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 Export Quantity 129 124 213 158 202 180 206 199 157 172 164 179 185 168 Export Value 185 190 249 203 252 262 272 229 275 282 243 247 254 314 Import Quantity 159 100 165 178 210 199 225 248 274 253 276 281 237 250 Import Value 42 39 102 129 171 192 252 269 323 261 298 370 335 384 Net Import Quantity 30 -24 -49 20 8 19 18 49 117 81 112 102 51 82 Net Import Value -142 -151 -147 -75 -81 -71 -20 40 48 -22 54 123 81 70 Source: FAO-Fishstat plus-Commodities, production and trade 2003.

In the past few years, Polish exports have consisted mostly of pelagic fish, with between 20 and 30 percent being whitefish, mainly cod. Most of the Polish export ends up in EU15 countries, mainly Germany, but also Denmark, UK and France. There is also some export to other countries including the Czech Republic, the USA and Rumania. The total whitefish export in 2004 was 31 000 tonnes, worth 98 million euros. Most of this went to EU15 countries and 22 000 tonnes of the total was cod.

Polish trade with EU15 countries increased following its membership of the European Union in 2004. Since then, the import has increased more than the export. The Polish export to EU15 countries in 2004 was 102 000 tonnes and consisted mostly of herring and cod. The import increased from 51 000 tonnes in 2003 to 113 000 tonnes in 2004. Poland imports an

145 increasing amount of herring from EU15 countries for processing. It also has an increasing import of mackerel and salmon, and had an import of 5 000 tonnes of whole frozen cod in 2004. The Polish export to the EU15 was worth 259 million euros and the import was worth 170 million euros in 2004.

Figure 178. Polish Export and Import from EU15, Volume

120 120 Other 100 100 Other Trout 80 Trout 80 Pollack Sprat Prawns 60 60 Salmon Cod 1000 MT 1000 MT 40 Cod 40 Salmon 20 Herring 20 Mackerel Herring 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Eurostat (Polish Trade Statistics)

The EU15 import of cod products from Poland has varied but in 2004 amounted to 14 000 tonnes, mostly of frozen fillets, with a small import of chilled whole fish. Most of the frozen fillets are exported to the UK, France and Denmark. The EU15 import of cod from Poland was worth 48 million euros in 2004.

Figure 179. EU15 import of Cod from Poland

25

20 frozen whole 15 frozen meat/mince frozen fillets

1000 MT 10 fresh/chilled whole fresh/chilled fillets 5

0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Eurostat

146 5. Sources

Alda Moller: talk at “Hvitfiskkonferansen 2004”, by NSEC Tromsø Norway

Eurostat (EU15 trade statistics)

Eurostat (Polish Trade Statistics)

FAO-Fishstat plus-Aquaculture production-Quantities

FAO-Fishstat plus-Aquaculture production-Values

FAO-Fishstat plus-Capture production

FAO-Fishstat plus-Commodities production and trade, 2003/2004

Globefish Databank

French Trade Statistics

NMFS-USA

Norges Råfisklag, Catch reports

NSEC/Norway Statistics

Russian Statistics (published by Fish Resources)

Statistics Denmark

Statistics Faroe Islands (Hagstova)

Statistics Iceland (Hagstofa)

The Directorate of Fisheries (Norway)

UK trade statistics

USDA/GAIN Report Number CH4015

USDA/GAIN Report Number RS4051

147 Appendix 1) FIGURES Figure 1. World Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, 1950 -2003...... 13 Figure 2. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Fish, Volume ...... 15 Figure 3. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Fish, Value...... 15 Figure 4. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Fish, Volume ...... 16 Figure 5. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Fresh/Frozen Product from Seven Groundfish Species, Volume and Value ...... 19 Figure 6. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Fresh/Frozen Product from Seven Groundfish Species, Volume and value ...... 19 Figure 7. World Catches of Cod by Species, 1950 -2003 ...... 21 Figure 8. World Catches of Cod by Country, 1950 -2003 ...... 22 Figure 9. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Cod Products, Volume...... 23 Figure 10. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Prices of Chilled/Frozen Cod Products...... 23 Figure 11. EU15 Import of Whole Cod from Third Countries, Prices...... 26 Figure 12. EU15 Import of Cod fillets from Third Countries, Prices ...... 27 Figure 13. EU15 Import of Frozen Fillets of Cod, Prices from Important Origins...... 27 Figure 14. World Catches of Alaska Pollock by Country, 1950 -2003...... 30 Figure 15. World Catches of Pollack by Country, 1950 -2003 ...... 31 Figure 16. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Alaska Pollock Products, Volume ...... 31 Figure 17. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Frozen Alaska Pollock Products, Prices ...... 32 Figure 18. EU15 Import of Frozen Alaska Pollock Fillets, Prices from Most Important Countries ...... 34 Figure 19. EU15 Import of Surimi from Third Countries, Volume ...... 36 Figure 20. EU15 Import of Frozen Surimi from Third Countries, Volume ...... 37 Figure 21. EU15 Import of Surimi Preparations from Third Countries, MT ...... 38 Figure 22. French Import Prices on Frozen Surimi...... 38 Figure 23. Spanish Import Prices on Surimi Preparations ...... 39 Figure 24. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Frozen Alaska Pollock Fillet and Frozen Surimi...... 39 Figure 25. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Frozen Alaska Pollock Fillet and Frozen Surimi...... 39 Figure 26. World Catches of Hake by Species, 1950 -2003 ...... 40 Figure 27. World Catches of Hake by Country, 1950 -2003...... 41 Figure 28. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Hake Products, Volume ...... 42 Figure 29. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Prices of Chilled/Frozen Hake Products...... 42 Figure 30. EU15 Countries Import of Hake from Third Countries, Product prices ...... 45 Figure 31. EU15 Countries Import of Frozen Hake Fillets from Most Important Countries, Prices ...... 45 Figure 32. EU15 Countries Import of Whole Frozen Hake from Most Important Countries, Prices...... 45 Figure 33. EU15 Countries Import of Chilled Whole Hake from Most Important Countries, Prices ...... 46 Figure 34. World Catches of Hoki by Specie, 1970 -2003 ...... 47 Figure 35. World Catches of Hoki (Blue Grenadier) by Country, 1970 -2003...... 47 Figure 36. World Catches of Hoki (Patagonian Grenadier) by Country, 1978 -2003...... 48 Figure 37. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Frozen Hoki (Blue Grenadier) Products, Volume ...... 48 Figure 38. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Frozen Hoki (Blue Grenadier) Products Prices ...... 49 Figure 39. EU15 Import of Frozen Hoki(Blue Grenadier) Fillets, Prices from Most Important Countries ...... 50 Figure 40. World Catches of Haddock by Country, 1950 -2003...... 51 Figure 41. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Haddock Products, Volume ...... 52 Figure 42. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Haddock Products, Prices ...... 52 Figure 43. UK Import prices of Whole Fresh Haddock ...... 54 Figure 44. UK Import prices of Whole Frozen Haddock...... 54 Figure 45. UK Import prices of Frozen Haddock Fillets...... 55 Figure 46. World Catches of Saithe by Country, 1950 -2003...... 55 Figure 47. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Saithe Products, Volume ...... 56 Figure 48. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Prices of Chilled/Frozen Saithe Products ...... 56 Figure 49. EU15 Import of Fresh Whole Saithe, Prices from Most Important Countries...... 58 Figure 50. EU15 Import of Frozen Saithe Fillets, Prices from Most Important Countries ...... 59 Figure 51. World Catches of Redfish by Country, 1950 -2003...... 60 Figure 52. EU15 Import from Third Countries of Chilled/Frozen Redfish Products, Volume...... 61 Figure 53. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Prices of Chilled/Frozen Redfish Products...... 61 Figure 54. German Import of Frozen Redfish Fillets, MT...... 63 Figure 55. German Import of Frozen Redfish Fillets, Prices From Most Important Sources ...... 63

148 Figure 56. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Yearly frozen fillet prices on Alaska Pollock, Cod, Redfish and Haddock...... 64 Figure 57. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Yearly frozen fillet prices on Alaska Pollock, Hake, Hoki and Saithe ...... 64 Figure 58. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Monthly frozen fillet prices on Alaska Pollock, Cod, Redfish and Haddock...... 65 Figure 59. EU15 Import from Third Countries; Monthly frozen fillet prices on Alaska Pollock, Hake, Hoki and Saithe ...... 65 Figure 60. UK; import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species...... 66 Figure 61. UK; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT...... 67 Figure 62. Spanish Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species...... 70 Figure 63. German Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species...... 73 Figure 64. French Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species ...... 77 Figure 65. Danish Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species ...... 80 Figure 66. Danish Export of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species ...... 81 Figure 67. The Netherlands; Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species...... 84 Figure 68. The Netherlands; Export of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species ...... 85 Figure 69. Portuguese Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species...... 86 Figure 70. Italian import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species...... 88 Figure 71. Belgian Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species ...... 90 Figure 72. Swedish Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species...... 91 Figure 73. Irish import of chilled/frozen products, Seven Groundfish species ...... 92 Figure 74. Greek Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species...... 92 Figure 75. Austrian import of chilled/frozen products, Seven Groundfish species...... 93 Figure 76. Finnish Import of Chilled/Frozen Products, Seven Groundfish Species...... 93 Figure 77. EU15 Import Fresh/Chilled and Frozen Products from Seven Groundfish Species, Values ...... 95 Figure 78. Icelandic Export of Seafood, Values ...... 96 Figure 79. Icelandic Export of Ground fish, Volumes (and Values)...... 96 Figure 80. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Groundfish, Volumes and Values ...... 97 Figure 81. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Groundfish, Volumes and Values ...... 97 Figure 82. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Cod, Volume and Values ...... 98 Figure 83. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod to the EU15, Volumes and Values...... 98 Figure 84. Icelandic Export of Cod to the EU15, Prices ISK...... 99 Figure 85. Icelandic Export of Cod. Composition of the Fillet Category, Volume percentages...... 99 Figure 86. Export of Cod to EU15, Prices (ISK) on Main Fillet Products...... 100 Figure 87. Iceland; Monthly Cod Landings, Volume ...... 100 Figure 88. Norway; Monthly Cod Landings, Volume ...... 101 Figure 89. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Redfish, Volume and Values...... 102 Figure 90. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Redfish to the EU15, Volumes and Values...... 102 Figure 91. Icelandic Export of Redfish to the EU, Prices ISK...... 102 Figure 92. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Haddock, Volume and Values...... 103 Figure 93. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Haddock to the EU15, Volumes and Values ...... 103 Figure 94. Icelandic Export of Haddock to the EU15, Prices ISK...... 104 Figure 95. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Saithe, Volume and Values ...... 104 Figure 96. Icelandic Export of Fresh/Frozen Saithe to the EU15, Volumes and Values ...... 105 Figure 97. Icelandic Export of Saithe to the EU15, Development in the Product Categories, Volume percentages ...... 105 Figure 98. Icelandic Export of Saithe fillets to the EU15, Prices ISK ...... 106 Figure 99. Norwegian Export of seafood, Values...... 106 Figure 100. Norwegian Export of Groundfish, Volumes and Values ...... 107 Figure 101. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Groundfish, Volumes and Values . 107 Figure 102. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Groundfish, Volumes and Values . 107 Figure 103. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Cod, Volume and Values ...... 108 Figure 104. Norwegian Export of Cod to the EU15, Volume and Values ...... 108 Figure 105. Norwegian Export of Cod to the EU15, Prices NOK ...... 109 Figure 106. Norwegian Import of Whole Cod, 1988 to 2004 ...... 110 Figure 107. Norwegian Import of Whole Frozen Cod, 1988 to 2004 ...... 110 Figure 108. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Saithe, Volume and Values...... 111 Figure 109. Norwegian Export of Saithe to the EU15, Volume and Values...... 111 Figure 110. Norwegian Export of Saithe to the EU15, Prices NOK ...... 112 Figure 111. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Products of Haddock, Volume and Values ...... 112

149 Figure 112. Norwegian Export of Haddock to the EU15, Volume and Values ...... 113 Figure 113. Norwegian Export of Haddock to the EU15, prices NOK...... 113 Figure 114. Norwegian Export of Fresh/Frozen Products of Redfish, Volume and Values ...... 114 Figure 115. Norwegian Export of Redfish to The EU15, Volume and Values ...... 114 Figure 116. Norwegian Export of Redfish to the EU15, prices NOK...... 114 Figure 117. Faroe Islands Export of Groundfish, Volumes and Values...... 115 Figure 118. Faroese Export of Fresh/Frozen Groundfish Products, Volumes and Values...... 115 Figure 119. Faroese Export of Fresh/Frozen Groundfish Products, Volumes and Values...... 116 Figure 120. Faroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Cod, Volume and Values...... 116 Figure 121. Faroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod to the EU15, Volume and Values...... 117 Figure 122. Faroese Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod to the EU15, Prices DKK...... 117 Figure 123. Faroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Saithe, Volume and Values...... 118 Figure 124. Faroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Saithe to the EU15, Volume and Values ...... 118 Figure 125. Faroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Saithe to the EU15, Prices DKK...... 118 Figure 126. Faroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Whole/Filets/Mince/Meat Haddock, Volume and Values ...... 119 Figure 127. Faroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Haddock to the EU15, Volume and Values ...... 119 Figure 128. Faroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Haddock to The EU15, Prices DKK...... 120 Figure 129. Faroe Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod, Saithe, Haddock, Volume percent...... 120 Figure 130. Chinese Catches from 1950 -2003...... 121 Figure 131. Chinese Aquaculture Production from 1950 -2003 ...... 121 Figure 132. Chinese import of seafood, 1976-2003...... 122 Figure 133. EU15 Countries; Import from and Export to China of the Seven Groundfish species, MT ...... 122 Figure 134. Norwegian Export of Whole Fish to China, MT ...... 123 Figure 135. Icelandic Export of Whole Fish to China, MT...... 124 Figure 136. USA; Export of fresh/frozen Groundfish products to China, MT...... 124 Figure 137. USA; Import of fresh/frozen Groundfish products from China, MT...... 125 Figure 138. USA; Import of the Seven Groundfish Species, MT ...... 126 Figure 139. USA; Export of the Seven Groundfish Species, MT ...... 126 Figure 140. USA; Export of Seafood to the EU15, MT...... 127 Figure 141. USA; Export of the Seven Groundfish Species to the EU15, Volume and Value ...... 127 Figure 142. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Alaska Pollock products, Volume ...... 128 Figure 143. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Alaska Pollock to the EU15, Volume ...... 128 Figure 144. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Alaska Pollock to the EU15, Prices...... 129 Figure 145. USA; Export of Frozen Alaska Pollock Surimi, Prices ...... 129 Figure 146. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod, Volume...... 130 Figure 147. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod to the EU15, Volume...... 130 Figure 148. USA; Export of Fresh/Frozen Cod to the EU15, Prices...... 130 Figure 149. EU15 Import of Alaska Pollock from Russia, MT ...... 132 Figure 150. EU15 Import of Cod from Russia, MT...... 132 Figure 151. Norway, Iceland and Faroe Islands Import of whole Cod from Russia, MT ...... 133 Figure 152. USA; Import of Alaska Pollock from Russia, MT...... 133 Figure 153, USA; Import of Cod from Russia, MT ...... 133 Figure 154. Namibian Catches from 1985 -2003...... 134 Figure 155. EU15 Import of Seafood from Namibia ...... 134 Figure 156. EU15 Import of Hake from Namibia ...... 135 Figure 157. South African Catches from 1950 -2003 ...... 135 Figure 158. EU15 Import of Seafood from South Africa...... 136 Figure 159. EU15 Import of Hake from South Africa ...... 136 Figure 160. Argentine Catches from 1950 -2003...... 137 Figure 161. EU15 Import of Seafood from Argentine ...... 138 Figure 162. EU15 Import of Hake from Argentine...... 138 Figure 163. Chilean Catches from 1950 -2003 ...... 139 Figure 164. Chilean Catches of Hake and Hoki from 1950 -2003...... 139 Figure 165. Chilean Aquaculture Production from 1980 -2003...... 140 Figure 166. EU15 Import of Seafood from Chile ...... 140 Figure 167. EU15 Import of Hake from Chile ...... 141 Figure 168. EU15 Import of Surimi from Chile...... 141 Figure 169. EU15 Import of Other Saltwater Fish from Chile...... 141 Figure 170. Uruguay Catches from 1950 -2003...... 142 Figure 171. EU15 Import of Seafood from Uruguay ...... 142 Figure 172. EU15 Import of Hake from Uruguay...... 143

150 Figure 173. New Zealand Catches from 1985 -2003 ...... 143 Figure 174. EU15 Import of Seafood from New Zealand...... 144 Figure 175. EU15 Import of Hoki (Blue Grenadier) from New Zealand...... 144 Figure 176. EU15 Import of Hake from New Zealand ...... 144 Figure 177. Polish Catches from 1985 -2003...... 145 Figure 178. Polish Export and Import from EU15, Volume ...... 146 Figure 179. EU15 import of Cod from Poland...... 146

Appendix 2) TABLES Table 1. World Aquaculture of Seven Groundfish Species, 1994 -2003, MT ...... 14 Table 2. EU15 Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT ...... 14 Table 3. EU15 Import of Saltwater Species Not Identified in the Statistics ...... 17 Table 4. EU15 Import of Freshwater Species Not Identified in the Statistics...... 18 Table 5. EU15 Import, Export and Net Import of fresh, frozen products from Seven Groundfish species, Volume ...... 20 Table 6. EU15 Catches of Cod, 1000 MT...... 22 Table 7. EU15 Countries; Import of fresh/frozen Cod from Third Countries, MT...... 24 Table 8. EU15 Import of Cod from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004...... 25 Table 9. EU15 Countries Net Import of Cod, 2003 and 2004...... 26 Table 10. UK Import of Cod, 2003 and 2004 ...... 27 Table 11. UK Import of Frozen fillets of Cod, 2003 and 2004 ...... 28 Table 12. French Import of Cod, 2003 and 2004 ...... 28 Table 13. French Import of Whole Chilled/Fresh Cod, 2003 and 2004...... 29 Table 14. Portuguese Import of Cod, 2003 and 2004 ...... 29 Table 15. Portuguese Import of Whole Frozen Cod, 2003 and 2004...... 29 Table 16. EU15 Countries; Import of Pollock/A. Pollock from Third Countries, MT ...... 32 Table 17. EU15 Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 ...... 33 Table 18. EU15 Countries Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004...... 33 Table 19. EU15 Countries Net Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock 2003 and 2004...... 33 Table 20. German Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock, 2003 and 2004...... 34 Table 21. German Import of Frozen Fillets of Alaska Pollock, 2003 and 2004...... 34 Table 22. French Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock, 2003 and 2004 ...... 35 Table 23. French Import of Frozen Fillets of Alaska Pollock, 2003 and 2004 ...... 35 Table 24. Netherlands Import of Alaska Pollock/Pollock, 2003 and 2004 ...... 35 Table 25. EU15 Countries Net Import of Surimi, MT ...... 36 Table 26. EU15 Countries Import of Surimi, MT...... 37 Table 27. EU15 Countries; Import of Hake from Third Countries, MT ...... 43 Table 28. EU15 Import of Hake from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 ...... 43 Table 29. EU15 Countries Import of Hake from Main Countries, 2003 and 2004 ...... 44 Table 30. EU15 Countries Net Import of Hake, 2003 and 2004...... 44 Table 31. Spanish Import of Hake from Most Important Countries, 2003 and 2004...... 46 Table 32. EU15 Import of Hoki (Blue Grenadier) from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004...... 49 Table 33. EU15 Countries Import of Hoki (Blue Grenadier) from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 ...... 49 Table 34. EU15 Countries Net Import of Hoki (Blue Grenadier), 2003 and 2004 ...... 50 Table 35. EU15 Import of Hoki (Blue Grenadier) from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004...... 50 Table 36. EU15; Catches of Haddock, MT...... 51 Table 37. EU15 Countries; Import of Haddock from Third Countries, MT ...... 51 Table 38. EU15 Import of Haddock from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 ...... 53 Table 39. UK Import of Haddock 2003 and 2004...... 53 Table 40. EU15 Countries; Import of Saithe from Third Countries, MT...... 57 Table 41. EU15 Import of Saithe from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004...... 57 Table 42. EU15 countries; Net Import of Saithe, 2003 and 2004 ...... 58 Table 43. French Import of Saithe, 2003 and 2004...... 59 Table 44. EU15 ; Catches of Redfish, MT...... 60 Table 45. EU15 Countries; Import of Redfish from Third Countries, MT ...... 60 Table 46. EU15 Import of Redfish from Third Countries, 2003 and 2004 ...... 62 Table 47. German Import of Redfish, 2003 and 2004...... 62 Table 48. EU15 Countries Net Import of Seven Groundfish Species, 1000 EURO ...... 66 Table 49. EU15 Countries Import of Seven Groundfish Species, 1000 EURO ...... 66

151 Table 50. UK Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT...... 68 Table 51. UK Import, Export and Net Import of Haddock, MT ...... 68 Table 52. UK Import, Export and Net Import of Pollock/Alaska Pollock, MT ...... 69 Table 53. Spain; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT...... 70 Table 54. Spanish Import, Export and Net Import of Hake, MT ...... 71 Table 55. Spanish Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT ...... 72 Table 56. Germany; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT...... 73 Table 57. German Import, Export and Net Import of Pollock/A. Pollock, MT ...... 74 Table 58. German Import, Export and Net Import of Redfish, MT ...... 74 Table 59. German Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT...... 75 Table 60. German Import, Export and Net Import of Saithe, MT...... 76 Table 61. German Import, Export and Net Import of Hake, MT ...... 76 Table 62. France; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT...... 77 Table 63. French Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT...... 78 Table 64. French Import, Export and Net Import of Pollock/A.Pollock, MT ...... 78 Table 65. French Import, Export and Net Import of Hake, MT...... 79 Table 66. French Import, Export and Net Import of Saithe, MT ...... 80 Table 67. Denmark; Catches of Seven Groundfish species, MT...... 81 Table 68. Danish Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT...... 82 Table 69. Danish Import, Export and Net Import of Saithe, MT ...... 83 Table 70. Danish Import, Export and Net Import of Haddock, MT...... 83 Table 71. Danish Import, Export and Net Import of Redfish, MT...... 84 Table 72. Netherlands; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT ...... 85 Table 73. Portugal; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT ...... 86 Table 74. Portuguese Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT ...... 87 Table 75. Portuguese Import, Export and Net Import of Klipfish and Salted Cod, MT ...... 87 Table 76. Portuguese Import, Export and Net Import of Hake, MT ...... 88 Table 77. Italy; Catches of Seven Groundfish species, MT ...... 88 Table 78. Italian Import, Export and Net Import of Hake, MT...... 89 Table 79. Italian Import, Export and Net Import of Cod, MT...... 89 Table 80. Italian Import of Cured Cod Products, MT ...... 90 Table 81. Belgium; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT...... 90 Table 82. Belgium; Export/Re-export of Seven Groundfish Species, MT...... 90 Table 83. Sweden; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT ...... 91 Table 84. Ireland; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT ...... 92 Table 85. Greece; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT ...... 93 Table 86. Finland; Catches of Seven Groundfish Species, MT...... 93 Table 87. Icelandic Catches of Cod, 1000 MT...... 98 Table 88. Icelandic Catches of Redfish, 1000 MT...... 101 Table 89. Icelandic Catches of Haddock, 1000 MT...... 103 Table 90. Icelandic Catches of Saithe, 1000 MT ...... 104 Table 91. Norwegian Catches of Cod, 1000 MT ...... 108 Table 92. Production (sale) of Farmed Cod in Norway, MT ...... 109 Table 93. Norwegian Export of Fresh Whole Farmed and Sea Ranged Cod, MT ...... 109 Table 94. Norwegian landings from foreign vessels, MT ...... 110 Table 95. Norwegian Catches of Saithe, 1000 MT ...... 111 Table 96. Norwegian Catches of Haddock, 1000 MT...... 112 Table 97. Norwegian Catches of Redfish, 1000 MT...... 113 Table 98. Faroe Islands; Catches of Cod, 1000 MT...... 116 Table 99. Faroe Islands; Catches of Saithe, 1000 MT ...... 118 Table 100. Faroe Islands; Catches of Haddock, 1000 MT ...... 119 Table 101. EU15 import of Alaska Pollock from China, MT ...... 123 Table 102. EU15 import of fillets and export of whole fish from/to China, MT ...... 123 Table 103. USA; Catches of Alaska Pollock, 1000 MT...... 128 Table 104. USA; Catches of Cod, 1000 MT ...... 129 Table 105. Russian Catches of Alaska Pollock and Cod, 1000 MT...... 131 Table 106. Polish Seafood Trade 1990 to 2003, Volumes and Values ...... 145

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