Kaliningrad Oblast 2016 The society, economy and army WARSAW December 2016

Kaliningrad Oblast 2016 The society, economy and army © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies

Authors Iwona Wiśniewska, Maria Domańska, Jan Strzelecki, Piotr Żochowski, Andrzej Wilk, Marek Menkiszak

Content editor Adam Eberhardt, Marek Menkiszak Editor Halina Kowalczyk Co-operation Anna Łabuszewska, Katarzyna Kazimierska

TRANSLATION Ilona Duchnowicz CO-OPERATION Nicholas Furnival

Graphic design Para-buch PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER Shutterstock DTP GroupMedia Charts and map Wojciech Mańkowski

Publisher Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl

ISBN 978-83-62936-92-2 Contents

I. Kaliningrad’s significance for Russia and its special characteristics /6

II. Current situation in the region – major trends /10 1. The economic situation /10 2. The social situation /13 3. The political situation /15 4. The military and security situation /17

III. Possible developments /20

APPENDICES /22 Neman Morskoye Nida Restricted access zone for security reasons*

Frontier zone Pagėgiai Gambling and recreational zone around Yantarny Panemunė Tourist and recreational zone on the Curonian Spit Curonian Spit Neman Jurbarkas Curonian Lagoon Sovetsk Planned location of the Baltic Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) Zelenogradsk BNPP TEC-2 combined heat and power plant High-voltage power lines Yantarny

Instruch Baltic Sea Kaliningrad Kybartai Puck Pregolya TEC-2 Chernyakhovsk Nesterov Chernyshevskoye Strait of Baltiysk Baltiysk Gusev

Gdynia MamonovoMamonowo Gdansk Bay

Sopot Vistula Spit Gronowo Grzechotki Gdansk Braniewo Zheleznodorozhny Bezledy Głomno Górowo Gołdap Iławieckie Skandawa Nowy Dwór Vistula Lagoon Łyna Gdański Pieniężno Bartoszyce Węgorzewo Vistula Elbląg Orneta Lidzbark W. Kętrzyn Olecko Pasłęk Giżycko Malbork Dobre Miasto

Mrągowo Roads Ełk Railroads Olsztyn Rivers Road border checkpoints Railway border checkpoints

* these zones are also located on the Curonian Spit (but are unmarked) © / the neighbouring NATO neighbouring the states. member of airspace and weapons territories range to the of the Russian extending ‘Anti-Access/Area creation ofables aso-called the (A2/AD) Denial’ zone, en which launched been has systems missile deploymentthe of Iskander targets). Furthermore, ground to attacking adjusted weapons also but are anti- (which nominally are defence systems missile Bastion and missiles, Kalibr with equipped ships defence systems, region of air S-400 out borne deployment is bythe the in region.This Baltic the in strategy military element Russian of the essential an remains Oblast Kaliningrad found alarming. 2010 Kremlin in the which region the in public protests the residents,keeping mind and in elites cal preventive to tighten on itslo grip to taking ments, try action is Moscow intensificationsenti an of suggesting protest sent symptoms no visible 2018). at pre - are (March election there upcoming Although presidential the in result asatisfactory policy, to ensure need plays this the in and oblast role Federation the important the Russian of and the tarisation policy,mili and increasing the austerity resources depleting financial Russia’s of interwoven many factors, above a result all are changes The Federation. Russian of the Trade and of Industry Ministry from the mist governor, acting current by the placed ayoung Anton Alikhanov, econo Yevgenywas - re He was Zinichev, of Putin. President aformer bodyguard 2016)(July October – one first The process. stage of this important an also region was the with no links to people had sent and from Moscow trusted en was oblast of governance the the that fact government the and gional for 2018 FIFA the stadium World the building Cup).- re the in changes The management of the in changes Fleet, Baltic the in (including dismissals disbursed are effectiveness improvingof trade)howfunds the and public amber the of transparency theimproving and concessions dation of tariff liqui the through (partly far so oblast have which the sway held in nisms year. past over It the Oblast involves mecha pathological curbing the developing been of for anew governance model has Moscow Kaliningrad ­ship ------

5 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 6 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 makes it difficult for armoured and mechanised troops to movepoorly(the and mechanised armoured for it difficult makes which of action geography theatre the –is of proper the Russia from gistical, lo above onall support, addition relying to –in Oblast forces Kaliningrad in of foroperation Russian the limitation The landing). main sea tactical cluding (in of enemy of troops rear sabotage at acts the and oblast; the of unblocking part as forces deployed joint conducting with regions; operations Belarus in frontier forces the up opponents in of the the include: tying Oblast liningrad forces Ka of in grouped the Russia). tasks and Theof Forces main of Belarus Group District/Regional (Western Military direction Western strategic the forces in by all taken element of possibleactions only an as are actions sity to conduct combat independent long-term operations.Any or high-inten have capabilities Oblast limited deployed Kaliningrad units in The military b. a. also: scenario, conflict on the depending and, Sea Baltic the in activity military alien to monitoring linked tasks fulfilling opponent, forces up tie the of a potential successfully will 4) that Appendix (see potential amilitary at maintaining region.It Baltic aimed is the in egy strat military element Russian of the essential an is Oblast Kaliningrad countries. neighbouring the with co-operation in restrictions and oblast the of in force institutions presence of intensified for an in example, results, NATO which states, and EU member towards policy its in instrument important an as Kremlin by the used is oblast the hand, other territory. the On loss of this future the regionthe or even in countries from cessively other influence strong ex feared traditionally Moscow reason has For of rest Russia. this the zens) and (its oblast economy the citi bond between and the loosens a consequence, this As neighbours. its with relations oblast’s contributes the to but intensifying also difficult communication line) not makes only astraight (overproper in km 360 Russia from The physical Lithuania). distance (Poland states and member EU its is of Russia subjects federal among the unique Oblast Kaliningrad What makes I.

geopolitical situation geopolitical sp its and iding an open military conflict. conflict. military open an iding provocation avo while of military character have which the actions taking or direction, Western strategic the in attack main forces the in supporting as Oblast deployed Kaliningrad units in the using K a l inin g rad ecia : it is a Russian semi-exclave surrounded by NATO and surrounded semi-exclave : it aRussian is ’ s si l charact g nificanc e ristics e for Ru ssia ------regional budgets means that only 40% of public levies collected in Kaliningrad 40% only of Kaliningrad public in that levies budgets collected means regional thebudget the and federal between clearance of financial system The Russian generate there. it will tricity elecrecipientsthe foreign of potential find to unable been Rosatom,pany has investor, com state-controlled main 2013 since the frozen the been because has oblast Power Nuclear the Plant in Baltic of the The construction imported. are production, by its own electricity for its demand able is to satisfy Oblast Kaliningrad development, nomic poorly is sector processing its developed).while Given present level of the eco economy, grey the in extent agreat to traded is produced (amber there degree limited to a sector only but region, this vantage budgetof its the from benefits ad main the Rostec) corporation are state-owned controlled by the currently is sector this resources; 90% of global has Oblast (Kaliningrad deposits Amber proper. Russia to countries of third goods from zone trans-shipment for the it into agrey turned fact in help to overcome barriers, these were expected ures. meas (1/3 of its due area of to security territory) its part to alarge access foreigners that have fact limited by the reduced further is tractiveness 2014). by imposed Moscow August region’s in countries The investment at Western from food products and on agricultural embargo the (especially bans dutiesimport and by customs limited are EU the from imports sit and costs, tran by high of limited The is supplies accessibility Russia from sive exports. complete on dependence almost expen an and low investment potential residents), one (around million market consumer by asmall characterised region’s The entities. business Russian investors are economy main is the and region’s mostof of the Russia; Russia, part sold production is within remaining the in that to linked strictly is Oblast of Kaliningrad situation economic The oblast). weapons the in clear nu presence of about tactical the rumours spreading and oblast the in systems missile tivity, Iskander deployment commencement of and the the of Bastion NATOWest of deterring policy the (the fleet’s waged against by Russia ac the with in fits which warfare component psychological of avital the are Oblast Kaliningrad in troops the features, military strictly of the Regardless act. to capabilities limited has Baltiysk) (stationed Oblast in Kaliningrad component in troops of the maritime the tion, of range NATO weapons states’ of immediate member destruc the within lies it that lakes). fact and the to Due terrain developed hilly network of the roads, The economic privileges granted to the region in the early 1990s, which earlywhich 1990s, the in region the to The economic granted privileges but the raw materials used in this process this in used rawbut materials the ------

7 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 8 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 Kremlin for the first time nominated an nominated time ‘outsider’, Boos, a businessman first forGeorgy the Kremlin the 2005, In centre. federal the from directly power have plant supervised been anuclear region’s project construct to the economy. and sector amber the Both of the keybranches the as well as controlled by them territory force the and of institutions The est. governors noconcerning on influence decisions had inter of lead would conflicts to often which divided, been has region the in power Kremlin), governors the from support the (most of whom clear lacked position of weak of force the and presence of strong institutions given the fact, contradictory. often and have inconsistent In oblast been the towards by Moscow stability, taken but actions social on itgrip to maintain and The general less visible. becoming continually are region of the past German Russia),from the to references and oblast the of separating 4% possibility of accept respondents the around rently suppressed (cur (whichbeen anyway) oblast have were notthe strong, also in tendencies average. Russian Separatist the lower 2016 in was than election parliamentary the in late 2011/early in voter Russia turnout and across 2012, rolled that wave protests of the of anti-Putin part as Kaliningrad in streets the people 200 took to than Less region. the in protest potential the curbed has act, to possibilities the restricting and unity its opposition, breaking the crediting dis Oblast, of of residents Kaliningrad of distinctness sense the weakening region’scow replaceto the governor. However, at Kremlin’s aimed policy the These forced heard. Mos were also slogans economic but issues, anti-Kremlin concerned socio- mainly (up which protests 10,000 to political participants) massive 2010 in through trade). manifested shuttle was This to trans-border linked was this (initially of Russia parts of residents other than neurship entrepre- and activity by greater characterised are Oblast Kaliningrad of Residents past. region’s of the German rich architectural) proofs (including proper) numerous Russia to and go oblast than more of abroad often dents the (resi EU the from neighbours with intensive contacts and mobility high the account 30% population), for of the around families of force their and stitutions (representatives in personnel of military presence strong theof by influenced are oblast’s of the of characteristics separateness society. akind to Its special contributeoblast) the in were born (only 50% of them around immigrants are of residents its many The region’s that fact the and geographic situation unique counted for over 30% region’s of the income). ac (in 2015, made they then are transfers federal federation which of from the budget central to the goes budget, rest directly the local goOblast while to the goal of the Kremlin’s policy towards the region is to keep itsto regionkeep is Kremlin’s of the goal the towards policy ------litical situation). litical see: The po Federation Russian of (for the on Alikhanov more information Trade and of Industry Ministry ayoung from the Alikhanov, economist Anton with him replaced they Next of PresidentPutin bodyguard trusted Yevgeny governor acting as – he was Zinichev to nominate was step first The control oblast. of the direct ing to take decid These of have Russia. Kremlin led the to militarisation intensifying FIFAthe 2018 resources, World Russia’sthe Cup,are: and financial dwindling face to needs region the The new challenges scandals. corruption numerous in involved became – reports to andmedia – according of ineffective governance examples provided ostentatious he even also though stability social ensure to Moscow. in base managed support resident who no Tsukanov political had cal governor, weak replaced by another was Nikolay Boos Tsukanov, alo missal. dis his public, in he and broughtelites resulted which about protests, massive local the oning Moscow’s promoting disregarding ostentatiously and interests However,government. the central influence of by the focus strengthening with tasked was Boos Moscow,from Oblast. for governor of Kaliningrad an FSB officer and officer a FSB former an - - - - -

9 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 10 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 90 billion roubles billion (up90 few the US$2.5 years, billion). past around to the Over around have to reached estimated are investments total concessions, their and tarifffrom benefited also of them all Economic Zone date, to principally cial Spe 2006 the in zone; have 109 only residents registered trans-shipment been into agrey turned oblast the and taxes, indirect and duty exemptions customs roubles 0.5 (up budgetaround state trillion to US$15on billion) plied, the ‘lost’ Economic Zone ap Special 1996 when the estimates, Alikhanov’s to According economy unsuccessful. been have Kaliningrad’s far so toAttempts boost 2018 FIFA World Cup). the for the preparations of effect in (partly sector constructions the ed) and implement policy substitution import the and products agricultural food and of on imports embargo of the aresult extent agreat to (which was agriculture food sector), the (mainly industry processing ation the have in observed been However, improvement of some situ an symptoms of transport. the and trade Avtotor reduced productionits by 50%2015), in (Kaliningrad’s industry and car sector, the primary the in tough, very especially economic still situation is 6%). around (by 2015 since well as The incomes have falling been residents’ real on average), 10% arow (by in annually year fourth for the and the decreased have region negative the in at present. Investments remain factors growth 1.3% 1). potential ther seeAppendix 2016; in All on for this, more information product (GRP) afur 2015Gross by in regional 7.6% fell fall to (and expected is region’s average match socio-economic indicators awhole). levels for as Russia the Oblast (although the economy adverseon effect astrong Kaliningrad had of Russian counter-sanctions and Western economic coincided sanctions with prices which oil in The drop governor. acting as currently and oblast of the minister prime acting and minister prime deputy as initially Kremlin, of the on behalf ago ayear policy implementing this began Alikhanov Anton impact. an having economy also is Kaliningrad’s The 1996. newin to managing approach lished Economic Zone estab Special of the apply 2016to 1 April used part which as on concessions tariff of discontinuation due the to partly is This oblast. the conditions of in doing business changing the and Russia in economicing crisis the continu Theby all region’sabove economic affected is situation current 1. II. The economic situation economic The major Cu rr e sit nt tr e nds u ation th in (goods shortages and increasing prices) have increasing also shortages and (goods e r eg ion – ------foreigners – electronic visas received on the oblast’s border. The Ministry of received oblast’s on the visas border. The –electronic foreigners Ministry for facilitations foreign to investors,open visa for by example, introducing regionthe more make to expected investorsis and to relief tax offer ment will the of new negotiations).docu phase final to declarations, According the in region’s the boost to expected development They already are Oblast. is (the bill economy of operation for the the of rules Kaliningrad setthe will that ument commenced work government has on federal anew doc the time, same At the November 2016).in 2016 budget into account the in lion), (accepted amendment taken was which roubles 2016 billion US$0.37 (around in 24 to decided reduce to them has bil 2016), ofend September roubles by spent the been had government federal the billion 67 planned of the (only aquarter expected than alesser to extent used policy). social were companies to subsidies However,tion and special the since educa needs: healthcare, region’sthe welfare for social development, mainly roubles allocated for concessionsand 10 billion tariff of liquidation the the with (67 roubles connection centre billion in companies to federal the from transfers roubles billion as 78 other the and roubles itself, billion oblast generated by the 2016 30 in a to level of roubles,around 108 billion to increase including pected level of overa planned 70% 2016 in The oblast’s budget total revenues were ex 30% 2015 from in to budget oblast’s federal the the in incomefrom structure of transfers share the in increase an caused subsidy This has purpose. for this budget federal the for from 2016 allocated been bles has billion) US$1 (around rou billion 67 additional an aggregate, –in changes oflost the out aresult as havewhich businesses those to compensation financial offer to have planned they Economicand 2006). Zone privileges, in (established tax cial offers This Spe existing for currently of residents US$0.77 the million) around currently roubles decided,(to – for lowerto investment example, threshold million 50 the concessions, tariff of negative reduceto liquidation the consequences of the the attempt an government, in Russian Additionally, the reserves. their creasing Economic Zone’s Special of months the last of or operation the by goods in in imports the for for by example, increasing them, were preparing they changes, upcoming legal of of the aware 2016. Being concessions beginning these at the from benefited region the have in or seen). entities protests been 800 Around bankruptcies the majoreconomyyet any adverse had on effect spectacular (no concessionsnot has tariff of liquidation the spite the In gion. of fears, previous re help to economic reduce the pathologies the in expected is This 1996. in granted privileges customs the by liquidating above all exports, duction and oblast’s economy on onto pro one fromtrans-shipment one based based of the character the to change trying been government has Russian ------11 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 12 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 came the owner of the factory, control over amber cash flows has been in the in been flowshas factory, of cash owner the control over the amber came leaders). holding be Rostec main state-controlled when Since the 2012, their one of allegedly lives Poland,was in who currently Bogdan, (Viktor groups nal crimi controlled by was organised trade amber the and flourishing, tion was produc amber illegal of Finance, Ministry Russian by the owned was factory amber when nuggets. the 2012, amber,larger Until quality higher is this cases most in 150 and annually, tonnes around currently is Kaliningrad duction in pro 1.3 level of roubles illegal million). The billion US$21 (around estimated reached income 313 its sale of from tonnes amber,and Yantarny extracted in Factory Amber economy Kaliningrad for 2015, the In 25 years. grey the in functioning been fact in has part greater its region as from the for area siphoning aperfect offfunds public also is sector ambers The centre. city the in development areas of housing expansion the allow will preparation) were needed ground for the materials construction other and of tonnes howsand many sible calculate to imposcapital-intensivethem. The to investment (itlinked is practically firms of the interests by the guided centre city the in island on aswampy stadium the locationthe worst chosen for of having are accused officials Local dium. sta football of the construction the concerns scandals worst corruption of the Tsukanov, to prosecutor’srelated the ofinterest). conflict One officeadmitted (in one oblast case the present in corporations federal to and have links they public firms -of in tenders favouring reports International’s Transparency and governor Tsukanov, media oblast, of the who the -in have accused been former Yaroshuk, or the Alexander level mayor ofon the the of Kaliningrad, including levels of public administration, on all Kaliningrad in visible is This friends. and relatives their by owned and projects favour in of firms public money by discriminating and siphonbenefits ever derive more financial often publicsent, off servants low). are gains At itthe pre and to reveal it easy relatively is (because years few past over oblast the the in disappearing been has relations public servant ‘everyday corruption’ So-called citizen- in schemes. corruption and disposal) at its funds small relatively level of has (the the corruption oblast regards as subjects federal out among Russian not region does stand other The annually). them used foreign tourists 1,000 2002; around in were introduced (these facilitations Oblast Kaliningrad to visas short-termof tourist issuing 2017 experiment –the 1January from –starting decided discontinue to tations, facili visa the promised to referring Federation, the Russian of Foreign Affairs (a mine) located ------over the past few months where strictly political slogans were not raised. For were not raised. slogans political where few strictly months past over the Kaliningrad have in or seen at been tens mosthundreds the in participation with protests, people as often on average small as Only twice Russia. in than more possible in demonstrations part take to readiness their declare liningrad of residents unlikely, Ka of protest are acts massive that belief predominant the despitethat, show also conditions. surveys The financial deteriorating the passive by is residents to adaptation taken stance predominant the and tion, of not public led tion dissatisfac of to outbreaks has people’s standards living 2016). conducted (a March in survey However, crisis the deteriora during the prices public increasing government’s due general the to the among the actions with dissatisfaction have noticed they increased that declare also oblast of the 2). 2015; April seeAppendix for and 2014 more Residentsvember information, No percentage between by points 12 increased region the in situation the with (for percentage dissatisfied of the surveys those example, of social results the in reflected is ofThis situation. people’s evaluations financial own freefalling and socio-economic situation local the with dissatisfaction through above all brought about also adeterioration of has public sentiment manifested crisis 10% 2015 wages in by around (real alone). fell oblast The ation Kaliningrad in situ thesocial adversely affected has Russia in The economic continuing crisis 2. in costs. its growth further any and preventing time on finishes it at guaranteeing project aimed construction stadium football of the scrutiny major region’s element of the Another do increased this. economic the is policy how it and will extraction amber combat to government intends illegal gional re the whether uncertain access amber. It to still is limited very ously had have jewellers previ local lateinDecember; be isto held auction special first The region. the in development the industry processing of the supporting time months),three thesame at first the sold output, during was 15% of quarterly roubles, i.e. of around million 50 only atotal worth July 2016,held in amber were auctions first (although the exchange on the amber sell production and company standardise should Rostec state-owned the that insisting trade, ber am the of transparency improvethe to oblast’s efforts made government has few the months, past efficiency the Over of the howpublicused. is money improve and abuse to curb oblast’sThe trying new been government has generated by it principle. have in not changed budget and sector the revenues in However, circle. lowhis transparency the of PresidentPutin’shands (the Chemezov head of Viktor Rostec) old and friend, The social situation social The ------13 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 14 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 is maintained, the attitude of the oblast’s of the Poland to residents may deteriorate. attitude the maintained, is traffic border small of suspension the if that, outruled be cannot It affected. adverselybeen also has few the past years, in flourishing been had products oblast’s budget). economy, grey The of local productions alcohol where illegal goes duty on the to alcohol fuel excise and of the less intensive shopping (part their and region the to of Polish citizens visits less frequent the are oblast the to cards). Whatproblem aposes serious more traffic border small of the grounds on Poland were the made 50%with of crossings border less than Russians of case (in the contacts intensive external maintain to them allows this and emotion not provoked inconvenience has any marked an oblast, of by residents the fic (in 2016)though July evenas viewed and is it Russia, between Poland Similarly, Fleettic stationed. is sive Bal (88%). where approval the cities those in even better The are opinions mas met by with 56% of of them). Crimea activity Theminister’s annexation prime positively the evaluated by and 86% was of oblast, ity of residents the president’s 2016, the average; conducted March in activ asurvey to according Russian the to similar are results (poll Oblast positivelyvery Kaliningrad in Kremlin’shave The continues proven evaluated to be unfounded. activity sentiments anti-Kremlin in may result neighbours their and Oblast liningrad Moscow’s of residents hand, overlyKa between other that relations close fears the On Poles Lithuanians. and towards apositive attitude declare oblast of the residents that reveal surveys Federation. Social Russian of the regions of other those to than of to residents Kaliningrad less enemies) appeals as countries image of an Western and abesieged image as of fortress an Russia constructing government’s anti-WesternThe Russian propaganda campaign (aimedat trade). shuttle (mainly co-operation on cross-border development based limited of entrepreneurship acertain and Poland, to mainly tourism, supplies up made be by to medical shopping and region’s enables, for the which valve shortages for in example, the of asafety akind is tension. This social ameliorating factor important an is bours keepingits neigh arelatively Oblast, with border open For Kaliningrad Svetlogorsk) place.in have taken hotel the (including seaside on the projects construction against protests and of people protests who have popular wronged been by developers the example, because they have relatively easy access to EU member states’ visas, visas, states’ accessmember EU to have easy relatively they because the Polish government’s decision to suspend small border traf border Polishgovernment’sthe small to suspend decision ------mation on this issue see section II.1.). seesection issue onmation this (forinfor more activity criminal from profiting companies state-controlled or oblast the in management to fund pathologies linked existing of the scale the reducing and region on the grip its Moscow in tightening result will This people Moscow. sent from with them replacing process and decision-making the in of elites influence local representatives of i.e. model, the depriving ance reshufflesofoblast’s the modificationhave broughtStaff in a govern political task. this with help to him expected is Perm) in FSB head of adeputy the as he served 2016 September (until oblast the with who links no FSB previous had local the the new head of theMikhailyuk, present Leonid flowin government’s hands. cash for the and concentrating system corrupt of elements the most scandalous on down the for Kremlin’s approval cracking the has and circles business in governor a good opinion The FSB. has new of acting heads deputy the six of the appointed one was and Alikhanov, Anton oblast, of the minister prime acting 2015). from Oblast ingrad However, then by the replaced on 6October he was Kalin in one FSB of and led PresidentPutin’s he the had Service bodyguards; Protective governor ing officer the on July an 28 2016 been of Federal (hehad (FSB), act as Service nominated was Security Federal of the directorate oblast policy.tion of Yevgeny this head of Zinichev, the the who as previously served The oblast’s of recent replacements the governors have amanifesta been 2018). for March planned election presidential the above all, and, 2016 September in election (the parliamentary calendar political the to linked also is This elites. ment’s local the at disciplining aimed broaderpolicy govern element central of an the by prosecution authorities are revealed development) recently airport the and construction stadium Fleet, the Baltic the being (the examples oblast the in funds managing in The irregularities 3. ment for Regulating Foreign Co-operation. ment for Regulating Depart of the 2013, from for Trade director as and example, of Industry try 2010 Minis offor from Justice and the He Ministry worked Russian for the Russia’s in subject youngest federal history. head of aRussian modern law. economy in in aPhD adegree He and has He the is Sukhumi. 1986 in in born He was Oblast. governor of acting Kaliningrad Alikhanov, Anton The political situation political The ------15 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 16 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 gional parliament. parliament. gional re it made the to also party, apro-Kremlin fact in is which of Russia, Patriots of there). a possible deputies seats two of 34 and Approved opposition parties 33 (winning single-member constituencies in victories to owing mainly cil) coun city the in 20 of seats 28 and parliament regional out the in of seats 40 (29 too elections, won United were held. Russia these hall city Kaliningrad and parliament oblast the to elections State Duma, the to election the with Along 3). (for seeAppendix more information were marginal position parties The levels op for support the threshold. 5% exceeded the (JR) Russia AJust and (CPRF) (LDPR), of Russia Communists the Party Democratic Liberal the Russia: in elsewhere as parties three The same oblast. the in constituencies member Federation awhole) single- won as Russian both in the candidates its in and (54.2% the vote of 43.4% garnered officially United Russia test. the it passed that average the it may acknowledged Russia, be in worse than a result achieved the party Althoughgovernment the new test foreffectiveness government. The tec, Viktor Chemezov (Rostec is the owner of Kaliningrad Amber Factory). Amber of Kaliningrad owner (Rostec Chemezov the is tec, Viktor head of Ros to the connected be might Alikhanov that hints also The media Babich. Mikhail District, Federal Igor of Russia, Shuvalov, envoyminister Volga of presidential the the and present prime deputy of agood the is friend (holding a20% stake). Andrey Rosmiasomoltorg food giant, processing of founders the among the was Moscow. Alikhanov, He father, family. comes Andrey His awealthy from from may support count on strong Alikhanov pressreports, to According Oblast. development the of concerning Kaliningrad new bill of the thors one au of was the Alikhanov that president mention fact made the of the 2017). nomination, September held in be the sition When will submitting po for (the election Oblast this governor of of acting Kaliningrad function the with Alikhanov entrusted Putin 2016, 6 October President Vladimir On governor). led bygovernment the was governor Yevgenyacting (under regional Tsukanov’s the Zinichev rule, newly then nominated by the reinstated position was This oblast. of the (on later ayear minister 30July 2016) prime than promoted he acting to was industry). Less and of agriculture charge in (hewas Oblast of Kaliningrad minister prime deputy nominated was 2015, Alikhanov September 22 On were the first 2016 first on September 18 were the elections local and parliamentary ------152 The of of date the completion basin. Sea processBaltic of of rearmament the Federation Forces the in Russian of Armed of the combat the capabilities the amajor on had impact has ofkm) arange (with 500 at least systems missile 2016) commencement (inside October the deployment of the of Iskander-M November 2016). in systems Bastion along This, with equipped was Regiment (with a range of at least 1,500 km). Furthermore, the Baltic Fleet has four large four large Fleet has Baltic the (with a ofrange 1,500 at least km). Furthermore, missiles Kalibr launch to used be can systems these warships, Russian est solutions the applied lat on with the as that, tention – it assumed be should at special for attract completion planned it was systems 2018. The in Bastion launched in spring 2016. 1 On spring in launched Fleet Baltic the in changes for the excuse an as used is oblast NATOto the states member by posed allegedly government’s of atmosphere The threat the Russian stoking 4. stations. compiled polling in reports forging likely and most stagethe voting of final votes the in additional opposition),advantageous the to for paying votes for writing United Russia, dis a manner in constituencies of the boundaries the (changing mandering gerry included of manipulation means government. Other by the overstated (compared 47.9% to significantly mostlikely was nationwide scale) and on the 44% lowwas – officially turnout voter this, of activity.effect In political from citizens discourage to proof attempt of was the which unnoticeable, almost was oblast the of in Russia). campaign The parts election (as other in elections the during were fraud seen electoral and of manipulation cases Numerous Rocket Regiment have been equipped with this system) as have as system) this have with equipped Regiment been Rocket case of attacking ground targets; one of the divisions of the 25 of the one divisions of the targets; ground of attacking case the have in which of arange 450 km at least missiles Onyx (with systems sile was taken to re-form to 11 the taken was Oblast (they have a range of 400 km; two divisions of the 183 of the divisions two (they haveOblast km; of arange 400 (in 2012-2013) defence systems air S-400 have deployed been Kaliningrad in aggregate. soldiers in 25,000 have Oblast around Kaliningrad tioned in sta forces currently the that It mayestimated be structures). other to reported then until formed (on which brigade was foundation oflery subdivisions the artil additional when took 2011 place an ofinforcement in combat potential but re have no developed. new been combat The units mostrecent essential the new corps, for staff the and structures command the creating to ited itself lim far so supplies sideand of has The new weapons Russian were promised. The military and security situation security and military The nd Missile Brigade with Iskander missies is still an open question – initially –initially question open an still is missies Iskander Brigade with Missile th Army Corps on the base of existing ground units, units, ground of existing base on the Corps Army st April the decision the April th organisational organisational Coastal Missile Missile Coastal rd Anti-Aircraft Bastion mis Bastion ------

17 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 18 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 out by the FSB which, according to the competences act, is only tasked with with tasked only competences is the to act, according which, out FSB by the carried are intelligence political of classical nature have which the tasks that land. a as role important increasingly an playing been has oblast the few years past the Over communication. special governmental ter-intelligence and protection oblast’s of the coun charge in (FSO) are which Service Protective Federal the (FSB) and Service Security Federal of the role played is structures cial by the of force.institutions Aspe and other services secret the of fiedactivity intensi the is oblast of the militarisation increasing consequenceOne of the significance. strategic has that systems new missile of the basis the region, Anti-Access/Area it the the in is countries on zone created Denial of it.the viewpoint protect However, to into account the taking Kaliningrad outside Moscow defencesystems air deployedwere S-400 in ersky, first and Voronezh-DM station radar Pion located 2011) early warning in in operation the new put(itintois was significance element only of strategic the viewpoint, Russian Federation. the From Russian of the part European the in units troop other in seen that to components similar is maritime and air of the mament awhole. tempo of as rear the Only District Western ofMilitary the scale the on rearmed be to last component the land are of Units of the troops flank. ern on NATO’s activity of military paralysing east potential ofcontext the the in essential region highly this made has systems of missile new types precision sea-based weapons). and air- However, deployment the of the development of the aresult of as (mainly carrier’ ‘aircraft of an tures its lost fea has Oblast mid-1990s, the in Kaliningrad situation the Unlike weapons. of range Russian the within be will Scandinavia and Europe Central entire the also missiles, Kalibr of range the considering and, NATO states member neighbouring ofspaces the air and territories the zone created, is the If Oblast. on Kaliningrad based Anti-Access/Area (A2/AD) creation of aso-called the enabled Denial zone has and capabilities attack troops’ Russian of the spectrum the panded ex significantly has deployment systems The of these basin. Sea Black the in operating missiles these with equipped submarines) (including vessels the of range the 2016).October within also Poland is Itthat emphasised be should in Baltiysk to Sevastopol from base their (they changed missiles Kalibr with 21631 corvettes project smaller newer two and as well as missiles, cruise Kalibr with equipped be can which Baltiysk) in a base have which 2008-2014 in (introduced into service corvettes project 20380 staging base for carrying out intelligence tasks in in out intelligence tasks for base carrying staging One proof that intelligence activity has intensified is found in the fact fact the in is found intensified has activity intelligence proofOne that which are already equipped equipped already are which L ithuania and Po and ithuania ------the president of Lithuania. president ofthe Lithuania. used by the premises protecting with tasked services Lithuanian the ficers of of recruit to of attempting on charges Lithuania in detained who was chenko Filip officerNikolai FSB the brought against indictment place the is taking are actions such proves that that The intelligence. fact trans-border shallow - - 19 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 20 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 • • • • III. are generally receptive to the Kremlin propaganda which claims that NATO that claims which propaganda Kremlin receptive the to generally are oblast of residents the characteristics, special Despite their isolated cases. only be most likely will occur, these protests any If regime. the to a threat would pose that of public dissatisfaction outbreaks lead serious to gion will re the in economic situation difficult the that It not should expected be proof of as “Polish example Russophobia”. this by using eyes states of member the EU in improve, also Brussels and Russia between relations should and, Oblast eyes of the of residents Poland in Kaliningrad discredit to government Russian the used by be may traffic border small Poland’s stoked. be decision suspend to will sentiments anti-Kremlin that of Poland), part risking without northern the (including neighbours its with continue to region developing the co-operation allow government can sian Rus the that mean on society grip their tightening are services secret the that fact the NATO. and and EU far so observed the The experience wards of Moscow’s instrument to policy important an remains also Kaliningrad force. of tutions position of insti dominant of the predominance the and apparatus, cratic developed ofstrongly bureau competition, the lack process, the making decision- centralised the not is changing: state Russian of the character general the because is This eliminated. be will rich grow to contracting) constantly is circle (this government elite the enable that mechanisms the budget. state the However, and whether to as roomfor is scepticism there Kremlin of the interest the in is which region, economic the pathologies in of able be scale reduce to The mostlikely the oblast’s new government will reconciled. be processes can two how to these as dilemma have the still will The Kremlin intensifying. be will control there services of secret trend upward the and region of the militarisation the time, same context). At this the in year exceptional an been 2016, to has which pared reduced be when com will subsidies (although, mostlikely,of value the the region the subsidising continuing and oblast outside travel to the ability residents’ the economic fordevelopment, through example, maintaining stability, social maintain to efforts making be will Kremlin the that mean Oblast of Kaliningrad characteristics majorwithout The incident. special held there be to election upcomingpresidential for is Oblast the ingrad Kalin regards as future immediate the in Kremlin forThe the keytask

P ossib le d le evel opm ents ------• project. project. implementation the of to this aresponse presented be as mostlikely will long planned, been has which deployment the of Iskanders, unsuccessful, are attempts such Redzikowo, If in Poland. defenceNATO system missile US- of elements the building from NATO states)an withdraw to member of governments some (and Europe the new US administration the vince con to attempt an in chip abargaining as this zone. may use Russia denial anti-NATO of the access part as impact of Russian spectrum the expand slightly will mostthis At the Oblast. Kaliningrad around situation military the change not principally will missiles Iskander 2018) (by with yakhovsk The expected complete rearmament of the 152 of the completeThe expected rearmament centre. federal the from support seek leader and on the focus to desire the strengthens this frontline, tential po located is on oblast the Since the Russia. to athreat pose states member nd Missile Brigade in Chern Brigade in Missile - - - - 21 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 22 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 Source: Appendix 1. APP Citizens’ incomes real Investments in share capital (change %) (change capital share in Investments December) for (figures Inflation Real wages Real %) (change production Agricultural Retail trade (change %) (change trade Retail Industrial production (change %) (change production Industrial %) (change product regional Gross Regional budget deficit (in (in %) budget deficit Regional %) (in Unemployment E Rosstat NDIC Key socio-economic indicators of Kaliningrad Oblast of socio-economic Key indicators Kaliningrad E S 2015 -13.1 -9.9 10.2 -5.8 -7.0 -8.7 -7.6 11.7 5.9 19 First six months of 2016 (against of 2016 (against months six First first six months of 2015) of months six first (all-year forecast) (all-year -8.9 -2.1 n/a n/a -1.5 -1.3 -1.3 5.9 3.7 3.5 1.1 3. 2. 1. opinion polls Appendix 2. 100 20 40 60 80 0 March 2016) March Group conducted (survey bydemonstration? in KM the in part take sonally Sunday, next the would you streets per took the to oblast of residents the If 2016)Group March in etc.? conducted (survey by KM services, prices of goods, utility growing the with connection leaders of in oblast our the government of and the activities the with your environment in Have dissatisfaction you noticed increasing 2016)Group March in How government’s do you the evaluate work? conducted (survey by KM of theRussianFederation president Good 86% Public sentiment in Kaliningrad Oblast according to public to according Oblast Kaliningrad in sentiment Public 10 20 30 40 50 0 Certainly yesCertainly Bad 6% I have notnoticed–14% 10% anything about I cannotsay their work 2% Rather yes 16% 100 Rather not I have noticed–86% 20 40 60 80 0 16% of theRussianFederation prime minister Good 56% Certainly not Certainly 50% Bad 17% anything about I cannotsay their work 6% - 23 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 24 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 5. 4. 100 20 40 60 80 0 April 2014) 2014) April Federation? Russian Group conducted of (survey the by in subjects KM as country our to Sevastopol and of Crimea annexation the youDo with agree ofGroup) conducted residents? its (survey by KM interests of the viewpoint the from beneficial most would the be Oblast of Kaliningrad status Which [%] 2003* political status –11% with separate the RussianFederation An oblastwithin economic status –37% with aspecial the RussianFederation An oblastwithin the RussianFederation –7% An independentstate outside Refused toanswer –12% is optimal–22% The presentstatus and theEU–12% of theRussianFederation A regionunderjointjurisdiction I donotagree–4% Refused toanswer –8% I agree–88% 2014 percentagepoint' * thefiguresareroundedtonearest be underthecontrolofEU–1% of theRussianFederation butpractically The oblastshouldremainpart the RussianFederation –1% An independentstate outside Refused toanswer –8% the RussianFederation –35% in thefuture:anoblastwithin The status shouldremainunchanged be grantedspecialstatus –53% the RussianFederation butitshould The oblastshouldremainwithin and theEU–2% of theRussianFederation A regionunderjointjurisdiction 6.

Evaluation of the situation in the region the in situation ofEvaluation the KALININGRAD OBLAST: What isyour level ofsatisfaction (A nationwide survey conductedbyFOM inMarch2015) RUSSIAN FEDERATION: What isyour level ofsatisfaction Refused toanswer –23% with theway thingsaregoing inKaliningradOblast? (A survey conductedbyKMGroupinMarch2015) and rather responses) (aggregated definitely Dissatisfied –49% and rather responses) (aggregated definitely Dissatisfied –31% Refused toanswer –8% with theway thingsaregoingintheregion? and rather responses) (aggregated definitely Satisfied –43% and rather responses) (aggregated definitely Satisfied –46% 25 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 26 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 ningrad Oblast held on 18 September 2016 held on September 18 Oblast ningrad Appendix 3. Political party Political of Patriots Russia A Just Federation Russian the of Party Communist of Party Democratic L nited Russia United iberal- Russia Russia Official results of the parliamentary and local elections in Kali in elections andlocal parliamentary the of results Official (5% threshold) (5% of those who of those E Percentage Percentage party list list party lection to the State Duma State the to lection voted for for voted 14.0% 43.4% 16.6% 3.4% 5.6% ber constitu single-mem in the two two the in Seats won won Seats encies 0 0 0 0 2 - - of those who of those (5% thresh (5% Percentage Percentage party list list party voted for for voted E in Kaliningrad Oblast lection to the regional regional the to lection 41.2% 16.7% 16.7% 5.6% old) 7.1% parliament parliament - ing those won those ing seats (includ seats sin 20 the in gle-member gle-member constituen Number of Number 29 (19) 29 cies) 4 (0) 4 4 (0) 4 1 (0) 1 2 (1) 2 - - - 54.2% 13.3% 13.1% 0.6% 6.2% Comparison – percentage of those who voted for party lists in the election to the State Duma on the - scale of the whole country − component: Maritime − − ance with CFE are specified along withmake-up of units the along the are specified with CFE ance ( Appendix 4. − − − − − − − general military and combat support sub-units and their basic weapons in compli weapons basic their sub-units and support combat and military general − − − − − − − − − − 128 1407 ject 12411/12411M missile corvettes; 106 corvettes; missile 12411/12411M ject 313 minesweepers; roadstead 10750 project 13000 and six minesweepers, base mand and measurement system). measurement and mand Warfare Tactical Group); Tactical Warfare six project 1331M ZOP 323 project 1331M corvettes; six 26 Radio-Technical NodeNN. (Voronezh-DM –Pionersky; station) radar 64 boat); one landing project 1176 and boats project 11770 three boats, landing project 21820 two crafts, landing Zubr project 12322 two air-cushioned 36 82 ships were withdrawn from service in 2016); in service from were withdrawn ships destroyer project 965A two missiles; Kalibr with equipped corvettes 20380 71 841 Oblast); Smolensk in located st th th nd th th Landing Ship Brigade – Baltiysk (four project 775/775M landing ships, landing (four Ship project 775/775M Brigade –Baltiysk Landing th st Missile Boat Brigade – Baltiysk (1 Boat Brigade –Baltiysk Missile Measurement Point (Sazhen-TM quantum-optical station, Fazan com Point Fazan station, (Sazhen-TM Measurement quantum-optical Maritime Region Protection Brigade – Baltiysk (146 Brigade – Baltiysk Region Protection Maritime Radio-Technical Brigade – Primorye (part of the unit, the other part is is part other the unit, of the (part Radio-Technical Brigade –Primorye L Spetsnaz Division); Spetsnaz Radio-Electronic Combat Centre –Yantarny. Combat Centre Radio-Electronic Surface Ship Brigade – Baltiysk (one fourShip frigate, project Brigade – Baltiysk Surface project 11540 th and Forces (units reporting directly to the command command to the Forcesand directly (units reporting Central Artillery Armament Base –Kaliningrad. Base Armament Artillery Central Russian military units in Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad in units military Russian Central subordination units of the Western Military District) Westernof Military the Naval Forces (Baltic Fleet) Aerospace ForcesAerospace rd st Trawler Division –four project 12650 th Missile Boat Squadron –seven pro Boat Squadron Missile Small Missile Ship Squadron –four Ship Squadron Missile Small ) th Anti-Submarine Anti-Submarine - - - 27 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 28 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 − − component: Air − 11 − − component: Land − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − th The G The Army Corps – Kaliningrad – consisting of: –consisting –Kaliningrad Corps Army 25 nies); a squadron of ZOP helicopters from the 72 of ZOP the from a squadron helicopters –Baltiysk. Arsenal NN. launchers); system ZOP Ka-27PL/PS helicopters). Ka-27PL/PS ZOP 336 eight tugs). and tankers two including units, Group of Supply (eleven –Baltiysk Units auxiliary 7 BM-21 launchers); Grad multiple rocket Nona-Smm 2S9 122 mm self-propelledtwelve six 120 howitzers, howitzers, 2S1 self-propelled Gvozdika mm eighteen 122 carriers, personnel armoured 134 BTR-80/82A squadrons; artillery two battalion, assault and one landing 561 libr missiles);libr Ka with corvettes projectmissile 21631 two corvettes; missile project 12341 342 72 units);protection 603 ships); reconnaissance project 503M small ships, two reconnaissance 864 eral military battalions with a three-company structure; the possibility possibility the structure; athree-company with battalions military eral 2B16 Nona-K mm twelve 120 howitzers, towed genpropelled howitzers; self- Akatsiya 2S3mm eighteen 152 30 vehicles, fighting tanks, try T-72B 85 BMP-2 infan of self-propelled artillery; asquadron battalion, one tank 51 ship, seven boats); hydrographic th st th nd Mechanised Regiment – Kaliningrad (three mechanised battalions, battalions, mechanised (three –Kaliningrad Regiment Mechanised Hydrographic Service Region – Baltiysk (six hydrographic boats); (six hydrographic Region –Baltiysk Service Hydrographic st th nd Coastal Missile Regiment – Donskoye (two missile batteries, six Redut six batteries, –Donskoye (two Regiment missile Missile Coastal rd Reconnaissance Ship Squadron – Baltiysk (two medium-sized project –Baltiysk Ship Squadron Reconnaissance Maritime Reconnaissance Point – Parusnoye (two Spetsnaz compa (two Point Spetsnaz –Parusnoye Reconnaissance Maritime Marine Infantry Brigade – Baltiysk (two marine infantry battalions, battalions, infantry (two marine Brigade –Baltiysk Infantry Marine roup of L Hydrographic Ship Squadron – Baltiysk (one –Baltiysk project 861 Ship Hydrographic hydrographic Squadron Emergency and Rescue Division – Baltiysk (twelve rescue and fire (twelve fire and Division –Baltiysk Rescue rescue and Emergency and Forces reporting to the Baltic Fleet command Fleet Baltic Forces to the and reporting nd Airbase –Donskoye (fourteen Airbase - - - - − − − − − − − − − − − − − 44 − − − − − − − − − − − − − th 2676 regiment); sible develop to atank structure); four-company with battalions military general cannons; anti-tank Rapira MT-12 BM-21 twelve 100 mm mm twelve Gradlaunchers, multiple 122 rocket mortars, Sani 2S12 mm self-propelled eighteen 120 howitzers, 2S3 Akatsiya 152 36 mm carriers, personnel eleven BTR-80 armoured carriers, personnel 159 MT-LB T-72B 41 tanks, armoured squadron; artillery oneron, anti-tank squad artillery one missile squadrons, self-propelled two artillery talion, 244 135 183 148 regiment); sible develop to artillery an 2652 regiment); velop amechanised 69 9K330sixteen Tor systems). kander systems by 2018); systems kander Is with replace to them plans are there systems; 9K79 missile Tochka-U 22 254 152 BM-21 mm launchers); Grad eighteenmultiple 122 howitzers, rocket 2A36 eighteen 152 Giatsint-B mm squadron; towed artillery oneron, missile weapon and ammunition bases);weapon ammunition and equipment in of stored the basis on the squadron developto amechanised 79 2574 134 sixteen S-400 systems, 24 S-300PS systems, six 96K6 Pantsir-S1 systems); 96K6 Pantsir-S1 six systems, S-300PS 24 systems, S-400 sixteen Anti-Aircraft Division – Kaliningrad – consisting of: –consisting Division –Kaliningrad Anti-Aircraft The G The nd th th th nd th rd th th th Mechanised Brigade – Gusev (three mechanised battalions, a tank bat atank battalions, mechanised Brigade –Gusev(three Mechanised Engineer Regiment –Gvardeysk; Regiment Engineer Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment – Kaliningrad (four missile batteries, batteries, (four missile – Kaliningrad Regiment Rocket Anti-Aircraft Communication Battalion – Kaliningrad; – Battalion Communication th Communication Battalion – Kaliningrad; – Battalion Communication U Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment – Gvardeysk (six missile squadrons; squadrons; (six missile –Gvardeysk Regiment Rocket Anti-Aircraft nd Missile Brigade – Chernyakhovsk (three missile squadrons, twelve squadrons, missile (three Brigade –Chernyakhovsk Missile th Spetsnaz Radio-Technical Battalion –Gvardeysk; Radio-Technical Battalion Spetsnaz Repair and Construction Battalion –Kaliningrad. Battalion Construction and Repair Artillery Brigade – Kaliningrad (one self-propelled artillery squad (one self-propelled artillery Brigade –Kaliningrad Artillery Weapons and Ammunition Base – Guryevsk/Ryabinovka (it pos is –Guryevsk/Ryabinovka Base Weapons Ammunition and Weapons and Ammunition Base – Cherepanovo (it –Cherepanovo possible is Base de to Weapons Ammunition and nits directly reporting to the Baltic Fleet command: Fleet Baltic to the reporting directly nits Artillery Weapons and Ammunition Base – Prokhladnoye (it pos is –Prokhladnoye Base Weapons Ammunition and Artillery roup of Aerospace Forces reporting to the Baltic Fleet Fleet Baltic roup Forces to the of Aerospace reporting command command ------29 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 30 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 12/2016 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − 82 72 Su-30/ Su-34 combat multirole aircraft); new by 2017 with front-line forSu-24MR rearmament planned bombers, transport squadron of the 72 of the squadron transport 1545 81 S-300W systems);sixteen assault squadron of the 72 of the squadron assault Mi-24 combat eight helicopters, Mi-8 combat helicopters); support twelve eight Su-30M2 combat multirole aircraft, combat aircraft, tirole eleven Su-27/Su-27PSu-27SM3squadrons; thirteen mul aircraft, fighter 81 aircraft); An-140-100transport two aircraft, st st nd nd Communication and Radio-Technical Battalion –Primorsk/Lunino; Radio-Technical Battalion and Communication –Pereyaslavskoye. Radio-Technical Regiment Airbase – Chkalovsk (one fighter aircraft squadron, two multirole squadron, (oneaircraft fighter –Chkalovsk Airbase Communication and Radio-Technical Battalion –Kaliningrad. Radio-Technical Battalion and Communication th U Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment – Znamensk (two missile squadrons; squadrons; (two missile –Znamensk Regiment Rocket Anti-Aircraft nits directly reporting to the Baltic Fleet command: Fleet Baltic to the reporting directly nits nd nd Airbase – Chernyakhovsk (sixteen Su-24M/ (sixteen –Chernyakhovsk Airbase Airbase – Khrabrovo (three An-26 transport An-26 transport (three –Khrabrovo Airbase -