DOCSLIB.ORG

University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan the HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY of the ERIE TRIANGLE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan the HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY of the ERIE TRIANGLE This dissertation has been 64-7049 microfilmed exactly as received SCHMIEDER, Allen Arthur, 1933- THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE ERIE TRIANGLE. The Ohio State University, Ph. D ., 1963 Geography University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE ERIE TRIANGLE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio S tate U niversity By Allen Arthur Schmieder, B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1963 Approved By visei Department of Geography "Geographie without Historie hath life and motion but at randome, and unstable. Historie without Geographie like a dead carkasse hath neither life nor motion at all." Peter Heylyn, 1621 i i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is deeply grateful to all who in numerous ways have assisted in the preparation of this dissertation. To Dr. Guy-Harold Smith who gave unstintingly of his time, I am most indebted; for it was under his direction that this study was undertaken and brought to the final phases of completion. I am also appreciative of the many helpful criticisms and sugges­ tio n s made by P ro fe sso r's Fred A. Carlson, Lawrence A. Hoffman and Alfred J, Wright of the Department of Geography, Ohio State University. Likewise, I wish to express my gratitude to Professor's Frank Ahnert and Jeremy H. Anderson of the Department of Geography, University of Maryland, who read early drafts of the manuscript and made valuable suggestions for its improvement. Many people in various positions of leadership in the Erie region were very helpful in providing advice and data. Mr, Christopher Capotis, Director of the Erie County Planning Commission, and Mr. John Lampe, E rie Harbormaster, were outstanding in th e ir a ssista n c e . Both conducted field excursions for the author to places of particular relevance to the dissertation, and together, supplied more locally published literature than all other sources combined, Mrs. C. F. Wilson, historian of the Erie Public Museum, carefully read and criticized the preliminary outline of the dissertation and contributed greatly to the credence of its historical content. i i i The author also wishes to express his thanks to Professor Joseph Wiedel, University of Maryland cartographer, who helped in the prepara­ tion of some of the maps. I am especially appreciative of the enduring patience of my wife, Janet, who has lived with this project since its inception. She accompanied me on field trips through the Triangle area, helped in the preparation of many of the illustrations and provided a critical mind against which ideas could be sounded. Because their numbers are many, acknowledgment is made in general to all others who contributed so generously to the development of this dissertation. Any errors of fact or of reasoning are of course solely the responsibility of the author. iv CONTENTS Page PREFACE............................................................................................................................ i i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................................... i i i TABLES.............................................................................................................................. v ii ILLUSTRATIONS........................................................................................................... v i i i INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1 Chapter I . DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA............................................................................. 12 The C u ltu ra l S ettin g The P hysical S ettin g I I . PRE-PIONEER PERIOD, TO 1795 .......................................................................68 Introduction Sequent Occupance Prior to 1753 A Frontier land of Contested Rights, 1753-1794 I I I . PIONEER PERIOD, 1795-1828 .................................................................... 102 S e ttin g S a lt Trade S hipbuilding and Lake Commerce P opulation In dustry Agriculture Conclusions IV. CANAL PERIOD, 1828-1860 ......................................................................... 125 S e ttin g Pennsylvania Canal Erie Extension Canal Population Agriculture Industry Summary and Conclusions Page V. RAIIRQAD PERIOD, 1860-1910 ........................................................... 159 S ettin g Principal Triangle Railroads The Impact of the Railroad upon the Triangle's Economy Population Agriculture Industry The Relative Decline of Erie as a Lake Port Recreation and Tourism Summary and Conclusions VI. MODERN PERIOD—AN ERA OF INDUSTRY, 1910-1963 ...................... 192 S ettin g Population Agriculture Industry Port of Erie Recreation and Tourism V II. THE PROSPECT............................................................................................ 236 Introduction Population Agriculture Industry Commerce Recreation and Tourism Summary APPENDIX................................................................................................................. 243 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 246 AUTOBIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................258 v i TABLES Table Page 1. Meteorological Normals, Means and Extremes for Port Erie . 50 2. Coal Tonnage Shipped into the Triangle Region on the Erie Extension Canal between 1845 and 1860 ...........................................134 3. Rank of the Foreign Bom in the Erie Triangle, 1960...................198 4. Companies Which Have Transferred All or Portions of Their Manufacturing Operations from Erie to Suburban Locations since 1950...................................................................................................224 v ii i ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Regional Situation of the Erie Triangle...................................14 2. Erie Triangle, 1963 ..............................................................................16 3. Abandoned Clay Q uarry ......................................................................... 27 4. Exposed Rock Strata along Four-Mile Creek.............................. 27 5. Presque Isle ............................................................................................... 30 6. Shorewood Beach.......................................................................................33 7. Elk Creek Beach .......................................................................................33 8. Rock Defended Bluffs, East of the City of Erie......................36 9. Unconsolidated, Regolith Bluffs, West of the City of E rie ............................................................................................................. 36 10. Six-Mile Creek G ulf ..............................................................................40 11. Four-Mile Creek Gulf..............................................................................40 12. Hydrology of the Erie Triangle........................................................ 43 13. Average Annual Precipitation............................................................ 52 14. Number o f Days w ithout K illin g F ro s........................................... t 54 15. Soil Areas of the Erie Triangle.................................................... 60 16. Native Vegetation of the Erie Triangle.......................................64 17. Areal Extent of the Mound Builders in the United States .73 18. Location of Former Mounds in the Erie Triangle......................73 19. Areal Distribution of the Eries Indians ...................................78 v i i i Figure Page 20. Historic Indian Paths of the Erie Triangle ................. 85 21. The Settlement at Presque Isle in 1753 ......................... 92 22. Salinas-Pittsburgh Salt Trade Route ................................... 108 23. Erie Harbor: Shipbuilding and Outfitting Sites of War of 1812 American Great Lakes* Naval Fleet. .115 24. Extent of Primary Road Development, 1795, 1819, 1960 .................................................................................................. 119 25. Regional Canals, 1860.................................................................. 131 26. Erie Harbor and Canal Basin, 1851 ............................................ 131 27. East Canal Basin Marina .............................................................154 28. The Ruberoid Company, a Bayside Industry .........................154 29. Regional Railroads, 1914 ......................................................... 162 30. Relative Positions of Lake Erie Ports...............................187 31. Population Distribution, 1958................................................ 195 32. Principle Transportation Routes, 1960...............................200 33. Agricultural Regions, 1960 .....................................................203 34. The Rise of Sport Fishing......................................................... 222 35. Boat Storage Locker, Erie Lake Shore.....................................222 36. Erie Industrial Park .....................................................................228 37. Truck Stop, Pennsylvania Interstate Route 90 . .228 38. Abandoned Railroad Tracks along the Bay .......................... 230 39. Ships Anchored for the Winter in Presque Isle Bay. .230 40. Presque Isle Recreation Facilities, 1963.........................234
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas in New York
    R L NS Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas in New York State Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin MLRA Explorer Custom Report L - Lake State Fruit, Truck Crop, and Dairy Region 101 - Ontario-Erie Plain and Finger Lakes Region M - Central Feed Grains and Livestock Region 111E - Indiana and Ohio Till Plain, Eastern Part 111B - Indiana and Ohio Till Plain, Northeastern Part R - Northeastern Forage and Forest Region 144B - New England and Eastern New York Upland, Northern Part 144A - New England and Eastern New York Upland, Southern Part 143 - Northeastern Mountains 142 - St. Lawrence-Champlain Plain 141 - Tughill Plateau 140 - Glaciated Allegheny Plateau and Catskill Mountains 139 - Lake Erie Glaciated Plateau Major Land Resource Regions Custom Report Page 1 Data Source: USDA Agriculture Handbook 296 (2006) 03/26/08 http://soils.usda.gov/MLRAExplorer L - Lake State Fruit, Truck Crop, and Dairy Region Figure L-1: Location of Land Resource Region L LRR Overview This region (shown in fig. L-1) is in Michigan (59 percent), New York (22 percent), Ohio (10 percent), Indiana (8 percent), and Illinois (1 percent). A very small part is in Pennsylvania. The region makes up 45,715 square miles (118,460 square kilometers). Typically, the land surface is a nearly level to gently sloping glaciated plain (fig. L-2). The average annual precipitation is typically 30 to 41 inches (760 to 1,040 millimeters), but it is 61 inches (1,550 millimeters) in the part of the region east of Lake Erie.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Erie Watershed (Great Lakes Basin) Character Statement
    Lake Erie Watershed (Great Lakes Basin) Character Statement Lake Erie is the fourth largest of the Great Lakes in terms of water surface area (9,910 square miles) but the smallest by volume, containing only about 3% of the Great Lakes water. Lake Superior has over 50%, Lake Michigan has 21%, Lake Huron has 16%, and Lake Ontario has 9%. Water from the other Great Lakes reaches Lake Erie through the Detroit River and continues on to Lake Ontario through the Niagara River and Welland Canal. The total watershed is 30,140 square miles with only 511 square miles in Pennsylvania. Geology All of the Great Lakes experienced glaciation several times throughout the past. The force and power of these events led to the physical characteristics of the lakes including Lake Erie’s depth and size. Such events also defined the area’s geology and topography thus determining the groundwater resources. In PA, the Lake Erie watershed lies within two physiographic provinces. The area adjacent to the lake is located in the Eastern Lake Section of the Central Lowland Province and is situated over shale, sedimentary and sandstone bedrock. The upland area of the watershed is located in the Glaciated Pittsburgh Plateaus Section of the Appalachian Plateau Province. These provinces within the watershed are separated by an erosional scarp (a steep slope or cliff found at the margin of a flat or gently sloping area usually against the dip of the rocks) that is three to four miles from the lake and oriented in a southwest to northeast direction. Aquifers in both provinces benefit tremendously from the deposition of glacial drift – unconsolidated material from past glaciers.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1. Natural History
    CHAPTER 1. NATURAL HISTORY CHAPTER 1. NATURAL HISTORY —THE WILDERNESS THAT GREETED THE FIRST SETTLERS The land one sees today traveling through northern Ohio took gone. Thus, some 14,000 years ago as the last glacier receded millions of years to form. We can see evidence of tropical sea into the Lake Erie basin, the first Native Americans arrived and reefs on the Lake Erie Islands and deep ocean sediments here in began to utilize the natural resources that these natural processes the cliffs of the Black River. Ohio was just south of the equator had produced. at that time, some 350 million years ago, and over the millennia The natural history of Sheffield encompasses all those natural has migrated northward to its present position. Mountain features and processes of the environment that greeted the Native building to the east eventually raised the sea floor from under Americans, and later the pioneers, when they first arrived in the waves and erosion by streams, and later glacial ice, began Sheffield. To be sure, the landscape was a magnificent wilderness to sculpture the land. At the same time plants and animals were to the settlers, but it needed to be “tamed” in order to support evolving and began to populate the new land once the ice was the newcomers. Ice formation on the shale bluff of the Black River north of Garfield Bridge (2005). 1 BICENTENNIAL HISTORY OF SHEFFIELD TOPOGRAPHY Regional Physiography The topography of an area is the configuration of the land Physiography refers to the physical features or landforms of surface, including its relief [vertical differences in elevation of a region.
    [Show full text]
  • Hello Pennsylvania
    Hello Pennsylvania A QUICK TOUR OF THE COMMONWEALTH There is much to be proud of in Pennsylvania. Magnificent land, steadfast citizens, lasting traditions, resilient spirit — and a system of government that has sustained Pennsylvania and the nation for over 300 years. Hello Pennsylvania is one of a series of booklets we at the House of Representatives have prepared to make our state and the everyday workings of our government more understandable to its citizens. As your representatives, this is both our responsibility and our pleasure. Copies of this booklet may be obtained from your State Representative or from: The Office of the Chief Clerk House of Representatives Room 129, Main Capitol Building Harrisburg, PA 17120-2220 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA • HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a hello Pennsylv marvelous mix A PENNSYLVANIA PROFILE A Quick Tour of the If you wanted to draw a 7 NORTHERN TIER Hunting, fishing, hardwood, Commonwealth picture of Pennsylvania and agriculture The largest open space in the Three hundred years ago, it Chances are you studied the you would need some facts. northeastern United States, this region houses the Little Like the size of the state Grand Canyon and more deer, was known as Penn’s Woods Commonwealth of Pennsylvania bear, and trout than people. and the kind of land and Counties: Bradford, Cameron, (Penn’s Sylvania) – and in a classroom years ago – or as Clinton, Elk, Forest, Lycoming, waterways that mark its McKean, Potter, Sullivan, William Penn owned it all! No recently as yesterday. But few Susquehanna, Tioga, Wyoming surface. You might want of us have Pennsylvania facts at 1 COLONIAL PENNSYLVANIA 4 ANTHRACITE AREA 8 STEEL KINGDOM commoner in history, before or to show major industries Historic attractions, high-tech, Recreation, manufacturing, Manufacturing, coal, high-tech, If you’ve got a good ear, education, and banking and coal and banking since, personally possessed our fingertips.
    [Show full text]
  • Putting a Resiliency Plan in Place
    2018 VOLUME 24, NUMBER 6 THE COMMISSIONER PLANNING TOOLS | HISTORY | BEST PRACTICES | LAW communities to reevaluate the existing infrastructure, land-use patterns, and public facilities that could be affected by a catastrophic event, particularly a repeat event. An important factor for local, state, and regional governments to consider is a disaster’s economic impact on a com- munity. The faster an area recovers from the damage, the sooner businesses can reopen and begin the recovery period. Frequent disruptions in economic activity stemming from recurring events may indicate the need for a careful study of the area’s vulnerabilities. Bayshore Boulevard in Tampa experienced some flooding during Hurricane Michael The commissioner’s role in October, despite being more than 300 miles from landfall in Florida’s Panhandle. Commissioners have multiple tools at their disposal to aid in resiliency plan- ning. These tools range from local mitiga- Putting a Resiliency Plan in Place tion strategies, which can reduce or even eliminate risks, to capital improvement ECENT EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS have alerted planning commissioners all over plans that can identify needed projects the U.S.—and the world—to the need for resilience, a term that is becoming a key and options for financing them. R element of the planning vocabulary. In the wake of Hurricane Michael, the state Perhaps the most important tools of Florida is particularly sensitive to the threat of hazards. Hillsborough County, where are comprehensive plans and long-range I am the executive director of the city-county planning commission, is continually transportation plans. In 2015, the state taking steps toward greater resiliency.
    [Show full text]
  • Herring Gulls, Larus Argentatus, Nesting on Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, 1989
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Publications Plant Health Inspection Service October 1989 Herring Gulls, Larus argentatus, Nesting on Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, 1989 Richard A. Dolbeer U.S. Department of Agriculture, Denver Wildlife Research Center P.P. Woronecki U.S. Department of Agriculture, Denver Wildlife Research Center T. W. Seamans U.S. Department of Agriculture, Denver Wildlife Research Center, [email protected] B. N. Buckingham Ohio Department of Natural Resources E. C. Cleary U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Damage Control Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Dolbeer, Richard A.; Woronecki, P.P.; Seamans, T. W.; Buckingham, B. N.; and Cleary, E. C., "Herring Gulls, Larus argentatus, Nesting on Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, 1989" (1989). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 129. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/129 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Herring Gulls, Larus argentatus, Nesting on Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, 19891 R. A. DOLBEER, P. P. WORONECKI, T. W. SEAMANS, B. N. BUCKINGHAM, AND E. C. CLEARY, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Denver Wildlife Research Center, 6100 Columbus Avenue, Sandusky, OH 44870, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Resthaven Wildlife Area, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Sandusky Bay Strategic Restoration Plan Sandusky, Ohio
    CITY OF SANDUSKY Sandusky Bay Strategic Restoration Plan Sandusky, Ohio A Strategic Implementation Plan prioritizes coastal wetland restoration projects for implementation to maximize water qual- ity enhancement, nutrient and sediment reductions, and fi sh and wildlife habitat improvements. construction, nutrient load- Working closely with the ings, shoreline hardening, and City, Biohabitats is lead- changes in land use practices. ing the 18-month planning In addition, the nutrient load- effort, which will ultimately ings are stimulating harm- yield a portfolio of restora- ful algal blooms. The Bay tion projects through the use has been deemed a priority of Landscape Conservation management area by the Great Collaborative (LCC) and Lakes Fishery Commission Design (LCD) principles. and the Great Lakes Water Collaborating with a broad Quality Agreement. range of stakeholders that in- cludes federal, state, and local andusky Bay encom- With grant funding from agencies within three counties; S passes 64 square miles the Ohio Department of scientists from local academic of open water along the Natural Resources, the institutions; NGOs; practitio- southern shore of Lake Erie City of Sandusky, launched ners; and private sector part- and receives runoff from the Sandusky Bay Strategic ners, Biohabitats is assessing nearly one million acres of Restoration Initiative (SBSRI), and analyzing proposed sites, land. A major commercial and an implementation plan for a setting goals, and prioritizing recreational hub for northern portfolio of projects designed restoration projects to create Ohio, this unique bay ecosys- to enhance the quality of life a strategic restoration imple- tem holds some of the most for the entire region, maxi- mentation plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Lighthouses – Clippings
    GREAT LAKES MARINE COLLECTION MILWAUKEE PUBLIC LIBRARY/WISCONSIN MARINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MARINE SUBJECT FILES LIGHTHOUSE CLIPPINGS Current as of November 7, 2018 LIGHTHOUSE NAME – STATE - LAKE – FILE LOCATION Algoma Pierhead Light – Wisconsin – Lake Michigan - Algoma Alpena Light – Michigan – Lake Huron - Alpena Apostle Islands Lights – Wisconsin – Lake Superior - Apostle Islands Ashland Harbor Breakwater Light – Wisconsin – Lake Superior - Ashland Ashtabula Harbor Light – Ohio – Lake Erie - Ashtabula Badgeley Island – Ontario – Georgian Bay, Lake Huron – Badgeley Island Bailey’s Harbor Light – Wisconsin – Lake Michigan – Bailey’s Harbor, Door County Bailey’s Harbor Range Lights – Wisconsin – Lake Michigan – Bailey’s Harbor, Door County Bala Light – Ontario – Lake Muskoka – Muskoka Lakes Bar Point Shoal Light – Michigan – Lake Erie – Detroit River Baraga (Escanaba) (Sand Point) Light – Michigan – Lake Michigan – Sand Point Barber’s Point Light (Old) – New York – Lake Champlain – Barber’s Point Barcelona Light – New York – Lake Erie – Barcelona Lighthouse Battle Island Lightstation – Ontario – Lake Superior – Battle Island Light Beaver Head Light – Michigan – Lake Michigan – Beaver Island Beaver Island Harbor Light – Michigan – Lake Michigan – St. James (Beaver Island Harbor) Belle Isle Lighthouse – Michigan – Lake St. Clair – Belle Isle Bellevue Park Old Range Light – Michigan/Ontario – St. Mary’s River – Bellevue Park Bete Grise Light – Michigan – Lake Superior – Mendota (Bete Grise) Bete Grise Bay Light – Michigan – Lake Superior
    [Show full text]
  • Morphometric Factors in the Formation of Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands C
    P1: GIM TJ1095-03 TJ-AEM.cls May 27, 2004 9:29 Morphometric factors in the formation of Great Lakes coastal wetlands C. E. Herdendorf Department of Geological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; E-mail: [email protected] The Great Lakes basins were carved from ancient river valleys by continental ice sheets that receded from the region less than 10,000 years ago. Not only did the glaciers create the basins now holding the lakes, but they are responsible for many of the shallow depressions in the coastal margin that have since developed as coastal wetlands of various types. For the past four thousand years, coastal processes in the lakes have further modified the shore topography to form embayments, coastal lagoons, estuaries, deltas, and solution basins where thousands of hectares of wetlands have become established. This paper will explore the origin of the various morphometric forms which these wetlands have taken and their characteristic hydrologic processes. Keywords: estuaries, geomorphology, karst, lacustrine, palustrine, physiography Physiography of the Great Lakes gin of the waning ice sheet retreated northward into the newly carved lake basins, some of which were dammed The five adjoining Laurentian Great Lakes— by glacial end moraines. The early ice-margin lakes ex- Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario—extend panded as the glacial ice masses shrank. However, as 1,370 km from westernmost point to easternmost point new and lower outlets were uncovered to the north, the and 1,130 km from north to south (Figure 1). With lakes drained to ever lowering levels except during peri- a total surface area of 244,160 km2, this is the largest ods of minor readvances of the ice front (Hough, 1962).
    [Show full text]
  • Rehabilitating Great Lakes Ecosystems
    REHABILITATING GREAT LAKES ECOSYSTEMS edited by GEORGE R. FRANCIS Faculty of Environmental Studies University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 JOHN J. MAGNUSON Laboratory of Limnology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin 53706 HENRY A. REGIER Institute for Environmental Studies University of Toronto Toronto. Ontario M5S 1A4 and DANIEL R. TALHELM Department of Fish and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 37 Great Lakes Fishery Commission 1451 Green Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 December 1979 CONTENTS Executive summary.. .......................................... 1 Preface and acknowledgements ................................. 2 1. Background and overview of study ........................... 6 Approach to the study. .................................... 10 Some basic terminology ................................... 12 Rehabilitation images ...................................... 15 2. Lake ecology, historical uses and consequences ............... 16 Early information sources. ................................. 17 Original condition ......................................... 18 Human induced changes in Great Lakes ecosystems ......... 21 Conclusion ............................................. ..3 0 3. Rehabilitation methods ...................................... 30 Fishing and other harvesting ............................... 31 Introductions and invasions of exotics ...................... 33 Microcontaminants: toxic wastes and biocides ............... 34 Nutrients and eutrophication
    [Show full text]
  • LAND by the LAKES Nearshore Terrestrial Ecosystems
    State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference 1996 Background Paper THE LAND BY THE LAKES Nearshore Terrestrial Ecosystems Ron Reid Bobolink Enterprises Washago, Ontario Canada Karen Holland U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chicago, Illinois U.S.A. October 1997 ISBN 0-662-26033-3 EPA 905-R-97-015c Cat. No. En40-11/35-3-1997E ii The Land by the Lakes—SOLEC 96 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................. v 1. Overview of the Land by the Lakes .................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................ 1 1.2 Report Structure ......................................................... 2 1.3 Conclusion ............................................................. 2 1.4 Key Observations ........................................................ 3 1.5 Moving Forward ......................................................... 5 2. The Ecoregional Context .......................................................... 6 2.1 Why Consider Ecoregional Context? .......................................... 6 2.2 Classification Systems for Great Lakes Ecoregions ............................... 7 3. Where Land and Water Meet ....................................................... 9 3.1 Changing Shapes and Structures ............................................. 9 3.1.1 Crustal Tilting ................................................. 10 3.1.2 Climate ....................................................... 10 3.1.3 Erosion ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hartig Et Al. 2007. Indicator Project
    Cover photos: Landsat 7 satellite image of western Lake Erie Basin and Detroit River corridor provided by USGS Landsat Project; Upper left: angler with walleye (Sander vitreus) by Jim Barta; Middle left: lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) by Glenn Ogilvie; Lower left: Hexagenia by Lynda Corkum; Center: lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) by James Boase/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Lower right: juvenile peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) by Craig Koppie/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Bottom left: bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) by Steve Maslowski/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. STATE OF THE STRAIT STATUS AND TRENDS OF KEY INDICATORS Edited by: John H. Hartig, Michael A. Zarull, Jan J.H. Ciborowski, John E. Gannon, Emily Wilke, Greg Norwood, and Ashlee Vincent 2007 STATE OF THE STRAIT STATUS AND TRENDS OF KEY INDICATORS 2007 Edited by: John H. Hartig, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Michael A. Zarull, Environment Canada Jan J.H. Ciborowski, University of Windsor John E. Gannon, International Joint Commission Emily Wilke, Southwest Michigan Land Conservancy Greg Norwood, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ashlee Vincent, University of Windsor Based on the Detroit River-Western Lake Erie Indicator Project, a three-year U.S.-Canada effort to compile and summarize long-term trend data, and the 2006 State of the Strait Conference held in Flat Rock, Michigan Suggested citation: Hartig, J.H., M.A. Zarull, J.J.H. Ciborowski, J.E. Gannon, E. Wilke, G. Norwood, and A. Vincent, eds. 2007. State of the Strait: Status and Trends of Key Indicators. Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, Occasional Publication No.
    [Show full text]