Welcome to Human Anatomy & Physiology BI 234 - Fall 2012

Introduction

Instructor: Mike LeMaster

Office: 011 Natural Sciences E-Mail: [email protected] Phone: 838 - 8136 (x8-8136)

Office Hours: M / W / F: 10:00 – 11:00 am; T: 9:00 – 11:00 am

Lectures: MWF: 9:00 – 9:50 am HWC 105

Labs: No Lab = See Me! NS 006 • Anatomical examination of histology and body systems • Prepared slides; anatomical models; human cadavers • Computer-based physiological experiments Required Text: Anatomy and Physiology – Marieb and Hoehn (4th ed.) Optional Text: A Photographic Atlas for Anatomy & Physiology Lab

Page 1 1 Introduction

Grading: Exam 1 (12 Oct) 75 Exam 2 (29 Oct) 75 Exam 3 (16 Nov) 75 Final (4 Dec) 125 Laboratory 150 500 Testing Format: Multiple choice True/False Matching (w/ diagrams) Fill-in-the-blank / Short answer

Grading Scale (approximate): 100 - 90% = A 65 - 55% = D 90 - 80% = B < 55% = F 80 - 65% = C

* Curve may be utilized at end if average falls below 73%

Introduction

Web Site: http://www.wou.edu/~lemastm/Teaching/BI234

How to get the most out of BI234: 1) Come to class = 2) Read the book before lecture 1 Hour 3) Do your best in lab (It’s 30% of your grade!) 4) Seek understanding of concepts.

• talk to your professor The Warning:

• visit the tutoring center If you take any medicines that • start a study group have nitrates in them (e.g., nitroglycerin for chest pain), you 5) Stay Healthy! should NOT take VIAGRA. 6) Apply what you learn!

antioxidants

Page 2 2 Introduction

What is Anatomy and Physiology?

Anatomy: Study of internal / external structure and the physical relationships between body parts • Microscopic Anatomy (requires magnification…) • Cytology = Study of cells • Histology = Study of tissues • Gross Anatomy (visible to naked eye…) • Regional Anatomy = Study of structures in particular region (e.g., arm) • Systemic Anatomy = Study of organ systems • Surface Anatomy = Study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin

Physiology: Study of how living organisms perform vital functions • Physical / chemical factors • Cell physiology  Special physiology  System physiology

The two disciplines are interrelated (structure dictates function...)

Introduction 1) Cellular level • Molecular interactions

2) Tissue level • Similar cells  specific function

3) Organ level •  2 tissues  specific function

4) Organ system level 5) Organism level •  2 organs  specific function

• Organ systems = life Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.1

Page 3 3 Introduction

Organ Systems: (BI 234)

Skeletal Immune System System

Integumentary Muscular System System

Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.3

Introduction

Organ Systems: (BI 235)

Endocrine System

Nervous Cardiovascular System System

Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.3

Page 4 4 Introduction

Organ Systems: (BI 236)

Digestive System

Respiratory Urinary Reproductive System System System

Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.3

Introduction Example: ATP production Remember: Organ systems work cooperatively to promote the well-being of the entire body

Food O2 CO2

Respiratory system: Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide CO2 O2 Digestive system: Cardiovascular system:

Takes in nutrients, breaks Nutrients Distributes oxygen and them down, and eliminates nutrients to all cells; delivers unabsorbed matter wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs

Urinary system: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.2 Feces Urine

Page 5 5 Introduction

Regulatory System Function:

For life to continue, precise internal body conditions must be maintained regardless of external conditions

The principle function of regulatory systems is to maintain homeostasis

Homeostasis: The process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment (Cannon – early 20th century) • Not a static process (dynamic equilibrium) • Requires energy (unlike a true equilibrium state) • Conditions maintained via feedback systems

Introduction

Feedback System: autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation

Body Temp = 96.5º (Set Point) (98.6º) Information Input Control Center (Hypothalamus) (-) Output

Receptor (transducer) Effector

(Muscles) Feedback (Change in system)

Effect (Shivering) (Body heats up) Negative Feedback: Drives system toward set point Most common type of feedback system (e.g., temperature regulation) found in the human body

Page 6 6 Introduction

Feedback System: autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation

Cervix stretches (Set Point) Information Input Control Center (Hypothalamus) (+) Output

Receptor (transducer) Effector

(Posterior Pituitary) Feedback (Change in system)

Effect (↑ oxytocin release) (Uterine contractions intensify) Positive Feedback: Drives system away from set point Rare type of feedback system (e.g., child birth) found in the human body

THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

Page 7 7 Introduction – Chemistry

Atom: Fundamental structural unit of matter • Composed of: 1) Protons: Positively charged; located in nucleus 2) Neutrons: No charge; located in nucleus 3) Electrons: Negatively charged; orbit nucleus

• Electrically neutral (# protons = # electrons)

Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.2

Introduction – Chemistry

Element: Unique substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances via ordinary chemical means 9.5%

Elemental Composition 18.5% 3% 65% of Human Body:

< 4% (Table 2.1)

(Periodic Table)

Page 8 8 Introduction – Chemistry

Interaction among atoms depends on electron arrangements: Electron Shells: Regions of space occupied by electrons around nucleus

• 1st shell = 2 electrons Molecule: • Subsequent shells = 8 electrons Chemical structures containing > 1 atom Stable Atoms: • Oxygen (O2) • Outermost electron shell full • Water (H2O)

• Glucose (C6H12O6) • Inert gases (e.g., helium, neon)

Compound: Neon (Ne) Chemical structures containing multiple elements

• Water (H2O) Reactive Atoms: • Glucose (C H O ) 6 12 6 • Outermost shell partially full (e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) Atoms held together

via chemical bonds... Carbon (C)

Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.5

Introduction – Chemistry

Types of Chemical Bonds: 1) Ionic Bond: Attractive force between atoms that have lost / gained electrons (electron transfer  ions) - + Attraction via charge difference (+ vs -)

Cation: Ion with positive charge sodium (Na+); potassium (K+) Form crystals calcium (Ca++); magnesium (Mg++) Dissociate in Anion: water Ion with negative charge - - chloride (Cl ); bicarbonate (HCO3 ) 2- 2- biphosphate(HPO4 ); sulfate (SO4 ) Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.6

Page 9 9 Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.7 Introduction – Chemistry

Types of Chemical Bonds: 2) Covalent Bond: Attractive force between atoms that share electrons

• May form double and triple bonds • Strong bond • Most common bond (biological molecules)

-

+

Non-polar Covalent Bonds: Polar Covalent Bonds: Equal sharing of electrons Unequal sharing of electrons

Introduction – Chemistry

Types of Chemical Bonds: 3) Hydrogen Bond: Attractive force between polar molecules

(attraction via charge difference) Surface Tension

Hydrophobic = water fearing (non-polar)

Hydrophilic = water loving e.g., H2O (polar / ion)

Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.10

Page 10 10 Introduction – Chemistry

Chemical Reaction: The making / breaking of chemical bonds Metabolism = Sum of all chemical reactions in body

Basic Energy Concepts: • Energy: The capacity to do work (put matter into motion…) • Kinetic Energy = Energy in motion (e.g., muscle contraction) • Potential Energy = Stored energy (e.g., ATP)

2nd Law of Not 100% Thermodynamics Efficient Kinetic Energy Potential Energy 1st Law of Thermodynamics Heat

Introduction – Chemistry Exergonic Reaction: Classes of Chemical Reactions: Reaction liberates energy 1) Decomposition Reactions Endergonic Reaction: Reaction required energy • Molecule broken into smaller units (catabolism)

(Cellular Respiration) + Energy C6H12O6  6H2O + 6CO2

2) Synthesis Reactions • Large molecules assembled from smaller units (anabolism)

Energy + 6H2O + 6CO2  C6H12O6 (Photosynthesis) 3) Exchange Reactions • Reacting molecules shuffled around

NaOH + HCl  H2O + NaCl

Many biological reactions are reversible

A + B  AB (balanced at equilibrium)

Page 11 11 Introduction – Chemistry

Important Compounds in Body: Buffer: Compounds that stabilize pH Inorganic Molecules (contain no carbon skeleton): (e.g. bicarbonate) 1) Gases:

• O2 / CO2; Consumed / produced during cellular respiration

2) Water  Extremely important (body 2/3 water): • Excellent solvent (dissolves ions / polar molecules) • Essential reactant (e.g., hydrolysis) • High heat capacity (moderates temperature ) • Lubricant (low friction interactions)

3) Salts (cation + anion): • Function as electrolytes (e.g., table salt (NaCl)) 4) Acids and Bases: • Acids release hydrogen ion (H+) HCl  H+ + Cl-

• Bases take up hydrogen ion (H+) NaOH  Na+ + OH- - + pH based on OH + H  H2O free H+ in solution

Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 2.15 / 2.16 / 2.19 Introduction – Chemistry

Important Compounds in Body: Organic Molecules (contain carbon skeleton):

1) Carbohydrates (C,H,O  1:2:1): • Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose) • Function: Energy source • Disaccharides (e.g., lactose) • Polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen)

2) Lipids (C,H,O): • Water insoluble (hydrophobic) • Function: • Triglycerides • Energy storage (e.g., fats) • Phospholipids • Structure (e.g., phospholipids) • Steroids / Eicosanoids • Hormones (e.g., steroids)

3) Proteins (C,H,O,N): • Composed of amino acid chains • Function: • Support (e.g. collagen) • Transport (e.g. hemoglobin) • Movement (e.g. actin) • Catalysts (e.g. enzymes) • Defense (e.g. antibodies)

Page 12 12 Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 2.22 / 2.23 Introduction – Chemistry

Important Compounds in Body: Organic Compounds (contain carbon skeleton):

4) Nucleic Acids (C,H,O,N,P): • Composed of nucleotides • Function: Store information (DNA / RNA)

5) High Energy Compounds: • Contain high-energy bonds • Function: Short-term energy storage

ATP Energy currency of cell

THE CELL

Page 13 13 Introduction – Cell Structure / Function

Plasma Membrane Structure:

1) Phospholipid bilayer • Functional barrier 2) Integral proteins • Transport proteins • Identification proteins • Anchor proteins • Receptor proteins • Enzymes

Molecules enter / exit cells 3) Cholesterol through the lipid bilayer or • Membrane fluidity via transport proteins  cholesterol =  fluidity / permeability

Introduction – Cell Structure / Function

Transport Processes: (Table 3.1 / 3.2) 1) Simple diffusion: Movement from high [solute] to low [solute]

• Requires no energy • Molecules are: 1) Lipid-soluble (enter via phospholipids) 2) Small (enter via channel proteins)

Osmosis: Movement of water from [high] to [low] across a semi-permeable membrane

Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.7 / 3.8

Page 14 14 Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 3.9 Introduction – Cell Structure / Function

Solute concentration critical to water balance in cells:

Hypotonic

[inside] > [outside] Isotonic Hypertonic • [inside] = [outside] • [inside] < [outside] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.7 / 3.11 Introduction – Cell Structure / Function

Transport Processes: (Table 3.1 / 3.2) 1) Simple diffusion 2) Filtration: (requires no energy) • Substances “pushed” through membrane via hydrostatic pressure (e.g., kidney) 3) Carrier-mediated transport: a) Facilitated diffusion: b) Active transport: Passive transportation via proteins Movement of solutes against [gradient]

• Molecules too large for simple diffusion (e.g., glucose) • Requires transport proteins • Requires no energy • Requires energy (energy = ATP)

Page 15 15 Introduction – Cell Structure / Function

Transport Processes: (Table 3.1 / 3.2) 1) Simple Diffusion 2) Filtration Exocystosis 3) Carrier-mediated transport 4) Vesicular transport • Molecules enter / exit via vesicle formation (energy required) • Endocytosis: Material enters into cell (e.g., bacteria) • Exocytosis: Material exits cell (e.g., cellular waste)

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.13 / 3.14 Endocystosis

Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.2 Introduction – Cell Structure / Function Nucleus Cell Organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum

1) Cytoskeleton: Internal protein framework Mitochondrion (microfilaments / microtubules)

Lysosome 2) Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis (rRNA / proteins)

3) Endoplasmic reticulum: Membranous network Ribosomes (intracellular storage / transport) • Rough ER = Protein synthesis Cytoskeleton • Smooth ER = Lipid synthesis Golgi apparatus

4) Golgi apparatus: Plasma membrane Packages / modifies / ships proteins

5) Lysosomes: 6) Mitochondria: 7) Nucleus: Site of intracellular digestion Site of ATP synthesis Houses genetic information (contain hydrolytic enzymes) (aerobic respiration) (site of ribosome assembly)

Page 16 16 Introduction – Cell Structure / Function

Cell Growth & Reproduction:

Cell Cycle: Central Dogma of Biology:

DNA RNA Protein

Transcription Translation (nucleus) (cytoplasm)

Mitosis: • Parental cell  2 Daughter cells (Full DNA) Meiosis: • Parental cell  4 Daughter cells (1/2 DNA) Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.31 / 3.34

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