Anatomy and Medical Terminology] Msc

Lecture 1 [ANATOMY AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY] MSC. NABAA SALAH Anatomy Definitions:

Anatomy ( Greek ana- = up , tomy cutting" Anatomy was once a "cutting up" because the structure of the body was originally learned through dissecting it , "cutting it up". 1- Scientific study of the body structure (morphology) and development. 2- Andreas Vesalius (1514 -1564) A. 16th century father of Anatomy B. De Humani coporis Fabrica (The workings of the human body). 7 volume collection of anatomic drawing. 3- International congress of Anatomists ( Nomina Anatomica ).

Sub disciplines of Anatomy:

A- Level of organization with in the human body:

Gross Anatomy : Structures that can be examined without using a microscope Reginal Anatomy: Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest. Radiological Anatomy :Body structures that can be visualized with x- rays. Surface Anatomy: Anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through visualization and palpation.

Page 1

Lecture 1 [ANATOMY AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY] MSC. NABAA SALAH

Systemic Anatomy: Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system

Histology : Microscopic structure of tissue. Cytology : study the structure and function of the cell

Human body Gross Anatomy Surface Anatomy Regional Anatomy Radiological Anatomy

Organ system systemic Anatomy Neuroanatomy

Organ

Tissues Histology

60 billion tissue cell Cytology

Page 2

Lecture 1 [ANATOMY AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY] MSC. NABAA SALAH B- All living things being life as a single cell.

Embryology: studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos.

Zygote Birth Adult

Teratology: is the study of abnormalities of physiological development. It is often thought of as the study of human congenital abnormalities, but it is broader than that, taking into account other non-birth developmental stages, including puberty; and other organisms, including plants. The related term developmental toxicity includes all manifestations of abnormal development that are caused by environmental insult. These may include growth retardation, delayed mental development or other congenital disorders without any structural malformations.

Pathological Anatomy: the study of abnormal anatomy (structural change "from Gross to microscopic" associated with disease.

Medical terminology: is language used to precisely describe the human body including its components, processes and conditions affecting it.

Word root: The foundation of a medical term and contains its primary meaning. All medical terms have at least one word root. Most are derived from Greek or Latin language. Greek roots are used to build words that describe a disease, condition, treatment, or diagnosis. Latin roots are used to build words that describe anatomical structures.

Page 3

Lecture 1 [ANATOMY AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY] MSC. NABAA SALAH Word Roots

Some examples of root words:-

Component Meaning Example

CARCIN- Cancer carcinogenic = cancer causing

CARDIO- Heart cardiotoxicity = toxicity to the heart

CYTO- Cell cytotoxic = toxic to the cell

dermatitis = inflammation of the DERMA- Skin skin

HISTIO- Tissue histology = study of tissue

HEPATI- Liver hepatoblastoma = liver cancer

NEPHRO- Kidney nephrotoxic = harmful to the kidneys

bone / bony OSTEO- osteosarcoma = bone cancer tissue

TOXO- Poison toxicology = study of poisons

Suffix: A word element placed at the end of word that changes the meaning of the word. In medical terminology, a suffix usually describes a pathology, symptom, surgical or diagnostic procedure, or part of speech.

Some examples for suffix:

Suffix Meaning Examples -algia pain neuralgia -cyte cell lymphocyte, splenocyte -ectomy surgery to remove appendectomy, tonsillectomy

Page 4

Lecture 1 [ANATOMY AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY] MSC. NABAA SALAH -emia presence in the blood anemia, hypoglycemia

-genic causing carcinogenic, pathogenic

-itis inflammation arthritis, Osteoarthritis

-ology science of necrology, pathology

-oxia oxygen level anoxia, hypoxia

-pathy disease neuropathy, sociopathy -osis disease /condition necrosis -phobia fear Arachnophobia

Prefix: A word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root. However, not all medical terms have a prefix. Adding or changing a prefix changes the meaning of the word. The prefix usually indicated a number, time, position, direction, or negation.

Some examples of prefixes:- component meaning example

AN-, A- without / lack of anaemia = lack of red blood cells

AB- away from abnormal = away from the normal

AD- near / toward adrenal gland = gland near to the kidney

DYS- difficult / painful dysfunction = not working properly

ectopic pregnancy = outside the uterine ECTO- outside cavity

endoscope = an instrument to look ENDO- inside inside the body cavities or organs

Page 5

Lecture 1 [ANATOMY AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY] MSC. NABAA SALAH EPI- upon epidermis = the outer layer of skin

hyperglycaemia = excessive blood sugar HYPER- Excessive/ above levels

HYPO- beneath / below hypodermic = injection below the skin

INTER- between intercostal = between the ribs

INTRA- within / Inside intravenous = into a vein

PARA- beside, about, near parathyroid = beside the thyroid gland

pericardium = membrane around the PERI- around heart

PRE- before prenatal = before birth

POST- after post surgical stage = stage after surgery

submucosa = tissue below mucus SUB- under / below membrane

syndrome = group of symptoms SYN- together with occurring together

Page 6