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Risk and Vulnerability in Ethiopia: Learning from the Past, Responding to the Present, Preparing for the Future

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RISK AND VULNERABILITY IN ETHIOPIA: LEARNING FROM THE PAST, RESPONDING TO THE PRESENT, PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE A REPORT FOR THE U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT SUE LAUTZE, YACOB AKLILU, ANGELA RAVEN-ROBERTS, HELEN YOUNG, GIRMA KEBEDE, JENNIFER LEANING JUNE 2003 Risk and Vulnerability in Ethiopia ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was funded by the USAID/DCHA/OFDA and USAID/Ethiopia, with additional support from the Mellon Foundation. The team is grateful to the USAID/Ethiopia Mission, in particular the FHA staff, and USAID/DCHA/OFDA for their support and assistance. The team extends its appreciation to the DPPC for hosting the team in various offices, accompanying the team to the field and for availing its staff and records for this research. In addition, the team extends special thanks to the many individuals who assisted their work including Simon Mechale, Berhane Gizaw, Teshome Erkineh, Befakadu Dibaba, Beletu Tefera, Tim Shortley, Gillian Brewin, Makda Tsegaye, Muna Bayou, Beth Dunford, Alemu Asfaw, Andrew Natsios, Bill Garvelink, Jan Wessel, Rebecca Scheurer, John Graham, Beruk Yemane, Bolko Mohammed, the Oxfam team in Jijiga, Jamal Iydahis, Sheik Mohammed, Deborah Hicks, Nigist Biru, Georgia Shaver, Paul Turnbull, Tim Waites, Tsedeku Glmariam, Lauren Carruth, Kuffasse Boane and Fikre Negussie. Cover photo: Young girl from Afar Region, Mille, Ethiopia. Photo by Sue Lautze. Inter-University Initiative on Humanitarian Studies & Field Practice A program of the Gerald J. & Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University 2 Risk and Vulnerability in Ethiopia ACRONYMS AAME African Adult Male Equivalent ACF Accion Contra La Faim ACK-MDO Anglican Church of Kenya-Marasabit Diocese Office ADLI Agriculture Development-Led Industrialization AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ALDEF Arid Lands Development Focus ALNAP Active Learning Network and Accountability Project ALRMP Arid Lands Resources Management Project (Kenya) ANRS Amhara National Regional State APDA Afar Pastoralist Development Association APF Africa Peace Forum ARDA Adventist Development and Relief Agency ARI Acute Respiratory Infection AU-IBAR African Unity-International Bureau for Animal Research AVA Awash Valley Authority BDPP Bureau of Disaster Preparedness and Prevention BOA Bureau of Agriculture BoFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development BOH Bureau of Health CBAHS Community-Based Animal Health Services CBAH Community Based Animal Health CBAHW Community-Based Animal Health Worker CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia CBTF Community Based Therapeutic Feeding CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia CDN Canadian CEDEP Consultants for Environment and Development Projects CEFIS Care Ethiopia Food Information System CIDA Canadian International Development Assistance CMR Crude Mortality Rate IMC International Medical Corps CRDA Christian Relief and Development Association CSA Central Statistics Agency CSB Corn Soya Blend CSM Corn Soya Milk CY Calendar year DA Development Assistance DART Disaster Assistance Response Team DASP Disaster Assistance Support Program DCHA Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance DFAIT Department of Foreign Assistance and International Trade DfID Department for International Development 3 Risk and Vulnerability in Ethiopia DM Dry Matter DOA Department of Agriculture DOH Department of Health DPP Disaster Preparedness and Prevention DPPB Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Bureau DPPC Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Commission EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organizations EC European Community ECHO European Commission Humanitarian Office ECS Ethiopian Catholic Secretariat EDP End Delivery Point EECMY Ethiopian Ecumenical Church of Mekane Yesus EFSR Emergency Food Strategic Reserve EGS Employment Generating Scheme EGTE Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise EHNRI Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute EMA Ethiopian Mapping Agency EMOP Emergency Operations Program ENCU Emergency Nutrition Coordination Unit ENI Ethiopian Nutrition Institute EPI Expanded Program of Immunization EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EPPG Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Group ERCS Ethiopian Red Cross Society ESRDF Ethiopian Social Reconstruction and Development Fund EU European Union EW Early Warning EWD Early Warning Department EWPS Early Warning and Preparedness SEction EWS Early Warning System FAD Food Availability Decline FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FED Food Entitlement Decline FEWS Famine Early Warning System FEZ Food Economy Zone FFP Food For Peace FFW Food For Work FHI Food for the Hungry International FIFC Feinstein International Famine Center, Tufts University FMD Foot and Mouth Disease FSAU Food Security Assessment Unit FSU Food Security Unit FY Fiscal Year G Gram GAM Global Acute Malnutrition GIEWS Global Information and Early Warning System 4 Risk and Vulnerability in Ethiopia GIS Global Information System GTZ Gesellscheft Furer Technishe Zusamenarbeit (German Technical Cooperation) HA Hectare HC Health Clinic HCS Hararghe Catholic Secretariat HH Household HICE Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDD Iodine Deficiency Disorders IDP Internally Displaced Person IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development ILCA International Livestock Center for Africa INGO International Non-Governmental Organization IO International Organization JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association JEOP Joint Emergency Operational Plan KCAL Kilocalorie KSH Kenyan Shilling LAC Latin America and the Caribbean LEWS Livestock Early Warning System LRD Linking Relief and Development LRRD Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development LWF Lutheran World Federation LWG Livestock Working Group MAHA Master of Arts in Humanitarian Assistance MDD Micronutrient Deficiency Disease MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Kenya) MOE Ministry of Education MOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MOH Ministry of Health MOWR Ministry of Water Resources MSF-CH Medecins Sans Frontiers, Belgium MSF-H Medecins Sans Frontiers, Holland MSI Management Systems International MT Metric Ton MTCT Maternal to Child Transmission NASA National Agency of Space and Atmospherics NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NEPAD New Partnership for African Development NERDU Northeastern Rangelands Development Unit NFW Nutrition Field Worker NGO Non Governmental Organization 5 Risk and Vulnerability in Ethiopia NIRS Near Infra-red Spectroscopy NMSA National Meteorological Services Agency NOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospherics Agency NORDA Northern Regional Development Agency NSP Nutritional Surveillance Program NSU Nutrition Surveillance Unit OFDA Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance ORDA Oromo Relief and Development Agency OSHO Oromiya Self Help Organization OTI Office of Transition Initiatives PCAE Pastoral Concern Association of Ethiopia PIP Processes Institutions and Policies. PP(P)D Per Person Per Day PPPM Per Person Per Month PPR Peste de petit ruminant PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper ReSoMal Rehydration Solution for Malnourished Children REST Relief Society of Tigray RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal RRC Relief and Rehabilitation Commission RUTF Ready-to-use Therapeutic Foods SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition SC(F)-UK Save the Children United Kingdom SC-US Save the Children United States SDPRP Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program SERA Strengthening Emergency Response Assessment SFC Supplementary Feeding Center SFP Supplementary Feeding Program SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region SNRS Somali National Regional State TAPS Transitional Asset Protection System TB Tuberculosis TBA Traditional Birth Attendant TF Therapeutic Feeding TFC Therapeutic Feeding Center TFP Therapeutic Feeding Program TIME Technical Information Management Exchange TLU Tropical Livestock Unit TOT Training of Trainers TPLF Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front U5MR Under 5 Years Old Mortality Rate UNEUE United Nations Emergency Unit for Ethiopia UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNMEE United Nations Monitoring Force for Ethiopia and Eritrea USAID United States Agency for International Development 6 Risk and Vulnerability in Ethiopia USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar USDA United States Department of Agriculture USG United States Government VAM Vulnerability Assessment Mapping WB World Bank WFH Weight for Height WFL Weight for Length WFP United Nations World Food Program WHO World Health Organization WMS Welfare Monitoring System WMU Welfare Monitoring Unit WRSI Water Resource Satisfaction Index WSRI Water Satisfaction Resource Index WVI World Vision International 7 Risk and Vulnerability in Ethiopia TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 ACRONYMS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 8 INDEX OF TABLES 12 INDEX OF FIGURES 12 INDEX OF PICTURES 13 INDEX OF BOXES 13 INDEX OF MAPS 13 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14 SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION 35 RISK AND VULNERABILITIES IN ETHIOPIA: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 35 Historical Trends in Pastoral Areas 37 Recent Droughts in Pastoral Areas 37 THE CURRENT CRISIS: SUMMARY OF JOINT GOVERNMENT UN APPEALS 41 Assessment of the 2002 Belg Production – June/July 2002 41 Livestock Condition 42 The Food Situation and Joint Government UN Appeals – August 2002 42 Assessment of the
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