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Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Catalpa (Bignoniaceae)

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Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Catalpa (Bignoniaceae) Taxonomic revision of the genus Catalpa (Bignoniaceae) RICHARD T. OLSEN AND JOSEPH H. KIRKBRIDE.JR. U.S. National Arboretum, 3501 New York Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20002-1958, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. A taxonomic revision of Catalpa (Bignoiaceae), a genus of perennial trees fre- quently used in horticulture as garden and street trees, is provided. Eight natural species and two hybrid species are recognized, four in sect. Catalpa,fourinsect.Macrocatalpa, and two hybrid species in sect. Catalpa. Although C. punctata has been used for one of the tropical species, C. macrocarpa is the correct scientific name. Catalpa tibetica is synonymous with C. bignonioides, C. fargesii with C. bungei,andC. obovata with C. macrocarpa. Lectotypes are designated for: Bignonia cassinoides, Bignonia longisiliqua, Bignonia longissima, Catalpa Walter, Catalpa subsect. Corymbosae, Catalpa bignonioides var. kaempferi, Catal- pa bungei, Catalpa bungei var. heterophylla, Catalpa bungei var. intermedia, Catalpa domingensis, Catalpa fargesii, Catalpa henryi, Catalpa ×hybrida, Catalpa ovata var. flavescens, Catalpa punctata var. lepidota, Catalpa purpurea, Catalpa syringifolia var. pulverulenta, Catalpa sutchuensis, Catalpa ×teasii,andCumbulu. Second-step lectotypes are designated for: Catalpa duclouxii, Catalpa ekmaniana, Catalpa oblongata, Catalpa obovata,andCatalpa ovata. Neotypes are designated for: Bignonia triloba, Catalpa aureovittata, Catalpa bignonioides var. variegata, Catalpa ×erubescens, Catalpa ×erubescens f. purpurea, Catalpa ×galleana, Catalpa ×hybrida var. atropurpurea, Catalpa japonica, Catalpa syringifolia var. aurea, Catalpa syringifolia var. koehnei, Catalpa syringifolia var. nana, Catalpa ×teasiana,andCatalpa umbraculifera. Keywords: Bignoniaceae, Catalpeae, Catalpa bignonioides, Catalpa brevipes, Catalpa bungei, Catalpa speciosa. The genus Catalpa Scop. (Bignoniaceae Juss., The temperate catalpas are often described as tribe Catalpeae DC. ex Meisn.) has eight natural the most beautiful of the hardy flowering trees, species evenly distributed between two distinct, with thyrses of white or yellow flowers or ra- monophyletic sections, C. sect. Catalpa and C. cemes or corymbs of pink flowers (Meyer, 1907, sect. Macrocatalpa Griseb. Section Catalpa is Clarke, 1988, Dirr, 2009, Grimshaw & Olsen, composed of four species of temperate, deciduous 2011). Frequently Catalpa plants received from trees with a disjunct distribution between temper- both commercial and noncommercial sources ate China, two species, and eastern United States, have been misidentified. A current taxonomic two species (Li, 1952, Wen, 1999, Yih, 2012). All treatment of Catalpa is needed based on the the temperate species are cultivated, with greater wealth of new collections and for the future ap- or lesser frequency, throughout the temperate re- plication of new analytic techniques that have gions of the globe, and are escaped and natural- become available since Paclt’s(1952a)taxonomic ized in many areas. Section Macrocatalpa is com- revision of the genus. Therefore, descriptions of posed of four species of tropical, evergreen trees the genus Catalpa, its species, and three hybrids, found only in the Greater Antilles, from Jamaica and a key for their identification are presented across Cuba and Hispaniola to the Bahamas. Of here. All synonyms of each taxon are given, and the four tropical species only C. longissima each botanical name is typified according to the (Jacq.) Dum. Cours. is found in cultivation around International Code of Nomenclature for algae, the world, especially in tropical botanic gardens fungi, and plants (ICNafp; McNeill et al., 2012). (Gentry, 1992). This information is necessary for the correct Brittonia, DOI 10.1007/s12228-017-9471-7 ISSN: 0007-196X (print) ISSN: 1938-436X (electronic) © 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com, by The Author(s) Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A. BRITTONIA [VOL identification of Catalpa accessions, and their Catalpa Walter? Walter’sdescriptionofCatalpa, utilization in research and breeding programs to his adoption of Linnaeus’ specific epithet, and its develop new, novel cultivars for the urban land- placement in Diandria, Monogynia clearly indi- scape (Olsen et al., 2006a, 2006b). cated that he was publishing a genus for Linnaeus’s Bignonia species with two fertile sta- mens, but he used the specific epithet Taxonomic history bignonioides to show that his species was similar to B. catalpa, but not the same. Walter established Bignonia L. was a broadly circumscribed ge- an indirect connection between B. catalpa and his nus when first published into which Linnaeus genus Catalpa. So, Catalpa Walter included two (1753), 1763) placed many disparate members species when it was published, B. catalpa and of the family Bignoniaceae and classified in his C. bignonioides, and was not automatically typi- Didynamia Angiospermia. In 1753, he included fied when published because it included two spe- Catesby’s(Catesby,1730) species from the Car- cies, according to Arts. 10.2 and 10.3 of the olinas (= Catalpa bignonioides Walter) and ICNafp (McNeill et al., 2012). Bignonia catalpa Kämpfer’s(Kämpfer,1712) species from Japan is here designated as lectotype of Catalpa Wal- (= C. ovata G. Don) in Bignonia catalpa L. In ter. Therefore, Catalpa Walter becomes an 1763, he expanded its circumscription further to isonym of Catalpa Scop, has no nomenclatural include elements equivalent to B. longissima standing, and is to be disregarded, according Art. Jacq. (Jacquin, 1760)[=C. longissima (Jacq.) 6.3 Note 2 of the ICNafp (McNeill et al., 2012). Dum. Cours.]. At that point, the circumscription de Candolle (1838) published a generic sum- of B. catalpa encompassed the entire genus mary of the Bignoniaceae in which he presented Catalpa,asacceptedhere.Bignonia catalpa had subtribe Catalpeae DC., a nomen nudum, with 17 two fertile stamens, and the rest of the species in genera, including Catalpa and Tecoma Juss. Sev- Linnaeus’s Bignonia had either four or five fertile en years later in the Prodromus, de Candolle stamens. This was a serious contradiction because (1845) validated subtribe Catalpeae. Endlicher the number of fertile stamens was one of the most (1839) published tribe Tecomeae, with six genera, important characters in Linnaeus’ssystemofclas- also including Catalpa and Tecoma. Meisner sification, and was supposed to be constant in (1840) published tribe Catalpeae, with 21 genera, each genus. but included the genus Tecoma making the name Scopoli (1777)andWalter(1788)wereearly superfluous following Art. 52.1 of the ICNafp adopters of Linnaeus’s binomial nomenclature (McNeill et al., 2012). Since tribe Catalpeae is and used his artificial system of classification based on the generic name Catalpa, it can, ac- based on the number of stamens and styles in cording to Art. 52.3, be used when corrected to the flower. Both Scopoli and Walter realized that include only the genera Catalpa, Chilopsis D. B. catalpa had two fertile stamens, and the other Don, and ×Chitalpa T. S. Elias & Wisura. Bignonia species four or five fertile stamens. Each In the nineteenth Century, there were three man (Scopoli, 1777: 170; Walter, 1788: 64) re- general trends in Catalpa systematics, which cul- solved the conflict by establishing the genus minated in Bureau’s(Bureau,1894)unifyingre- Catalpa with just two fertile stamens, and both vision of the genus. The first trend was the pub- used Linnaeus’s specific epithet as their generic lication in Europe and the United States (Don, epithet. Scopoli published his Catalpa with 1837, von Meyer, 1837, Teas, 1875) of the botan- B. catalpa, and Walter published his Catalpa with ical names for the remaining temperate species: C. bignonioides. In his preface, Walter stated that C. ovata, C. bungei C. A. Mey., and C. speciosa he had only Linnaeus’s Systema naturae Teas. The second trend in mid-nineteenth Century (Linnaeus, 1735), Genera plantarum (Linnaeus, was intiated by Charles Wright’sexplorationof 1737), and Species plantarum (Linnaeus, 1753)to Cuba in the Greater Antilles (Howard, 1988). The work from (Walter, 1788, Rembert, 1980). Thus, numbering and distribution of his collections Catalpa Walter was validly published indepen- were organized by Asa Gray at the Harvard dently of Catalpa Scop. University herbarium. August Grisebach (1866; Bignonia catalpa is the type of Catalpa Scop., 1870, 1873) received Wright’s Catalpa speci- according to Arts. 10.2 and 10.3 of the ICNafp mens, and revised the genus for Cuba, naming (McNeill et al., 2012), but what is the type of two new species and a new variety from Cuba and 2017] OLSEN & KIRKBRIDE: CATALPA (BIGNONIACEAE) recognizing the tropical species as a distinct section C. tenuiloba, one is from flowers in amber, of Catalpa. The third trend was the publication of C. hispaniolae, and the other three are from seed more than 15 scientific names based on cultivated impressions. Further study utilizing modern tech- plants by European horticulturists. Most of these niques is needed to certify the classification of the names are synonyms of our accepted botanical spe- fossil species in the genus Catalpa. cies. These names should be treated as cultivars under the International Code of Nomenclature for Phylogeny Cultivated Plants (ICNCP; Brickell et al., 2009). At the end of the nineteenth Century, Bureau (1894) Molecular studies have demonstrated that the published the first Catalpa monograph. This treat- family Bignoniaceae
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