Kiam En La Infero De Kovno Fluis La Sango
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Annual Report 2015
Worldwide Investigation and Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals (April 1, 2014 – March 31, 2015) An Annual Status Report Dr. Efraim Zuroff Simon Wiesenthal Center – Israel Office Snider Social Action Institute December 2015 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 5 Introduction 6 The Period Under Review: April 1, 2014 – March 31, 2015 8 Convictions of Nazi War Criminals Obtained During the Period Under Review 14 Convictions of Nazi War Criminals: Comparative Statistics 2001-2015 15 New Cases of Nazi War Criminals Filed During the Period Under Review 16 New Cases of Nazi War Criminals: Comparative Statistics 2001-2015 17 New Investigations of Nazi War Criminals Initiated During the Period Under Review 18 New Investigations of Nazi War Criminals: Comparative Statistics 2001-2015 19 Ongoing Investigations of Nazi War Criminals As of April 1, 2015 20 Ongoing Investigations of Nazi War Criminals: Comparative Statistics 2001-2015 21 Investigation and Prosecution Report Card 23 Investigation and Prosecution Report Card: Comparative Statistics 2001-2015 34 List of Nazi War Criminals Slated for Possible Prosecution in 2016 36 About the Simon Wiesenthal Center 37 Index of Countries 42 Index of Nazi War Criminals 44 3 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. During the period under review, the most significant progress in prosecuting Nazi war criminals has been made in Germany. This is clearly the result of the dramatic change instituted several years ago vis-à-vis suspected Holocaust perpetrators who served in death camps or Einsatzgruppen, who can now be successfully convicted of accessory to murder based on service alone. Previously, prosecutors had to be able to prove that a suspect had committed a specific crime against a specific victim and that the crime had been motivated by racial hatred to be able to bring a case to court. -
Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States V
American University International Law Review Volume 12 | Issue 1 Article 3 1997 Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States v. Lindert K. Lesli Ligomer Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Ligorner, K. Lesli. "Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States v. Lindert." American University International Law Review 12, no. 1 (1997): 145-193. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP GUARD SERVICE EQUALS "GOODMORAL CHARACTER"?: UNITED STATES V. LINDERT By K Lesli Ligorner Fetching the newspaper from your porch, you look up and wave at your elderly neighbor across the street. This quiet man emigrated to the United States from Europe in the 1950s. Upon scanning the newspaper, you discover his picture on the front page and a story revealing that he guarded a notorious Nazi concen- tration camp. How would you react if you knew that this neighbor became a natu- ralized citizen in 1962 and that naturalization requires "good moral character"? The systematic persecution and destruction of innocent peoples from 1933 until 1945 remains a dark chapter in the annals of twentieth century history. Though the War Crimes Trials at Nilnberg' occurred over fifty years ago, the search for those who participated in Nazi-sponsored persecution has not ended. -
"Šventaragį". Dail. M. Dobužinskis. Kertinė Paraštė PRISIKĖLIMAS
Ą Šiame numery KRIKŠČIONYBE IR Prisikėlimas nauju žėrėjimu. Krikščionybė ir didžiosios DIDŽIOSIOS PASAULIO pasaulio religijos. Nauji darbai V, Petravičiaus galerijoje. RELIGIJOS Kai plyšta aktoriaus širdis. Krikščionys pasaulio atvirybėje VYTAUTAS BAGDANAVICIUS bė, jo įsikūnijimas Žmonijos is Vincas Maciūnas apie savo torijoje. Pasigilinkime atskirai į Muims gyvenant labai atviroje Šios krikščioniškumo centrus. tėvą ir jo laikus. pasaulio įtakoje, kyla gyvas rei šiandien svarstyti klausimą, kas G. Donizetti ir jo "Meilės kalas pagilinti savo krikščioniš Dievo — kūrėjo sąvoKa ką ideologiją, kad jai galėtume yra krikščionybė ryšium su mū eliksyras". tinkamai atstovauti įvairių pa sų sutinkamomis nuotaikomis. Ar Viena iš tiesų, kurios mes nie saulio religijų sąlytyje. Nebūti ji iš tikrųjų neturi atsakymo mo kada negalime pakankamai iš Pastabos apie "Šventaragį". nai tą pasaulinę atvirybę ir sąly dernioms problemoms ir turi sa mąstyti ir kurios mes jokia kaina Dail. M. Dobužinskis. tį su įvairiomis pasaulio religijo vo vietą užleisti Rytų religijoms? negalime prarasti, kaip pačios mis reikia laikyti neigiamu reiš Norėdami atsakyti į šį klausi religijos branduolio, yra Dievo kiniu. Si visapasaulinė persepkty- mą, palikime nuošaly visą dau kūrėjo sąvoka. Ši tiesa, kuri va gali padėti giliau suprasti ir gybę krikščioniškumo formų mums yra savaime suprantama, geriau įvertinti krikščionškas ir sustokime tik prie pačių pa kartu yra išstatyta dideliam pa vertybes. Tai gali atsitikti ne tik grindinių dalykų, be kurių krikš vojui. Pasaulio apraiškos yra to tais atvejais, kada mes kitose re čionybė nebūtų krikščionybe. kios įspūdingos, žmogaus dvasin Kertinė paraštė Bandykime apimti vienu plačiu gumas toks toli siekiantis, Dievas, ligijose pastebime didelių trū kumų, .bet ir tais atvejais, kąda ir giliu žvilgsniu tuos duomenis, tuo tarpu, yra nematomas ir ne mes, geriau į jas įsižiūrėdami, kurie sudaro krikščionijos bran juntamas. -
Leiserowitz Kristallnacht Engl..Pdf
PD Dr. Ruth Leiserowitz, GHI Warsaw Reverberations of Kristallnacht in the East Prussian province towns Keywords: East Prussia, Pogrom, Emigration; Kindertransport, (translated by Philip Jacobs) Preface There is almost no information about the period between November 1938, when synagogues were burned as well in the small towns of East Prussia, and the final act when the last Jews were deported from those places. Up to this point the research as has shown little interest in these details. In her study about the Königsberg Jews, Stefanie Schüler-Springorum does recount the end of the Jewish community there.1 Beyond that there are reports about this period from Michael Wieck2, Hella Wertheim3, Heinrich Wolffheim4 and Nechama Drober.5 These are basically in relation to the situation in Königsberg, yet in Hella Wertheim’s case to Insterburg as well. There has hardly been any inquiry into the circumstances of individual Jews in the smaller towns, let alone villages In the meantime, the generation who witnessed those events has died off and it is solely the papers and documents left behind which shed some light on what took place. However, there have been a few people who have shown 1 STEFANIE SCHÜLER-SPRINGORUM, Die jüdische Minderheit in Königsberg, Preußen. 1871 - 1945. Univ., Diss./94--Bochum, 1993, Göttingen 1996. 2 MICHAEL WIECK, Zeugnis vom Untergang Königsbergs: ein "Geltungsjude" berichtet, Heidelberg 1989. 3 HELLA WERTHEIM, MANFRED ROCKEL, Immer alles geduldig getragen. Als Mädchen in Theresienstadt, Auschwitz und Lenzing, seit 1945 in der Grafschaft Bentheim, Nordhorn 1993. 4 ALFRED GOTTWALDT, NS-Gewaltherrschaft. Beiträge zur historischen Forschung und juristischen Aufarbeitung, Berlin 2005. -
Collaboration and Resistance—The Ninth Fort As a Test Case
Aya Ben-Naftali Director, Massuah Institute for the Study of the Holocaust Collaboration and Resistance: The Ninth Fort as a Test Case The Ninth Fort is one of a chain of nine forts surrounding the city of Kovno, Lithuania. In connection with the Holocaust, this location, like Ponary, Babi Yar, and Rumbula, marks the first stage of the Final Solution—the annihilation of the Jewish people. The history of this site of mass slaughtering is an extreme case of the Lithuanians’ deep involvement in the systematic extermination of the Jews, as well as an extraordinary case of resistance by prisoners there. 1. Designation of the Ninth Fort as a Major Killing Site The forts surrounding Kovno were constructed between 1887 and 1910 to protect the city from German invasion. The Ninth Fort, six kilometers northwest of the city, was considered the most important of them. In the independent Republic of Lithuania, it served as an annex of the central prison of Kovno and had a capacity of 250 prisoners. Adjacent to the fort was a state-owned farm of eighty-one hectares, where the prisoners were forced to work the fields and dig peat.1 The Ninth Fort was chosen as the main regional execution site in advance. Its proximity to the suburb of Vilijampole (Slobodka), where the Kovno ghetto had been established, was apparently the main reason. In his final report on the extermination of Lithuanian Jews, Karl Jäger, commander of Einsatzkommando 3 and the Security Police and SD in Lithuania, noted the factors that informed his choice of killing sites (Exekutionsplatze): …The carrying out of such Aktionen is first of all an organizational problem. -
Karl Plagge Ein Gerechter Unter Den Völkern
Karl Plagge Ein Gerechter unter den Völkern – Begleitheft zur Ausstellung – Herausgegeben von der Darmstädter Geschichtswerkstatt e.V. Ausstellungsinformationen / Impressum Ausstellungsinformationen: KARL PLAGGE, ein „Gerechter unter den Völkern“ Ausstellung herausgegeben vom Magistrat der Wissenschaftsstadt Darmstadt. Ein Projekt der Darmstädter Geschichtswerkstatt e.V. Unterstützt von: Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum (Vilnius), Studienkreis Deutscher Wider- stand 1933–1945 (Frankfurt a.M.), Hilfsfonds Jüdische Sozialstation e.V. (Freiburg i.Br.). Finanziell gefördert durch die Stadtsparkasse Darmstadt und weitere Spenden. Verantwortlich für den Inhalt der Ausstellung: Hannelore Skroblies und Christoph Jetter. Gestaltung der Ausstellung: archetmedia Darmstadt GbR (www.archetmedia.de). Druck der Ausstellungstafeln: roboplot Darmstadt (www.roboplot.de). Informationen: www.darmstaedter-geschichtswerkstatt.de Kontakt: [email protected] Die Ausstellung besteht aus: 6 Ausstellungstafeln 2 x 1 m, doppelseitig bedruckt, mit der Auf- stellungstechnik aufbewahrt in einer transportablen Kiste; benötigter Raum: mindestens 5 x 10 m. Die Ausleihe für Darmstädter Schulen und Bildungseinrichtungen bei Selbstabholung ist kostenlos, Ausleihe für andere Einrichtungen gegen Kaution. Vormerkung und Ausleihe über: Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasium Darmstadt (Telefon: 06151-132562 – E-Mail: [email protected]). Impressum: Begleitheft zur Ausstellung „KARL PLAGGE, ein Gerechter unter den Völkern.“ Herausgegeben von der Darmstädter Geschichtswerkstatt -
Schoen Consulting Claims Conference Holocaust Topline – AUSTRIA, US, CANADA March 2019 Screening Questions
Schoen Consulting Claims Conference Holocaust Topline – AUSTRIA, US, CANADA March 2019 Screening Questions United States Canada Austria • {Age} 18 and older 100% Under 18 [TERMINATE] --1 General Awareness - Open Ended Questions Intro: Thank you for your participation in this survey. The next questions in the survey are about a particular historical topic – the Holocaust. These questions don’t have right or wrong answers, so please be as honest and open as you can. 1. Have you ever seen or heard the word Holocaust before? Yes, I have definitely heard about the 89% 85% 87% Holocaust Yes, I think I’ve heard about the Holocaust 7% 9% 9% No, I don’t think I have heard about the 3% 3% 2% Holocaust No, I definitely have not heard about the 1% 3% 2% Holocaust IF NO, SKIP TO Q9 2. In your own words, what does the term Holocaust refer to? OPEN ENDED WITH PRECODES (MULTIPLE ANSWERS ACCEPTED) Extermination of the Jews/Jewish people 62% 64% 58% Genocide generally 18% 19% 27% World War II 4% 32% 16% The Nazis 3% 24% 7% Adolf Hitler 3% 15% 6% Other 14% 8% 15% Not sure 3% 4% 5% 1 Throughout this document “--” indicates no response while a “blank space” indicates that the question or answer choice was not asked in that specific country. Schoen Consulting Claims Conference Holocaust Topline – AUSTRIA, US, CANADA March 2019 United States Canada Austria 3. Who or what do you think caused the Holocaust? OPEN ENDED WITH PRECODES (MULTIPLE ANSWERS ACCEPTED) Adolf Hitler 83% 48% 39% The Nazis 67% 19% 21% Jews 10% 3% 8% World War I 6% 3% 4% Germany 36% 12% 2% Antisemitism -- -- 2% Other 1% 18% 19% Not sure 4% 8% 6% 4. -
The Tragedy of Holocaust and Possibilities for Reconciliation in the Society of Lithuania
Journal of US-China Public Administration, March 2016, Vol. 13, No. 3, 203-220 doi: 10.17265/1548-6591/2016.03.008 D DAVID PUBLISHING The Tragedy of Holocaust and Possibilities for Reconciliation in the Society of Lithuania Robertas Pukenis Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania Holocaust is an eternal topic not only of Jews but of all people of good will. In Lithuania, over 200,000 Jews have been murdered. First, the paper analyses the concept of Holocaust and it proves to be the greatest form of genocide. The development of war and massacre is overviewed. Having been settled since the 13th century, Jews happily lived here, in Lithuania they had “second Jerusalem”. They were in good contacts with neighbours but have been sent to death by Nazi occupants. It is a pity that Germans used to find assistants among Lithuanians. Much historical information is presented. Problematic topic penetrates: a rebellion against Nazis on June 23, 1941 and the pogroms (about 50 Jews have been killed in the garage of “Lietūkis” in Kaunas). The Congress of the USA has been investigating that Provisional Government did not manage the situation at that time, the authorities were in the hands of Gestapo. The author tried to perceive the circumstances of that time in an objective and sincere way. Those who raised the hand or took part in execution in an indirect way cannot be approved. With great dignity, the exiles to Siberia are remembered. About 6,000 Jews were among the exiled ones. Much attention is given to analyze how peace process between Jews and Lithuanians takes place. -
Introouction
inTROOUCTIOn On December 5, 1982, an Israeli citizen, Avraham Tory, arrived in Tampa, Florida, from Israel. With him he brought his diary from the years 1941-1944, when he had lived in Lithuania, in the Kovno Ghetto, where the Germans had incarcerated more than thirty thousand Jews. On trial in Tampa was a naturalized U.S. citizen, Kazys Palciauskas, who was accused of having entered the United States shortly after World War II on a false declaration. In July 1941, Palciaus kas had been mayor of Kovno, appointed to that position by the German occu pation forces, and had acted with the Germans in the mass murder of tens of thousands of Jews. At the time of his entry to the United States, he had failed to mention his wartime position to U.S. immigration authorities. At the outset of his trial, Palciauskas denied that he had ever been mayor of Kovno. Avraham Tory had come to show that this denial was false, for Tory’s diary, about to be presented to the court, was a full, often day-to-day, account, written at the time, of the fate of the Jews of Kovno, including the part Palciaus kas had played in their destruction. The diary Tory had brought to Tampa was the original, written in Yiddish in the Kovno Ghetto. Before his journey to the United States it had been authen ticated by four survivors of the Ghetto. The first was Lucia Elstein-Lavon, who had been Tory’s secretary in the Ghetto throughout the period during which he had written the diary. -
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE in LITHUANIA a Story of Peaceful Liberation
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE IN LITHUANIA A Story of Peaceful Liberation Grazina Miniotaite The Albert Einstein Institution www.aeinstein.org 2 CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Nonviolent Resistance Against Russification in the Nineteenth Century The Goals of Tsarism in Lithuania The Failure of Colonization The Struggle for the Freedom of Religion The Struggle for Lithuanian Press and Education Chapter 2: Resistance to Soviet Rule, 1940–1987 An Overview Postwar Resistance The Struggle for the Freedom of Faith The Struggle for Human and National Rights The Role of Lithuanian Exiles Chapter 3: The Rebirth From Perestroika to the Independence Movement Test of Fortitude The Triumph of Sajudis Chapter 4: Towards Independence The Struggle for Constitutional Change Civil Disobedience Step by Step The Rise of Reactionary Opposition Chapter 5: The Struggle for International Recognition The Declaration of Independence Independence Buttressed: the Battle of Laws First Signs of International Recognition The Economic Blockade The January Events Nonviolent Action in the January Events International Reaction 3 Chapter 6: Towards Civilian-Based Defense Resistance to the “Creeping Occupation” Elements of Civilian-Based Defense From Nonviolent Resistance to Organized Civilian-Based Defense The Development of Security and Defense Policy in Lithuania since 1992 Concluding Remarks Appendix I Appeal to Lithuanian Youth by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania Appendix II Republic in Danger! Appendix III Appeal by the Government of the Republic -
Lithuania and the Jews the Holocaust Chapter
UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES Lithuania and the Jews The Holocaust Chapter Symposium Presentations W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. Lithuania and the Jews The Holocaust Chapter Symposium Presentations CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM 2004 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, July 2005 Copyright © 2005 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Contents Foreword.......................................................................................................................................... i Paul A. Shapiro and Carl J. Rheins Lithuanian Collaboration in the “Final Solution”: Motivations and Case Studies........................1 Michael MacQueen Key Aspects of German Anti-Jewish Policy...................................................................................17 Jürgen Matthäus Jewish Cultural Life in the Vilna Ghetto .......................................................................................33 David G. Roskies Appendix: Biographies of Contributors.........................................................................................45 Foreword Centuries of intellectual, religious, and cultural achievements distinguished Lithuania as a uniquely important center of traditional Jewish arts and learning. The Jewish community -
How the Jewish Police in the Kovno Ghetto Saw Itself
How the Jewish Police in the Kovno Ghetto Saw Itself Dov Levin This article represents the first English-language publication of selections from a unique document written in Yiddish by the Jewish police of the Kovno (Kaunas) ghetto in Lithuania. The introduction describes briefly the history of the Kovno ghetto and sheds light on the document’s main elements; above all, those involving the Jewish police in the ghetto. As the historiography of the Holocaust includes extensive research, eyewitness accounts, photographs, and documents of all kinds, this introduction is intended to provide background material only, as an aid in the reading of the following excerpts. The document was composed over many months at the height of the Holocaust period in the Kovno ghetto. It focuses primarily on the key sector of the ghetto’s internal authority – the Jewish police. The official name of the police was Jüdische Ghetto-Polizei in Wiliampole (“Jewish Ghetto Police in Vilijampole”), and, in the nature of things, since the Holocaust, this body has become practically synonymous with collaboration with the occupying forces. Ostensibly a chronicle of police activities during the ghetto period, the document in fact reflects an attempt by the Jewish police at self-examination and substantive commentary as the events unfolded. The History of the Ghetto1 On June 24, 1941, the third day of the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania’s second largest city, famed as an important cultural and spiritual center, 1 The primary sources for this chapter are: Leib Garfunkel, The Destruction of Kovno’s Jewry (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1959); Josef Gar, The Destruction of Jewish Kovno (Yiddish) (Munich: Association of Lithuanian Jews in the American Zone in Germany, 1948); Josef Rosin, “Kovno,” Pinkas Hakehillot: Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities – Lithuania (Hebrew), Dov Levin, ed.