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Bonaventura's "Nachtwachen" and Dostoevsky's "Notes from the Underground"

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Bonaventura's Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 79 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Rado Pribić Bonaventura's "Nachtwachen" and Dostoevsky's "Notes from the Underground" A Comparison in Nihilism Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. Rado Pribi - 9783954793310 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:03:47AM via free access S l a v is t ic h e B eiträge BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON JOHANNES HOLTHUSEN UND JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION: PETER REHDER Band 79 Staats Münch®0 Rado Pribi - 9783954793310 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:03:47AM via free access 00046926 RADO PRIBIĆ NACHTWACHEN" AND״ BONAVENTURA’S ״NOTES FROM THE UNDERGROUND״ DOSTOEVSKY’S A COMPARISON IN NIHILISM VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1974 Rado Pribi - 9783954793310 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:03:47AM via free access 00046926 S l c x w o í . ß e # ļ* ISBN 3 87690 091 3 Copyright by Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1974 Abteilung der Firma Kubon und Sagner, München Drucks Alexander Großmann _ 8 München 19, Ysenburgstraße 7 Rado Pribi - 9783954793310 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:03:47AM via free access 00046926 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION....................................... 7 Chapter I. NIHILISM..................................15 II. CONDITIONING CIRCUMSTANCES.................37 III. PROTAGONISTS.............................. 47 IV. THE PROTAGONISTS AND THEIR F E L L C W M E N ....... 70 V. THE PROTAGONISTS AND SOCIETY ............... 9 3 VI. NARRATIVES AND NARRATORS...................109 VII. NIHILISM AS AESTHETIC PRINCIPLE ............. 128 CONCLUSION ......................................... 147 LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED.............................. 150 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................... 155 Rado Pribi - 9783954793310 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:03:47AM via free access iP S Íítf ־ ! • י . * * * ' Wf>'T I ■ V\ י J 1 1 • L* 1 ןץI -/■ I 1 4 י !״־ m m a m - Л די ! ? І П Й З ! й & I 1■ >3 11■ I ך?.* ж * ® .:I . № í i á r& r1 • י .t■: - זו н и M « ו ו r,J I I I ? 4 ' № к • w ‘TJ. ►Vļ ■ IT Г Г V׳ •a u ri ш י - י - י I • f f יי>[Ü * -и У гt ן .* 4 ־ ו.— '&fb ’ÿ T ■ 1 PЙ Д» ■I L I V, / II I »T f A . ז ► ז . ; :ד- וו ■־ =■» If י - Vi,— ויP * נгЛРіг^ T" ■ ^ר \ - • ״ «*<V■ . י ־ ״״д. T г fr ו.г I,-־CÏT ļfcū,K I l 1 IT ^: ׳,^^;יד&י ודגיייג* l’itile «י t y Ѵв* I*ÿ Wt«i $hø№='» ני Д• » tUT^M АДОІІ ft мы■ к к I л \Т1~ ־h w Itffc ļļļļj I li ■ I ļj_ •7Ѣ1 Ж ì b y l LMTftLTáÉR . t I — I fi I ו ו т Ä v : j * ' 1 ■ѴЛ- ļ feĪŅJj д \ ■L « « ? і в д I 1• l> P V I - Л 1 y 1 / JL PJl fi Rado Pribi - 9783954793310 Ia o n . Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:03:47AM via free access L. _.1íl ״ INTRODUCTION At the first glance, Bonaventura1s Nachtwachen and F. M. Dostoevsky's Notes from the Underground seem to have little in common. The plots are different; the novels were published more than half a century apart; they grew out of different geo- graphical regions with different cultural developments, and were written by authors of different nationalities and charac- ters. Yet, as soon as one penetrates deeper into the structure of both novels, one discovers a remarkable interrelatedness of thought, and notices a striking similarity of formal princi- pies and narrative techniques used by both authors to mediate these thoughts. Most of all, one is astonished by the nihil- istic concept which underlies both novels. Nachtwachen appeared as No. 7 of the third year of the rather obscure Journal von neuen deutschen Original Romanen which was edited by the small publishing house of F. Dienemann and Company in the little known German town of Penig in Saxony. The title page of the journal bears the year 1804, whereas the title page of the novel itself points at the year 1805• One part of the eighth night watch called "Prolog des Hanswurstes zu einer Tragödie: der Mensch" was already published on July 21, 1804, in the journal Zeitung für die elegante Welt. Notes from the Underground was printed in 1864 in two issues (January/February and April) of the new journal Epokha, which was edited by Dostoevsky's brother Michael. Rado Pribi - 9783954793310 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:03:47AM via free access 00046926 -8- Ever since Nachtwachen appeared in print and was later listed by Rudolf Haym among the "geistreichsten Productioner. der Romantik",1 literati and literary critics tried to lift the veil of anonymity surrounding Bonaventura. This was not at all an easy undertaking, because ideas, views and problens broached by the author of Nachtwachen were common stock of « that time; furthermore, fragments, vigils, confessions, liter- ary quotes and analogies were frequently applied structural devices of the times. Thus, neither the content nor the form of the novel provided sufficient information about the writer hiding under the pen name "Bonaventura". The authorship of the novel was ascribed to several writers, among whom are F. W. J. Schelling, his wife Caroline, Cl. Brentano, E. T. A. Hoff- mann, and F. G. Wetzel. In 1973, Jost Schillemeit once again approached the ques- tion of authorship and, adducing ample circumstantial evidence, proved rather convincingly that the author of Nachtwachen was August Klingemann (1777-1831).2 Klingemann, in 1798 a law student at the University of Jena, was not only known as a novelist and playwright but also as a prolific literary critic whose articles appeared mainly in the above mentioned Zeitung für die elegante Welt. In 1800 Klingemann began publishing his own journal called Memnon. In 1Die romantische Schule (Berlin, 1870; rpt. Darmstadt, 1961), p. 636. 2 ,Nachtwachen" (München,״ Bonaventura. Der Verfasser der ־ ' .(1973 Rado Pribi - 9783954793310 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:03:47AM via free access 00046926 -9- 1813, he was appointed director of the theater in Braunschweig which under his management soon became one of the leading Ger- man theaters. The data about the author of Nachtwachen shed new light on the content of the novel and the entire atmosphere which had produced it. The information explains the protagonist's profound knowledge of juridical matters, makes the aesthetic ־criticism which pervades the novel understandable, and eluci ־dates the recurrence of the theater motifs, especially the pun gent attacks on Kotzebue and Iffland. Likewise, we are well informed about the circumstances under and the mood in which Dostoevsky had created his under- ground man. The foundation for the novel was prepared by Dos- toevsky's penal servitude in Siberia which destroyed his be- lief in man's perfectibility and revealed the idleness of the Schilleresque highminded dream of the "sublime and beautiful". After his return from Siberian exile and two journeys to West- ern Europe (in 1862 and 1863), Dostoevsky also turned away from the radical utopian utilitarianism, advanced by N. Cherny- shevsky and the radicals of the sixties, and repudiated even I. Turgenev's moderate liberalism. Some of the gloomy and agonizing mood of the novel may be attributed to Dostoevsky's personal experiences during ti\e sixties, such as his unhappy love affair with the actress Apollinaria Suslova, his mania for gambling, his permanent lack of financial means, his poor health, the alarming illness of his brother Michael, and, last but not least, his rather Rado Pribi - 9783954793310 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:03:47AM via free access 00046926 ־10־ strange relationship to his dying wife. There is no evidence whatsoever that Dostoevsky might have read Bonaventura1s Nachtwachen. īn any case, Dominique Arban does not mention Bonaventura among the authors read by Dostoevsky.3 To the author's knowledge no French or Russian translation of Nachtwachen was available by the time Dostoev- sky wrote the Notes. However, Walter Rehm comparing Jean Paul's "Rede des toten Christus vom Weltgebäude, dass kein Grand Inquisitor" in the Brothers״Gott sei" with Dostoevsky's 1 Karamazov, suggests that Dostoevsky might have known the French 4 translation of Jean Paul's work. That, of course, would ex- plain the affinity of thought in the two novels under investi- gátion, for, as Herman Michel demonstrated, Bonaventura adopted and carried on many of Jean Paul's ideas and motifs.^ There is also, at least, a theoretical chance that Dostoevsky heard about Bonaventura's Nachtwachen. As the historian Karl von Hase, a friend of the Dienemann family in Penig conveyed in his memoirs, the Dienemann publish- ing house maintained a book store in St. Petersburg. This 3Les années d'apprentissage de Fiodor Dostoievsky (Paris, 1968). 4 Jean Paul - Dostoevsky: Zur dichterischen Gestaltung des Unglaubens (Göttingen, 1962). ~ "*Hermann Michel, ed., Nachtwachen von Bonaventura, Deutsche Literaturdenkmale des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, N0 . 133 (Berlin, 1904), pp. XIX-XXXIV. Subsequent references to this edition will appear in the text. Bonaventura will be henceforth quoted as B, followed by Roman numerals for the nightwatch and arabie numerals for page. Rado Pribi - 9783954793310 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:03:47AM via free access 00046926 ־11־ branch establishment was closed by the Russian po>lice for po- liticai reasons sometime after November 1806 and F. Dienemann was deported to the border of Finland.
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