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Research Article Volume 9 Issue No.4 A Review on Different Methods of Soil Stabilization Ganesh. M. Bhatlawande1, Ajit. C. Babar2, Prof. A. A Darge3 Department of Civil Engineering Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University Lonere, Maharashtra, India

Abstract: Every civil engineering structure must be safe and stable for that the soil above which it is rest should have sufficient shear strength and bearing capacity. It can be improved by soil stabilization method when soil present at site should be unsuitable. The main purpose of this review paper is to analyze the technique of soil stabilization based on results of research. Soil stabilization improve the various engineering properties such as shrinking, swelling, shear strength, permeability etc. all methods of soil stabilization is classified into two categories namely chemical stabilization and mechanical stabilization. Mechanical stabilization is the process to stabilize the soil by changing the composition of soil or altering its gradation and chemical stabilization is the process of changing the chemical properties of soil by adding various admixtures. Various materials are used as soil stabilizer such fly ash, lime bitumen, cement etc.

Key words: Soil stabilization; Mechanical stabilization; Soil stabilizer; Geotechnical Engineering.

I. INTRODUCTION embankment of roads, railways etc. mechanical stabilization is the simplest method of stabilization. Mechanical stability Soil is the unaggregated deposits or mixture of minerals, organic depends upon the degree of compaction normally compaction is matter and fragments covering large portion earth crusts. Hence done at optimum moisture content. it is used to improve the sub- there are different types of soil is present and also vary grades of low bearing capacity and also for construction of bases, throughout the world and hence the properties of soil is also vary sub-bases, and surfaces of roads. Generally the cement and lime equally. Nearly 20% of land in India contains expansive soil. We stabilization are the common methods of stabilization of clay in know that the soil loose their property of shear strength in pavement construction work. wetting condition. Hence to construct any civil engineering structure soil must have sufficient strength. Therefore when it is II. SOIL STABILIZERS USED FOR SOIL STABILIZATION necessary to improve the engineering properties of soil and suitability of soil methods of soil stabilization is used. Soil Fly ash: stabilization is the process of changing one or more properties of Fly ash is a byproduct which is generated from burning soil using soil stabilizer to improve the performance of soil. pulverized coal in electric power plant and steam creating plant. Hence stabilization is being used for variety of engineering Fly ash consist silicon, aluminium, iron oxides and unoxidized works. The most common application being in the construction carbon. Fly ash is micro sized particles and spherical in shape of roads and air fields pavements, where the main purpose is to due to this it is easy to blend and flow. Fly ash is classified into increase the strength or suitability of soil for these the soil two groups, “class F” and “class C” Class F fly ash is also called stabilization are used. We all know that the landslide occur due raichur fly ash and Class C is called neyveli fly ash. Burning of to the excessive rainfall, earthquake, snow melting and human sub-bituminous type of coal and lignite which contains more activities etc. due to this the properties of soil is disturbed. In than 20% calcium oxide gives the class C fly ash. By ignition of many countries landslide occurs in such cases soil stabilization is anthracite and bituminous type of coal which contains less than used to avoid the landslide. Mechanical stabilization and 20%calcium oxide, gives class F fly ash. Erdal Cokca (2001) chemical stabilization are the two important methods used for the conclude that when soil specimens are treated with 25% of class stabilization of soil. In chemical stabilization Chemical C fly ash then swelling pressure decreased by 75% after 7 day admixture is used to enhance soil stability and to obtain this curing, and 79% after38 days curing. The Pandian et al.(2002) stability certain chemical compound is added in expansive soil. studied the effect of these two types of ash on CBR/strength of Sometimes, Mechanical stabilization is not economical or not black cotton soil. In his study he state that fly ash content possible and even it is not suitable to replace undesirable soil increased from 0 to 100 %. He concluded that the increase in with desirable soil. Generally fly ash, cement and lime are the strength with increase in fly ash content in soil. Also the main chemicals are used for soil stabilization. These are phanikumar and sharma (2004) studied the effect of fly ash on combined with the help of machines or the method that depend engineering properties of soil like swelling, plasticity, strength on the location. This method changes the soil property such as and compaction etc. and he conclude that shear strength strength of soil, compressibility, Hydraulic conductivity and increases with increase in fly ash content. Sabat et al. (2005) change in the volume of the soil. Mechanical stabilization is the studied the effect of mixture of fly ash-marble powder on process in which mechanical energy is used with the help of expansive soil and stated the proportions of soil; fly ash and rollers, plate compactors, tampers etc.to improve the soil marble powder such 65%, 20% and 15% to give the best results. properties by compaction. It is mostly used for construction of Amut et al. studied the stabilization of expansive soil using

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, April 2019 21557 http://ijesc.org/ mixture fly ash and cement and gives the proportions for best f. Additives- as name indicate it provides to improve strength. results such as cement 9% and fly ash 3%. Ji-ru and Xing (2002), Some additives are sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphate, Zha et al. (2008) and Bose (2012) observed positive result when sodium met silicate. he studied the effects of lime and class F fly ash (FFA) added to expansive soil. Some limitations of fly ash stabilization is Bitumen: summarized below Asphalts and tars are the bituminous materials used for the stabilization of soil. Bituminous soil stabilization is the process a. Soil-fly ash mixture is free from sulphur content because it in which bitumen is mixed in soil to increase the load bearing affects the long term strength and durability. capacity and cohesion of soil. Due to addition of bitumen pores b. Moisture content in soil which has to stabilize is less. in soil are sealed hence permeability of soil reduces. Types of bitumen used in bitumen soil stabilization depend upon the types Lime: of soil to be stabilized, method of construction and weather Lime improves properties of soil so it can help to stabilize the conditions. In construction of pavement using bituminous soil. It require sufficient amount of heat not less than 40 stabilization the factors that seem most important to control are Fahrenheit. By extending dates of construction slaking process surface moisture content, viscosity of asphalt, asphalt content, increases required amount of heat which is helpful for reaction uniformity of mixing, compaction, aeration, compaction , curing. with soil. Generally lime reacts with fine grained or moderately fine grained soil. Type of lime is depending on the type of soil a. Surface moisture content: and the amount is depending on the soil is remodified or The surface moisture of the soil to be stabilized is can be stabilized. Following are the types of limes generally used. calculated by oven drying methods or other method. Three or . Hydrated high calcium lime more than three percent surface moisture content can be used for . Monohydrated dolomite lime emulsified asphalt and less than three percent for cutback . Calcite quick lime asphalt which is recommended by asphalt institute. . Dolomite lime Lime can be used alone or combination with cement, bitumen, or b. Viscosity of asphalt: fly ash. It effects on the soil by cation exchange or pozzolanic The asphalt institute recommends that cold mix construction action due to cementing effect. Lime soil mixture gives sufficient should be performed at temperature below 50 degrees F. durability to resist the structure make sure that heavy vehicles are not allowed within 14 days. Amount can be calculated by using c. Asphalt content CBR test or unconfined compressive strength. CBR test The asphalt content should be optimum or slightly below for conducted with raw soil using 4, 5 and 6% lime. For coarse specified mix. Due to excessive asphalt there is chance of grained soil 2 to 8% and for plastic soil 5 to 10% of lime is difficulty in compaction and result in plastic deformation in required. Fly ash is mix with lime about 8 to 20% of soil weight. service during hot weather. Quantity of lime can be calculated by % by weight not by volume for that you must know density of soil by doing d. curing compaction testing. Stabilization should be 6 inches for marginal In asphalt soil stabilization curing is the greatest problem. soil, 8 to 9 inches for poorer and 10 to 12 inches for very worst Asphalt institute recommends that 2 to 5 days curing under good soil. Determination of lime for project you must consider project condition when emulsified bases are being constructed. length, variable alignment, rock, new or old construction. Lime moderately improves engineering property, workability, e. Aeration impermeability and load bearing capacity of soil. It is more If the mix cannot be properly aerated then it cannot compact up suitable in high temperature area as compared to low temperature to specified limit. area and suitable for soils like clay, silty clay, and clayey gravel and not for granular and sandy soil. Following are the factors f. compaction affecting After completion of aeration compaction should be begin. Asphalt institute recommends that compaction begin when color a. Type of soil- soil should be reactive soil which can be change from black to brown. Early compaction can cause rutting reacted with lime. Reactive soil gives proper mixture of soil of mix due to overstressing under the roller. and lime. Soil must contain pozzolon to react with lime. b. Type of lime- generally two types of lime are there Depending upon the action of bitumen on soil and nature of hydraulic and quicklime which is more effective than soils, bitumen stabilization is classified into following four hydraulic lime. For quicklime care must be taken it produces types cracks on the skin. c. Lime content- on content of lime workability, plasticity . Sand bitumen: In this type of bitumen stabilization soil index, shrinkage limit and swelling are depend so it has to such as loose beach, dune pit or river sand is stabilized. be take special care of lime content. . Soil bitumen: in this type cohesive soil is stabilized in d. Compaction- to achieve greater strength it should be which main function of bitumen is to preserve the cohesive compacted at optimum moisture content so it can give strength by reducing the water absorption. maximum compaction density. . Water proofed mechanical stabilization: in this type small e. Curing- at the initial stages proper curing must provide to amounts of bitumen are sometimes added to mechanically gain rapid strength. Curing helps to achieve better stabilized soils to make them waterproof. Also in this type stabilization. two or more soil materials are mixed to form a good

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, April 2019 21558 http://ijesc.org/ gradation. And then small bitumen is added and soil is steel slag and fly ash in expansive soil. Then the performance of compacted. modified soil is check by different tests such as permeability test, . Oiled earth: slow and medium curing road oils are spread compaction test and unconfined compressive test. Based on these on the grout surface to make it water and abrasion resistant. tests the percentage of steel slag and fly ash is calculated. The oils are penetrating a short depth into the soil without Kavak et al (2016)studied the effect of ground granulated blast involving any mechanical mixing. furnance slag and lime on Ankara clay soil. When he evaluated Cement: the result of experiment then based on these result he conclude Soil cement stabilization is hydration of cement particles that can that unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California interlock with one another and gives high compressive strength. bearing ratio (CBR) increases. The increase in value is 46 times Cement acts as a binding agent. For effective stabilization size in CBR values for Ankara clay compared to natural case in 28 distribution is necessary it gives high strength bond between days cured samples. cement and soil. The quantity required is depending on the type Tarkeshwar pramanik et al (2016) of soil. Very poor soil is uneconomical for stabilization. Cement studied the effect of marble stabilization has some advantages over other stabilization dust and ground granulated blast furnance slag on soil which is used foe sub-grade. He used the sandy clayey soil which is . Portland cement is economical and easy to use. modified using combination of marble dust and GGBS in . Cement is manufactured in ASTM standards ensuring of different proportions (0%+0%, 5%+5%, 10%+10%, 15%+15% quality and its performance. and 20%+20%). According to the various test conducted using . Its long life stabilization. these proportion he concluded that the proportions (15%+15%) . Decreases increased volume than other agents. of marble dust and GGBS is sufficient to increase CBR value in . Easily available in bulk unsoaked and soaked condition up to 195% and 100% Soil and cement becomes durable material for that cement approximately. hydrates and gives strength. Cement fills the gap between soil Dayalan J (2016) particles and hence reduces voids ratio. Cement also helps in studied the effect of ground granulated blast decrease in liquid limit; improve plasticity index and workability furnance slag and fly ash on soil. He added the different of clayey soil. Cement is of many types which are ordinary proportions of GGBS and fly ash separately such as 5%, 10%, Portland cement, blast furnace cement, sulphate resistant cement, 15% and 20% by dry weight of soil which has to be stabilized. and high alumina cement. This process can be affected by He concluded from experiments that the optimum percentage of presence of impurities, water cement ratio, curing temperature, fly ash is 15% and that of GGBS is 20% for positive results. presence of additives and specific surface of the mixture. It improves the properties like plasticity, decreased volume III. CONSTRUCTION STEPS: expansion and increased strength. . Lime stabilization : Slag: It is an admixture which is easily available and it is the by- 1. Scarification and initial pulverization: product during the manufacture of iron in blast furnance or the First soil brought to line and grade, and then the subgrade is byproduct of other metals. scarified to the specified depth and width and then partially pulverized. The materials other than soil which are greater than 3 Ashish kumar phatak et al (2014) studied the effect of ground inches such as roots, turf, and aggregate are remove. At the time granulated blast furnance (GGBS) and he compare the of lime application scarified and pulverized subgrade gives more engineering properties of soil when 0% slag is added to soil with contact area for lime. the soil in which GGBS percentage is increased from 0 % to 25% then he notice that the engineering properties is improved when 2. Lime spreading GGBS is added to soil. And he concluded that the maximum dry Generally there are two methods for spreading of lime in first density increases and optimum moisture contain is decreases step self-loaded truck can distribute the lime mechanically or with addition of GGBS contents. And maximum dry density is pneumatically the full width of truck. And in second method the obtained at 25% of GGBS added to soil. bags of lime are spot on the runway and empty the bags, and then lime is levelled by raking or dragging. And then lime slurry is Oormila T. R. et al. (2014) studied the effect of fly ash and spread with or without pressure with the help of the distributor ground granulated blast furnance slag on soil. The sample is was tanks or asphalt tank trucks. tested is collected from palur, Tamil nadu and then different percentages of fly ash (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and GGBS 3. Initial mixing, watering and curing (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) was added to compare the strength Mixing is required to mix the lime throughout the soil. This can results with its original strength. He concluded that the 20% of be start with scarification but in some modern mixture the GGBS gives the maximum increases in CBR value compared scarification is not necessary. And the water is added to mixture with all other combinations. of lime and soil. Then the mixture of soil, lime and water is mixed with the help of rotary mixtures. Here the amount of water Ortega-Lopez et al (2014)studied the effect of five different is approximately increased by 2% types of ladle furnance slag on soil with 5% proportion as recommended by Manso et al. (2013). He got the positive results. 4. Final mixing and pulverization For the complete stabilization distribution of lime throughout the Kayal Rajakumaran (2015) studied the effect of steel slag and soil and sufficient pulverization of clay friction are essential. fly ash on expansive soil. He added the different percentage of Mixing and pulverization should continue until 60% of material

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, April 2019 21559 http://ijesc.org/ passes through number 4 sieve. and 100% of material passes the 1 inches sieve. Here also rotary mixture is for pulverization. [3]. Erdal Cokca (2001) “Use Of Class C Fly Ashes for the Stabilization – of an Expansive Soil” Journal of Geotechnical 5. Compaction and Geo environmental Engineering Vol. 127, July, pp. 568-573. After completion of final mixing and pulverization compaction should be start with the help of sheet foot rollers. The lime soil [4]. Er. Rehana Rasool, Er. Kshipra Kapoor, Review On mixture is compacted up to the 95% of maximum density should Stabilization Of Soil By Ground Granulated Blast Slag, be obtained. The density value is depending upon the proctor International Journal of Latest Research In Engineering and curve. And the final surface compaction is completed by using Computing (IJLREC) Volume 5, Issue 3 , Page No. 5-9 May- steel wheel roller. June 2017.

6. Final curing [5]. Habiba Afrin. A review on different types of soil Curing can be done in two ways: first one is moist curing in this stabilization techniques, International Journal of Transportation curing the surface is maintained in moist condition by sprinkling Engineering and Technology. Vol. 3, No. 2, 2017, pp. 19-24. when it is necessary. And second is membrane curing in this type [6]. Ji-ru, Zhang and Cao Xing, 2002. Stabilization of expansive the compacted surface is sealed with bituminous prime coat soil by lime and fly ash, Journal of Wuhan University of emulsion. Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. no. 17(4): 73-77. . Cement Stabilization [7]. Kavak, A., & Akyarlı, A. (2007). A field application for lime 1. Initial preparation stabilization, Environmental geology, 51(6), 987

Frist soil brought to the line and grade and then correct unstable [8]. Kavak Reuse of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag subgrade areas. Scarification and pulverization of soil can be (GGBFS) in Lime Stabilized Embankment Materials, IACSIT done if it is necessary. And then reshape to crown and grade. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2. Mixing 1, February 2016

There are two methods first is mixed-in-place method in this [9]. Manso, J.M., J.A. Polanco, M. Gonzales, J.J. Gonzales, method Portland cement is spread and then mix with soil and 2005. Ladle furnace slag in construction. Journal of Materials in water. And second method is central mixing plant in this method Civil Engineering, 17(5): 513-518. soil, cement and water is mixed in proportion and hauls this mixture to placing areas. And also spread this mixture uniformly [9]. Onyelowe Ken C.1 and Okafor F. O.2, A Comparative over the entire area. Review of Soil Modification Methods, ARPN Journal of Earth Sciences, VOL. 1, NO. 2, NOVEMBER 2012 3. Compaction After completion of mixing immediately start a compaction with [10]. Oormila T.R., Preeti.T.V. (2014), “Effect of Stabilization the help of pneumatic-tired and sheep foot rollers. And then Using Flyash and GGBS in Soil Characteristics”, International using steel wheeled roller surface finishing is done. Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 11 Number 6 - May 2014, pp 284-289. 4. Curing Sufficient moisture contain require for adequate cement [11]. Pandian, N.S. and K.C. Krishna, 2003. The pozzolanic hydration. Here bituminous materials and also other materials effect of fly ash on the California bearing ratio behavior of black such as waterproof paper or plastic sheets, wet straw or sand, fog cotton soil. Journal of testing and evaluation no. 31(6): 479-485. type water spray, and wet burlap are used for curing. [12]. Phani Kumar, B.R. and Radhey S. Sharma 2004. Effect of IV. CONCLUSION fly ash on engineering properties of expansive soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering no. 130(7): From this review paper it can be concluded that the several 764-767. methods are implemented for modification of various properties of soil. And different types of materials are used as soil [13]. Tarkeshwar Pramanik Study the Behaviour of Soil for Sub stabilizers and an above discussion is helpful to decide the Grade by using Marble Dust and Ground Granulated Blast effective materials for soil stabilization. Also we can decide the Furnace Slag. International Journal of Innovative Research in percentage of materials added to the soil. However this review Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 paper is also helpful to focus the different properties material Certified Organization) Vol. 5, Issue 5, May 2016 depends upon the experimental results. [14]. Umair Hasan, Amin Chegenizadeh, Mochamad Arief V. REFERENCES Budihardjo,4Hamid Nikraz, A Review of the Stabilisation Techniques on Expansive Soils, Australian Journal of Basic and [1]. Asish Kumar Pathak, Dr.V.Pandey, (2014), “Soil Applied Sciences, 9(7) April 2015, Pages: 541-548 Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, [15]. Veith, G., 2000. Essay competition: Green, ground and Vol4, Issue4, May 2014, pp.164-171. great: soil stabilization with slag. Building Research & Information no. 28(1): 70-72. [2]. Dayalan J1, Comparative Study On Stabilization of Soil With Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Fly Ash, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2016

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