THE HUNGARIAN AND TRANSY LVANIAN UNITARIANS.
SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR
COMPILED FROM VARICUS SOURCES
BY M. LUCY TRGART. C
LONDON : UNITARIAN CHRISTIAN FUBLISHING OFFICE, 5, FURNIVALSTREET, HOLBORX, E.C.
=903* PREFACE.
__e_
Unitarians of England and Transylvania have
been contributed by those who took part in the
Tour of 1901, with the exception of those by '-
W Miss Fangh, Professor KovAcs, Mr. Erodi, Mr. :*" A Marshall, and an extract from The Inquirer. d P "t: G.. Some apology is needed for the order in which :.I 6% the articles occur, and also for the omission of any I
detailed account of Mr. Steinthal's, Mr. J. J. Tayler's, l:! m. * rc I Messrs. Gordon and Chalmer's, Mr. Ierson's, and '7 vi PREFACE.
b '.z' which might well be included in any subsequent publication.
I must also acknowledge the great help I have received from my kind friend, Miss Emily Sharpe, " CONTENTS. at whose suggestion this compilation was under-
and completed.
M. L. TAGART. Preface ...... v * Visit of Rev. E. Tagart and his Daughter to Transyl- vania (M. L. Tagart) . . . . ., .. Y Visit of Messrs. Ferencz and BuzogAny to England HAMPSTEAD,N.W. (Rev. T. L. Marshall) ...... 7 April 13th, 1903. Visit of Rev. J. J. Tayler to Transylvania (From The Inquirer) ...... 8 The Hungarian Tour (T. P. Spedding) The Fortress at D6va (T. Ward) . Torda (C. Ginever) . . . . Toroczk6 (E. M. Davies) The Unitarian College at Kolozsvir . Professor KovAcs' Account of ditto . CONTENTS.
I -' _ - i , S'8. PAGB' The Hungarian Tour (M. L. Tagart) ...... 38 ~ecdllections :ungarian Stud ents (Rev. T.
List of Students ...... t gu~garian %nit arims, Hungarian Lady Students ...... Hungarian Music (Rev. W. Jenkin Davies) . . . . Edited by MISS TAGART.
, Hungarian ~ational.~nthems(Rev. E. Ceredig Jones) Opening of New Unitarian College at Kolozsvir Recollections of a Ksit to Tranylvania with my Father, the (E. Fangh) ...... Rev. E. TAGART,in I8,58. Letter from Toroczk6 (Five Signatures) . . ..
Geography, &C., of Hungary (Dr. Bela Erodi) . . HE disturbed state of Europe and the Revolutions Approximate List of Dates, showing the Struggles for that took place in r 848 are still fresh in the recol- Religious Liberty . , ...... lection of some living persons, and not unknown to those of this generation. But it may be well to recall the reaction the after effects of the revolt against the petty tyranny of some of these governments, and the oppression of the aristocratic and privileged classes on the tillers of the soil, condemning them to a condition of serfdom. This was essentially the condition of Hungary at the time my father ,and I set out to visit it. Although the agitation of ICossuth, when he made such a profound impression on England, had ceased-he had retired to Italy an exile, and so had Pulszky, whom I so well remem- ber *in England-yet the fire still smouldered, the riven heart of the country still bled with unhealed wounds. On every side the civil war between the Hungarian races and B T'HUNGARUN UNITARIANS. Ic'El? E. TAGAKT'S VISIT. the Wallachs and Slovacs, incited by Austria and aided by 'By the advice of Mr. Paget my father arranged with his Russia, had left evidences of ravages, buildings unrestored, colleagues to take out thd money himself (about ~z,ooo), homes destroyed, fields untilled, roads unmended, and and parted from them early in August, 1858, never to meet the countenances of men were anxious and depressed ; them face to face again. One of the questions which but the spirit of the Hungarians was still unsubdued. interested my father the most was how to enable Hungarian Especially was this the case with the Unitarians of Tran- students to come over to Manchester College. He was sylvania, in their retired mountain valleys, in the towns prepared on his return to diess this, and to enable it to where dwelt the Szeklers, a proud race with ancestral privi- b3 carried out immediately. Bishop Ferencz and Mr. leges of equality, and in Klausenburg (now known by its Buzogany were the first to visit England in the following Hungarian name of I and all the passengers alight and converse. The heat was found Mr. Paget waiting for us with a cordial welcome. ' very great ; but the marvels of.the great. plain, the mirage, Once arrived at Mr. Paget'~house,. we were entertained illusions, water and villages on the horizon, disappearing for ten days in the most hospitable manner. The greatest as we .approached ; the great wells,. with L balanced pole contrast presented itself between the refined house, the standing high in the air, with long rope and bucket varied cultured talk, the wide, dusty streets, and the attached ; the herds of cattle and ponies, and, above all, almost savage-looking population of various races. the patient white oxen plodding along.with their enormous Mr. Paget was the best talker I have ever met, and horns and beautiful eyes, attracted our attention ; but most he laid himself out to entertain us. He seemed to have of all were we amused at the peasants and shepherds, lived three or four careers in one life-time-medical, grouped picturesquely at the stations, wearing the loose scientific, military, and now that of a landed proprietor. white trousers., hardly to be distinguished from petticoats. Mr. Paget and my father went over college experiences But, oh ! how tired me were, and how hungry before we at together, with stories of tutors, Dr. Wellbeloved, Mr. last reached Gross Wardein ! Entering the crouded inn, Xenrick, and fellow-students, amongst others James we were at first refused rooms, but: after a time we were bIartineau. I had llever seen my father more animated, shown to small, dirty rooms, the doors of which would not. or seeming in better health. He was full of interest, loclc. Then, asking in our best German for food, we were taking notes for a detailed reprt on his return. told we could not be served for hours. Almost fainting Mr. Paget told us much about the gipsies and his plan and in despair, .suddenly the music of a gipsy band broke for teaching and educating them. He told of all that he upon our ears. Instantly thrilled and revived, the music. hoped from the construction of the railway, the improved roused and electrified us, and all troubles were easily agriculture tending to bring the gentry together to strive borne. for a nobler state of society, and what an important part The night journey over the mountains to Klausenburp he thought Unitarians might play if they were better had to be made in a diligence-the scenery was weird and educated and stronger. All public meetings had been picturesque. Men and women, carrying their precious red suppressed, with the exception of those in connection with - boots, walked barefoot in their beautifully embroidered horse-racing, and liberals made use of this opportunity for , , white sheepskit? clothes. ~dreand there were grouped the discussioll of reform and progress. He loved to dilate family parties round the camp fire, resting for the night, upon the rich mineral resources of the country still un- l' with waggon and oxen alongside. The mou~ltaingorge developed, and to comment on the forestry, making me and rushing river were magnificent in the moonlight; notice the woods and timber as we passed. sleep was almost impossible. F, ,,,+, It struck us as strange that there seemed no inter- It was not till noon that we reached I a ! and yet Garibaldi's progress in Italy and events occurring Unitarians were their brethren, and worshipping in the same in London and Paris were well known and discussed. way the only One God. He came to bring them cheer Although outside was a sort of oriental barbarism, in the that they might forget their sufferings. That man came to houses of the cultured the newest books and periodicals them, but h~ecould not return and reach the soil of his lay about on the tables. own country." ,!&!I From I and the celebrated gorge and salt mines. c-: ' * . At GyAres the house was only recovering from having been sacked and burnt. Mr. Paget related that when all the books were flung from the windows and burnt in the Yisit of Messrs. FERENCZand BUZOGANYto England in court-yard, one attached maid-servant thought she would May, 1859. save a treasure for her mistress, but, alas ! it was only a book of fashion-plates. Still, Mrs. Paget felt grateful for the kindly thought of her maid. OSEPH FERENCZ, now Bishop of the Unitarian Mrs. Paget was a most interesting companion, well- Church of Transylvania, and Aaron Bdzogany, ' "8. read and highly-cultured, and an artist; the walls being Professor Elect of the Unitarian College at covered by her paintings. Klausenburg, paid an official visit to England in May, Returning to Klausenburg, we parted from our kind 1859. They were received as guests of the British and friends to make a hurried journey back to England; but Foreign Unitarian Association, and as I was then Junior in Brussels my father became seriously ill, and, in spite of Secretary they were quartered in my house. They were the kind attention of two doctors and careful nursing, he exceedingly pleasant and highly-cultivated men, and having died on October rzth, I 858. previously had a good literary knowledge of the English Great changes have taken place since, but the union of language, they soon expressed themselves with great heart to heart between the Unitarians of England and facility. I had much pleasure in introducing them to Hungary remains the same. As Bishop Ferencz said, many of our friends, and taking them to many places in my father was "the first English minister who brought which they were greatly interested. They stayed, I think, fresh spirit to them, telling them that beyond the ocean on a month in my house ; then in Great Camden Street. They the west there was a nation among whom were Unitarians, were both of them present at the Annual Meeting of the and that they should be alone npore, for the English Association held on June I 5, I 859, and also at the Annual 8 THE HUNGARIAIV UNITARIA A-S. " "U REiT jf. 7. TAYLER. 9 I I I 4 - Meeting of the London District Unitarian Society OR were cot repeated in the nineteenth ; but in the middle of June I 6th. At the former meeting the Rev. S. A. Steinthal, last century, in face of the fresh uprising of the Hungarian who had just returned from his visit to Transylvania, pro- people, the Austrian Government made an insidious attempt posed : "The Unitarian Church in Hungary, and our to strike at the heart of the Unitarian community. . cordial welcome to the two members of that church now The order was issued that no school or college should present with us, Mr. Ferencz and Mr. Buzogany." Both be allowed to exist without a certain endowment for those gentlemen responded in admirable speeches, " spoken .adequate maintenance, the standard being fixed at what with great animation and remarkable fluency," which are was judged to be beyond the resources of the Unitarians. reported in full in The inquirer of June I 8tA, 1859. The But through the interest of Mr. John Paget, an old York establishment of a Transylvanian Scholarship at Manchester student of Manchester College, who was settled in Transyl- New College owes its origin to this visit. vania, the urgent need f~rhelp was made known to the T. L. MARSHALL. Unitarians of England and America, and sufficient funds to save the colleges were quickly raised. It was in connec- tion with this effort that Mr. Tagart made his journey, and from that time the bonds of brotherly union between our people. and the Hungarian churches have been more and more closely drawn, and particularly through the presence Visit of Rev. J. J. TAYLERto Tmnyhania in I 568, and ,, *of a succession of Hungarian students at Manchester b ' " of ihe Rev. ALEXANDERGOK~ON in I 87 9. College. - In the late summer of 1868 the Rev. John James Tayler -P paid a visit to Transylvania, in order to be present at the # 4 I *_ 1 i I ,celebration of the three-hundredth - anniversary of the HE Hungarian Church looks back for its origin to proclamation of religious liberty at Thorda, and the account the declaration of religipus liberty by John Sigis- .of his visit, which he contributed to the Theological Review mund, Prince of Transylvania, at the Diet of +of January, 1869, together with a report of a subsequent Thorda in I 568, and to Francis David, the first Unitarian .visit made in I 879 by the Rev. Alexander Gordon in con- , bishop, who, in I 579 sealed his fearless testimony by a nection with the tercentenary of the death of Francis martyr death in prison. Since that day the Church has David, furnish a vivid picture of the condition of the endured much persecution, but only for the proving of its Hdngarian churches, and bring very close to our sympathies faith and the awakening of fresh energies in devoted the religious life of that distant people. Towards a know- service. The violent persecutions of he ei hteenth century Jedge of their present problems and aspirations the most g I * TNE HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. REK ALEXANDER GORDOA7. IQ - 4 recent contribution we have received was in the welcome world- and carried back by reminiscences, irresistibly - ?;-a' *- papers by.Professor George Boros and the Rev. N. Jbzan, borne in upon me, into a communion of the inmost spirit r 1 read at the meeting of the International Council in Whit- with that innumerable cotnpany of saints and confessors week, rgor, who, in divers ages and widely severed lands, had through At the chief service at Thorda, in the commemoration these same symbols given up their souls to God, and devoted '4 at which Mr. Tayler was present, the preacher was the themselves to works of self-sacrificing love. I could not Rev. Joseph Ferencz, at that time Professor of Theology suppress the hope that the time might come in our own at Kolozvfir, who eight years later was to succeed Bishop. country when the members of different communions, in 7 Kriza as head of the church. Mr. Tayler, having given spite of their doctrinal differences, could meet occasionally an account of the sermon, tells of what followed in this to strengthen the bonds of ~hristian brotherhood, by passage, eloquent of profound feeling :- celebrating in the presence of their common symbol, the' " At the close of the sermon, there was a celebration of Cross, a common feast of holiness and love." the Lord's Supper. I think nearly the whole of the con- The services which Mr. Gordon attended in I 87'9 were gregation partook of it.; the men first, and afterwards the not less moving. From Kolozsvir to ICeresztGr, where the women. It was a simultaneous expression of rejoicing Francis David celebration was to take he made a that they had survived, with faith and hope unbroken,. kind of triumphal progress, so picturesque were the ob- - centuries of sufferitlg and persecution, and had come by servances and so warm the welcome everywhere accorded 1' God's good providence to the quiet safety and freedom of to the English visitor. Of what he experienced at - that hour. It was a touching scene. I never before felt,. Toroczk6, one of the places on the route, Mr. Gordon as I did then, the holy beauty and deep spiritual significance tells as follows :- of the few simple symbols which universal Christendom " Toroczk6 was the one place in Transylvania of which has associated with this expressive rite. There I stood in I had a distinct impression. I knew it from the ~owerful the front row of the communicants by the side of my romance of Maurice J6kai, ' Egy az Isten ' (God is One), countryman, Mr. Paget, unable of course to understand the- the reading of which had beguiled the long hours of my words that were so earnestly ,uttered by the officiating railway and steamboat travel. The little mining town, minister, but attuned to seriousness by the quaint old which nestles beneath the awful shadow of the Szkkely-ko melody that pealed forth from the organ and was chanted ' (Szekler Stone), is built around a large open square, in the ,' .S by the choir-by the cup 2nd the bread that were circulating centre of which rises the gilded spire of the Unitarian + l around me, brought into silent sympathy with that faithful Clfurch. This is the church whose bell, according to people of God who had clung to their honest convictions. Jbkai, has no Calvinism about it, but rings out ever, with in defiance alike of the threats and e allureme~ltsof the brave single strokes, the Unitarian Creed, ' One ! One 1 . - rr I K - 15 TNE HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. . .F -4 ,AT BUDAPEST. I3 One ! One ! ' To this building, the only house of worship The gentlemen number seventeen, with Mr. W. H. Shrub- in Toroczk6, the Rural Dean conducted us, and it was sole as leader, the ministers of the.party being the Revs. speedily filled by the members of his flock. I was com- E. S. Anthony, T. B. Broadrick, T. D~rnkerley,W. J. pelled to say a few xvfords,but my emotions almost rhastered Davies, W. Harrison, E. Ceredig Jones, S. Gardner Preston, me. Presently the organ pealed, and. the whole body of and T. P. Spedding. people with one united voice broke out into the strain of On Thursday of the next week we drew near Budapest, Luther's mighty hymn, singing in resonant Magyar the and in about an hour crossed the Hungarian frontier. version by Francis David, which they love so well. Er68 Travelling east, the scenery became more interesting, and z!Lirz/nk n?kiink oz Isten (' Our fortress strong, for us 'tis as me ran along the left bank of the -Danube for many God '). Then, indeed, I was fairly melted down with a miles, we very much enjoyed the comparatively short new and indescribable sense of the power of our religion. journey to Budapest. That the faith of our fathers was here no bare speculation, but a living fire in the heart of a free people, was borne into my mind with a force and majesty of impression of Not less than I oo persons had assembled on the platform which I could have had no previous idea." at Budapest, and as the train steamed into the station a The 1nqu2',-er,S~pfember 7ih, I go I. great shout of " 6ljen" was raised. Its significance in- creased upon us as the days passed, but that first "long live'' sounded strangely unfamiliar. In a moment, as it seemed, the English party was encircled. Bouquets were THE HUNGARIAN TOUR. presented to Miss Tagart by Mrs. Korchmaros and her . sister, Miss Buzogany. Then Dr. Erijdi, a cavalier of the /,P,, ,.,. A,,\,,",,?,?-. I Iron Crown, President of the Hungarian Geographical Society, and a Roman Catholic, spoke as follows :- - , . N Friday, August 23, 1901, a party of about thirty travellers set out from -most attentive hosts and guides conducted us to the coming of the Magyars." I s1 The details of this and other pictures were eloquently Akademia and another art collection. On leaving the 1 4 latter, two new electric cars, selected for our use, appeared .explained in correct English by Miss Gybry, a talented - ., almost as if by magic, and we were conveyed through Hungarian lady journalist who has charmed us all by her streets of great width, with plenty of trees shading the four vivacious and untiring attentions and by her encyclopzdic footwalks, to the centre of a new bridge, from which a :knowledge. broad and easy slope led down to the beautiful wooded Then we went bythe Underground Railway to a restaurant island in the Danube, known as St. Margaret's. This in the City Park, where lunch was served, and a photo- lovely place has been greatly favoured by Nature, and graphic record of the party secured. After a pleasant vastly improved, by the ~rchdukeStephan, to whom it lounge beneath umbrageous catalpas and other trees of belongs. Trees and plants grow here in sub-tropical ,almost tropical character, we were transported across the luxuriance. There is also a very fine bathing establish- city and the river to the foot of the Buda Mountains. ment, supplied with water from the hot sulphur spring. By means of a cogwheel railway, we ascended through Here we lunched in grand style to the music of a gipsy wooded slopes of great beauty, to an eminence, from band, and with the exchange of international courtesies cf whence a panoramic view of the city and its suburbs was the most hearty character. $, v-. obtained. r. I * ". .I ' *' T.HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. TIi'E; jfOURNEY TO ARAD. Tea, h Za hongrozi-e, was served in a pavilion, to the the church we adjourned to the elegant chambers of the strains of a gipsy band, and after tea some of our friends. manse, and found great piles of fruit and flowers with kindly gave us a graceful exposition of the national dances. ;! other good things on the tea tables. The pleasures of the Delighted beyond measure, or power of fitting expression,,* repast were greatly enhanced by the fact that we were waited me returned to our temporary home, and closed another upon by a bevy of graceful *Hungarian ladies. After tea, day in Happy social intercourse with our Hungarian back to the hotel. Although reluctant to part, about , brothers and sisters. . #. ten o'clock we sang the two National Anthems and ' *.= a verse or two of a hymn. Then the happy band of pilgrims dispersed to their rooms to pack up in preparation After an early breakfast on Sunday, September I, we for starting for Transylvania under the care of the Rev. were taken to the magnificent Houses of Parliament and G. Boros, at 6 a.m. to the Palace of Justice nearly opposite. The whole of the Extractsfrom Inquirer, Sept. 7, I go I .. materials used in these imposing buildings and in their brilliant decorations are entirely of Hungarian origin, with the exception of the figure of Justice, which is of pure Carrara marble. KolozsvAr lies almost due east of Budapest. The Just before eleven we went to the Unitarian Church, and journey of 248 miles, if the direct route by Gross- found the congregation assembled. As soon as we were wardein is taken, occupies about ten hours. But to visit seated the organ sounded forth the British National the places indicated in a letter to the Inquirer by. Pro- Anthem, and every one rose to do it honour. fessor Boros, it was necessary to leave the main line at At the close of the service the Chief President of the Szolnok, some sixty miles from Buda. ' Then for nearly a congregation uttered words of warm welcome, which were hundred miles the train travelled south to Arad. Turning translated by Mr. J6zan. A number of farmers from near again eastwards, Ddva was reached after another ninety Lake Balaton, who represented a congregation Iately odd miles ; and the final run to Kolozsv6r might be -clformedby secession from an orthodox body, joined in the described by drawing a clock-face line from 7 to I, with a ,proceedings and came back io lunch with us. It was a change at 2.30 for the visit to Torda and Toroczk6. This great pleasure to associate with these worthy people, who detour added I 30 miles to the journey, and occupied, not had never seen an ~n~lishman or woman before. In the ten hours, but four days. afternoon the church was filled with the members of the A *deputation was waiting at the wayside station of' Francis David Club. Two papers were read, and all the Gzoma, and this was the only incident until the train English visitors were elected honorary members. From steamed into Arad at noon. There a great demonstration U C F@! 7 THE HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. ARAD. .. . . , , had been organized. The president and officials of the overthrow of Hungary, when Russia put 200,000 and Carpathian Society were accompanied by hundreds of the Austria 70,000 more troops into the field. Kossuth and townsfolk, and crowds of people lined the route to the his compatriots became refugees, and the country a crown hotel in the PQter Gasse, where luncheon was served under lacd. Hungary was then '' pacified " by the " merciless the presidency of the burgomaster. Afterwards a rapid tour Haynau." Wholesale massacres were committed. " The of the town was made. The Reliquien Museum, with in- best men in the country were thrown into prison," says numerable relics of Kossuth and his coadjutors, gave the Vambery, "and thousands of families had to mourn for clue to a touching scene which had happened a few minutes Idear ones who had fallen victims to the implacable vin- previously. Arad is one of the memorial places of the ldictiveness of the Austrian Government."" revolution. .At Arad thirteen generals were summarily executed, and With the mission of Count Szecheny, about 1825, a in the Freheits Platz a monument has been erected to their new era had opened for Hungary. But ten years later the .memory. It consists of a colossal figure of Hungary, with Emperor died, and was succeeded by a weak ruler. His four allegorical groups and medallions of the generals.. ministers made minor concessions, but, finding them insuf- In the surrounding space hundreds of people had con- ficient, cast the popular leaders into prison. From I 839 to gregated. The visitors and their hosts were admitted I 847 a struggle prevailed, and then a reform programme \within the enclosure, and from the base of the monument was laid before the country with success. While the Diet Miss Gy6ry pronounced an impassioned eulogy. There was discussing it, however, the French Revolution of I 848 .was, she declared, a similarity between the sacrifice of broke out. The Austrian Government, unable to withstand these men and that of Christ. They died that they might this shock, granted concessions unwillingly, but sought the create a new life for their nation. As she proceeded the earliest opportuility of retracing its steps. Internal dis- .people bowed their uncovered heads. In the history of cords grew apace. Attacks upon the Hungarians were other nations the gallows were nothing but a symbol of made by their fellow-subjects of different nationalities ; and shame. Here they were a symbol of glory, and the death when the Hungarians appealed to Vienna for assistance, of tliese martyrs would be avenged in the only true way- their pleas were evaded. Francis Joseph came to the .by the whole town showing, through the progress of its throne in December, 1848, and Hungary was invaded by1' ' citizens, that their heroes' deaths had not been in vain. Austrian and Russian armies. A new constitution was The hot, passionate words produced a thrilling effect, and proclaimed, by which Hungary was to lose her liberties. the great audience was visibly moved, while the visitors Kossuth and his party replied by proclaiming that the xe5ognized that they were in the presence of those great Hapsburg Imperial House had forfeited the crown of Hungary by acts of war. The great struggle ended in the * See " Hungary," in Stofy ofthe Nations, ch. xv. .i, 20 TRZ H U2VGdlPI.N UNITARIANS. emotions out of which the liberties of a nation are eventually picture, with the bright colours of the East once more born. predominating. A market was in full swing in the square, Late in the afternoon the journey was resumed, and the and at the end of the main street the view was closed by a same night D6va was reached. Again a reception, and glorious hill, crowned by the ruins of an ancient castle- also a meeting with Professor Kovacs, of KolozsvAr, who and that castle the object of the visit to this place, for had travelled thence to meet the pilgrims. The hospitality within its walls a noble life was closed. It was here that was just the same, but the scene had changed. It was as Francis David, the first Unitarian bishop, suffered. though one had come into an Oriental town. Excepting Rev. THOMASP. SPEDDING, that the house windows looked on the street, it might have been a Syrian village. Many of the buildings were one- From " The New Kingdom," Nov., I go I . storied, the roofs of thatch, and the walls of wood, painted blue. Unable to find accommodation in the inn, some of ' the party were conducted at midnight to adjacent houses and restaurants ; and in the darkness, with armed police- By the proceedings at Budapest, our attention was early men for escort, the likeness seemed more real. The wide C directed to Francis David, the illustrious man of whom we roadways, with deep gullies by the footpath, were deserted, were to hear so much during the remainder of our travels. excepting that here and there, huddled against a door, The salient features of his life-work may be briefly epi- were the figures of sleeping men, preferring the cool night tomized. Originally a Lutheran, his theological opinions air, or perhaps compelled to such a lodging; and the underwent a gradual change, until he declared his belief guardians of the peace disturbed them not. The goodman in one God and absolute freedom of conscience in religious of one house opened his window, but dzclined to unbar. matters. So effective was his preaching that David was his door, for he was with his children in bed; and the the cause of large numbers of people accepting his views, luckless wanderers toiled on until they found asylum in even the ruling Prince of Transylvania becoming a Unit- such a restaurant as may be met with anywhere in Egypt- arian, and Unitarian churches iprang up throughout the excepting that it was clean. There was still a sound of . country. So successful was David, so outspoken was he music, and, gently pushing opkn a door, the source of it in his utterances, that men who were supposed to hold was revealed. It was a small room, lighted only by a. similar views, and who had themselves in former years single candle, which sputtered in its socket. A gipsy band been prosecuted for heresy-either envious of his success was seated at a table making the midnight revel of a couple or "fraid of the effects of his frankness of speech-are of youths, whose carousal lasted until jocund day appeared believed to have been the means of his undoing. What- above the hill. When the sun came, it lighted up a beautiful . . a m - ever the cause, Francis, David was imprisoned in the '" m., .! THE NUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. I remembered that Professor Kovacs had spoken of the fortress of DBva, and died there in 1579 not long after his L place where I was as " holy ground," and that David had committal. , cut into the wall of his cell the words, " Neither the sword We reached the small town of Ddva after sunset, and as * ' some members of our party suggested that, z.s the only of the Pope, nor the image of torture and death-nay, no means of seeing the historic castle would be by doing so earthly power shall stop truth in its course. I write what before breakfast the next morning, it was decided to rise I feel and what I have felt, and I have truly preached with a trusting soul-and I am firmly convinced that after my early. I shall never forget that morning. On leaving the death the doctrine of false teachers will perish." hotel, the ruined castle stood out clearly, on the summit of .' d. d I found it somewhat difficult to get within the ruins, but a wooded hill, in the clear blue sky-perhaps 1,000 feet it was more difficult to get out again. This was at last above sea level. Though the morning air was crisp and accomplished, and hurried down the mountain. On bracing, there was the promise of a very warm day. Seen I from the town, the castle of D6va appears to be situated. reaching the street in which our hotel was situated, I found it all bustle and activity, and that our chrriages had begun upon a conical mountain, but on its further side the - 3 had mountain is connected with a range of hills at no very to leave for the day's excursion to Castle Hunyad. I great distance from the top. I made several abortive . to go without breakfast; but had I not been within the ruins of the old fortress of Dha, where the strenuous life attempts to commence the ascent of the hill, and lost some of the heroic Francis David had come to so inglorious an time before I succeeded in finding the gently rising path. end ? This is so well kept, and is of so easy a gradient, that I presume it is the work of the local authority, as a promenade THOS. F. WARD. to near the summit. The views from this path the whole way up are very extensive and varied. A river runs its devious course in the cultivated valley below, and can be seen for many miles, and. both far and near the countlj is A long line of carriages started early for the drive to so hilly as to be very picturesque. I found no road leading directly to the top, and therefore I only got inside the old Vajda Hunyad. The road stretched across a broad plain, castle walls by a very rough scramble. I could not stop affording fine views of the distant Carpathians. The villages along the route were stockaded to keep out the there very long : the sun was hot, and I had a long walk wolves and bears, which infest the country to such an back, with the prospect of being late for breakfast. Never- ektent that in the willter children are not allowed beyond theless, I sat on the old walls and had another look at , $ the enclosures. Nearly all the dwellings were of wood, . the extensive landscape, and at the same time wondered and every yard had its shadoof for drawing water. At one whether I had missed any of myeavelling companions. . I =4 ; .. IpFT-Tmg-:+-- .'y*r(. v. .. :, . - -.r .... . , C -- -.. L.' --. .- - ' '. .I , +C ..4. - TUE HUNGA RI.N UNII2RI-4NS. '1 1 point, by leaving tlie carriages for a few minutes, a glimpse The workings are, however, of prodigious extent, and of a small gipsy encampment was obtained. The castle of from their summit a wonderful view is obtained over the John Hunyad is kept in repair by the Government. It tract of country once occupied by the Romans, and away recalls the memory of almost the greatest hero of his to the blue Transylvanian Alps forming the frontier against nation, and space alone forbids some particulars of ,his Roumania. The circuit of the "mines" completed, a long and glorious resistance to the Turks, and his efforts little electric truck and trolley train carried the party for the unity of Transylvania. Part of the castle was through the mountain to the point of departure. Returning erected by Hunyad in 1452 ; part by his son, Matthew to DBva by eiening train, a halt was made at Piski, where Corvinus; and when at length, the Turks had conquered General Bem defeated the Austrians at the Bridge in 1849. the land, Bethlen Gabor, in the seventeenth century, The Carpathian Society entertained the party at dinner strengthened its defences and added to its extent. :in the station restaurant. There are large ironworks in the village, and in the After a pleasant journey of several hours along the day's programme a visit to the' mines was included. This banks of the Maros, Torda was reached next day; and was a most delightful experience. First of all came a an afternoon expedition was arranged to the Torda Gorge, railway journey into the heart of the hill country. The .a defile eroded by th5 Peterd, three-quarters of a mile long, little engine, with its two carriages, wound round the hills, and in places no more than twenty-five feet wide. The always ascending, and opening views of magnificent chief interest of Torda, however, lay in its Unitarian scenery, which were Swiss-like in their beauty and extent. Associations. The old Diet House remains in which At a height of about 4,000 feet, and after a journey of Francig David, in I 557, made the famous declaration of twenty miles, a halt was made, and shortly afterwards a freedom of conscience, which was the precursor by a few wire-rope elevator carried the party hundreds of feet up a years of that Act by which Unitarianism became the sheer hill-side. Then a long climb afoot, and at length, religion of the land. A large painting on the walls com- far away from the world, the tiny Wallachian village of memorates the occasion. A print of ,this picture hangs Gyalar. 1x1 this apparently inaccessible spot a welcome :in the reading-room at Essex Hall. ~Carpathianlunch was served, under the presidency of the Re\7. THOMASP. SPEDDING, general manager of the mines, who welcomed the party as . * F?-om " The New Kingdom, " n/$v ., I go I . "sons of the only one God." The villagers had dressed themselves in their festival finery in honour of the occasion, and their gorgeous costumes were curiously examined. The '' mines " are merely a huge hill of ironstone, at On September q our party arrived at Torda, a town which generations of men have digged from Roman times. -which interested us very much, not because of any super- . . ?n, C.. *M" a 6 TNE BUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. ficial charms, but by reason of its historical associations.. KolozsvAr, as a youth he studied at the University of It may- be regarded as the birthplace of the reli,'0-10~s- Wittenberg, and, according to tradition, at Padua also. liberty which Transylvania has so long enjoyed, and was At Wittenberg, where he debated with marked success the scene of Francis David's greatest triumph. on the mysteries of the unseen worlds, his fellow-students- The town itself lies at the junction of the rivers Turi called him the wanderer of heaven and hell," adding and Aranyos. The Roman legions were there in the time that on his forehead there gleamed something of heaven's of the Emperor Trajan, and built a fortress-still spoken radiant glory, and in his dark, flashing eyes something . of as the fortress of Trajan-from the stones of which the- of infernal fire. In this respect he resembles Dante, modern fort was constructed. They also threw a bridge whom the Italians feared so much because of his flaming across the Aranyos, and planted the whole region with dark eyes that they made the sign of the cross when they Southern plants, traces of which may still be found. In saw him, saying, " Viene dell' infeerno." At the commence- the neighbourhood are extensive salt mines, furnishing- ment of his career Francis David was a professor, then he employment to a large number of workers. There are became a Catholic priest. In I 552 he left the Catholics now churches of seven confessions in Torda :-The Roman and joined the Lutherans. Under his leadership the Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinistic, Greek Catholic, Orthodox Lutherans made wonderful progress, winning town after Greek, Unitarian, and Jewish. Torda was one of the town, and &ansforming Catholic churches into Protestant five towns in which the Transylvanian Diet held its sittings ones. He struggled vehemently against the doctrines of , in days gone by, and it was there that an Act was passed, Calvin, which then for the first time became known in , on January 6, I 568, which was as important for Transyl- Transylvania, but ultimately he became a Calvinist himself. vania as Magna Charta was for England. Nay, it was Not long, however, was he to remain so, for the anti- wider in its scope than our great charter, for it not merely Trinitarian doctrines which were brought from Poland into formed a foundation of civil liberty, but established reli- Transylvania by the physician Blandrata won him over, gious freedom also. This great achievement was largely and in 1566 he openly avowed his acceptance of the due to the labours and eloquence of Francis David, and in doctrines of Socinus. After the synod at Gjrulafeh6rvAr he an office now used by some Government department we succeeded in converting the Prince of Transylvania to were much impressed by a picture representing Francis Unitarianism. His speech in the principal square of David-a striking figure-pleading the great cause of Kolozsvir had an irresistible effect, and the people carried liberty before the members of the Diet. The ancient Diet him in triumphal procession into the Catholic Cathedral, House, a very humble structure, is now no longer used, but wdich was straightway transformed into a Unitarian even the empty rooms were eloquent to us. church. By 1570 he had built up from 300 to qoo Unit- Francis David was a remarkable wn. Born in I 5 10 at arian congregations. 28 TNE NUfVGARI;4N UNITARIANS. On the death of the Unitarian Prince Sigismund, how- the people flock to the same church. Then the Szekbos .ever, trol~bloustimes ensued. The new Prince, Stephen of this neighbourhood are almost a race of themselves, with BAthory, was a Cathclic, and regarded Francis David as a a long and honourable descent. They have been, as their dangerous reformer, and had him imprisoned in the fortress name indicates, the guardians of the frontier " against of Dkva, where he soon died. His work, however, still the Turk for generations ; and their intelligence has been lives, and is bearing fruit. quickened by the long-continued need for watchfulness. Near to Torda is a famous gorge, through which flows In these happier times many of them are devoted to the river Hesddt. The immense stone walls of the gorge husbandry, while the rest are engaged in a diminishing rise perpendicularly, the strata of both exactly correspond- iron industry. A fine race of men and women, brave, ing, as if some great convulsion had cleft the rocks in hospitable, and free, with glorious legends and a land and twain and torn them apart. Legend has it that the rocks faith that they love. opened at the prayer of King Ladislas the Saint, in order The railway has not yet come into the district. The- to save his army from the enemy. The trace of a huge road winds along the beautiful valley of the gold-yielding horseshoe is distinctly visible on one of the sides of the Aranyos. There are a few villages on the way, and smoke gorge, and is said to have been impressed by the horse of rises from cottages on the hillsides, but otherwise the the King. This incident is commemorated by the coat of solitude is unbroken, except for a park of artillery at a arms of thc town, which represents the gorge with its steep lonely cross-road, and the strange oxen teams of the still sides, and the figure of the royal saint. stranger Slavoks, with thin faces, deep-set eyes, and long, unkempt hair-men whom one fearfully pictures in a dream, meeting alone on the deserted highway. Half-way to Toroczk6 a halt was called at the village of Sinfalva to receive a greeting from the Unitarian pastor and the chief It is not surprising that accounts of the visit to Toroczk6 members of his church. The next village of Varfalva lay should have appeared in several magazines. From many off the road, but nearly a hundred of the congregation points of view it was the most interesting event of the were waiting at a junction to reinforce the welcome. whole tour. In the first place, the village is one of many Rev. T. P. SPEDDING,from " The New Kingdom."' where the inhabitantsnare, almost to a man, Unitarian, 2nd the mere fact of comi~~ginto the midst of such a community was an unwonted experience. Torda, with lo,ooo inhabi- I. VISIT TO TOROCZKO. tants, has a vast preponderance of Unitarians, but the The village of Toroczk6 in Transylvania, Hungary, lies. impression was less marked than in &is place, where all some eighteen miles from any railway station in a beautiful IHE HUNGARIAN U&7TARIANS. TOR OCZKO. hilly country. The population is about 1,600. The Hungarian friends, and finally nine carriages bringing the inhabitants are a remarkably fine race, descended from the people who had driven out to meet us. Seklers, and their chief occupation is agriculture. There The ladies were all presented with bouquets on alighting is only one church in the village, and that church is from the carriages, and as we. walked through the village Unitarian, for all the people worship together and have no .to the mi~lister'shouse amid all the inhabitants in their difference of creed. Service is held every morning in the gay costulnes the sight was picturesque in the extreme. .church-on week days in summer at 5 a.m., and in winter The Rev. Stephan Ndmeth, the pastor, welcomed us, and, later ; the people make a point of attending before going after a short rest, we all went into the church, where a to their work ; in fact, nothing but illness prevents these spdcial service had been arranged for the occasion. How people from being found in their place of worship when .can I describe the impressiveness of this wonderful sight ? service is held. As we entered we saw that the whole right side of the The present church was built in the middle of the building was filled with women and girls, with bright- eighteenth century, but the inhabitants have been Unit- .colourtbd kerchiefs on their heads, and in all their festive arians ever since the Reformation. When the people from .attire ; on the left were seated the men. In Hungary the the places round were driven out of their churches, this men and women always sit apart in church. By the time little village among the hills seems to have been left undis- we had taken our places every seat was occupied, and the turbed. porches were filled with mcthers and babies and little ones. It was a glorious summer day in the beginning of 'The church holds about a thousand people. .September when we visited this picturesque village. In The Hungarians are naturally musical. After a voluntary honour of the visit of the English a special holiday and .on the organ, the choir of male voices sang, unaccompanied, fkfe day had been arranged, and the youths and maidens " God Save the King," in beautiful hzrmony. I do not all donned their Sunday and holiday attire. Not content know what words they sang, but a finer rendering I thought F , to welcome us in Toroczk6, they came out, some thirty-six I had never heard. The service which followed was simple in number, to meet us at the next village, with three and impressive, and although we could not understand a horsemen to act as outriders to guide us to their native single word, we could unite with all our hearts to worship place. There, under a trimphal arch of green, they hziled with a people who had been so faithful to the truth. The .our arrival with words of greeting. text of the sermon was afterwards translated to us as ,As we proceeded along the quiet slopes to the village, follows : " This is the day of the Lord ; let us be gay and .cannons were fired. Our procession consisted of the rejqice in it." three horsemen in national costume, then the twelve car- After the service we were taken to the schoolroom, where riages containing the party of thirty English people and a banquet had been prepared for us, and girls in their ' .I ;S, t TNE HUNGARIAN UNITARIAn/n/IY. national costume waited on us. Some of the villagers Late as the hour was, many friends were at the station dressed themselves in some of their more elaborate native at KolozsvAr, and a brief but hearty welcome was given by costumes for us to see, and a bride's dress was also repre- Mr. Petofi, who spoke for '' the most ancient congregation. sented. Strains of music, speeches, and toasts, were of our faith," and described the town as one of the for- followed by native dances, and then we paid a visit to tresses of human culture and of human liberty. some of the cottages. We were struck with their perfect Miss Tagart said : " I thank you, Mr. Petofi, and all the cleanliness, and were glad to see some of the treasures of ladies and gentlemen assembled here, for your kind v~el- this happy, thrifty people. They are fond of pottery, many come. This is the goal of our pilgrimage. We are pil- of the walls being covered with pots of quaint design. grims come to your country ; and it is because it is the seat Coloured embroidery is also a special feature ; the frocks of the religion we love that we feel in harmony with senti- of the babies and children are highly trimmed ; the chief ments of the highest kind. To the members of the Car- colours used are dark red and dark blue, which look very pathian Society also we are indebted for the greatest , showy on the clean, white linen. With this they also comfort and help of our journey. We thank you heartily decorate their pillows and bedding, and to possess these for your kind welcome." in large quantities is their special ambition. Some bed-, On Sunday, septeAber 8th, service was held in the steads were 'heaped almost ceiling high with embroidered church, the sermon being preached by the Rev. Andrew pillows : these would probably form part of the marriage Moses from the text, Romans i. 8. The Hungarian was outfit of the girls. followed by an English service, conducted by Revs. T. We left the village with many hearty farewells, feeling Dunkerley and T. B. Broadrick, and a sermon on " Sym- that it had indeed been good for us to be there, and that metrical Completeness" was preached by the Rev. E. the thought of that day would be a bright spot in our 'Ceredig Jones. Miss Funnel, of Lelves, presided at the memory never to be effaced. organ. E. M. DAVIES. After the service a visit was made to the magnificent -- pile of buildings, which form the new college, to be opened FORWARDTO KOLOZSVAK. on the zend. A meeting was held in the Hall, Bishop On the bridge at Borev, whither many of the friends Ferencz presiding. The address was interpreted by Pro- accompanied their guests, a farewell took place which will fessor KovAcs. live in many a memory for long, long days. A hasty meal The Bishop regretted that he could not sufficiently speak was served on the return to Torda, and shortly afterwards the English tongue to express in it his deep feeling. He the short journey to KolozsvAr was made, the destination said that they had come to visit Dkva, where their first being reached soon after ten o'clock. Hungarian Bishop, Francis David, suffered martyrdom, and 3 D v I . * h 9P 8. 8. I. TNE BISHOP'S SPEECH. where he had written'on the walls words which they had people took him on their shoulders, and carried him into already heard. They had come to visit Castle Hunyad, the cathedral, which thereafter, for 150 years, belonged to where their greatest king, Matthew Corvinus, spent his the TJnitarians. Was it any wonder, then, that from that days, and their greatest hero, John Hunyady, lived-the time they called this place the Jerusalem of Hungary? great defender of Christi'an peace. They had come to T: From thence Unitarianism went into the places of Tran- Torda, that famous town where, first in all the world, free- * . sylvania. But not only as concerning religion, but for don1 of conscience was proclaimed. They had come to :: education also, Kolozsv6r was the centre for the Unitarians. r -4 see these and many other things, but he was convinced that It was true that they got their first college with the con- they had come not only for the sake of these historical version of the people. But that first college was taken memorials, they came as well to see the Hungarian from them in 1693. They then removed just opposite .Unitarians ; and he only wished that events had so fallen the cathedral. But even with this second college they out that they might have witnessed' the opening of hat were not allowed to have rest. Again force was used, .grand building. But he was glad they were there that day. - ' and that college was taken from them along with the beau- He should never forget that morning's hour of worship of ';: tiful church. For twenty years they were looking for .' ' the only one living God which they had spent together. another place, where they might start again. At length ' they were able to build another, a third college, owing to 'The singing of the Lord's Prayer had touched his heart. , 'They used to sing it in former times, and it might be ,; the geilerosity of that man, Ladislaus Suki. Time cam; resumed. The service had shown'more clearly that the ;! when they must now leave this third college. But the . :English nation was the most devout, the most religious circumstances were not as they had been on the other '. nation in the world. He would like to say a few words occasions. .about their college building. As they knew from his- They were coming to this new fourth college with good- tory-and as tgey had heard to-day beside that great will and joy. They had a grand building now, so that boulder"-Kolozsv~r was the cectre of Unitarianism. It they might go further and further in the good work. He was the creator of their dear Unitarian religion. Francis could not close without a word about that first English David preached on that stone, so that the enthusiastic minister who came to see them, tp bring fresh spirit to ,I them, and to tell that, beyond the ocean on the west, there l. .!xa * X large boulder on the south side of the church, removed from was a nation that had Unitarians, and that they should no Torda Street, bearing the following inscription in Hungarian :-c' Francis 1 David, according to tradition, when he arrived from the Diet of Gyula longer be orphaned, that they should be alone no more, for FehQnlLr in 1506, preached on this boulder stone, at the corner of the English Unitarians were their brethren, worshipping in Torda Street, that sermon by which the whole Kolozsv6r congregation the same way the only one God. He came to bring them were converted to the Unitarian religion. This stone was placed here cheer, and that they might forget their sufferings. That ,in1884." -I I ,, . n THE HUhn/GAR1dN UNITARIANS. THE iVEW COLLEGE AT KOLOZSV~?. man came to them, but he could not, in returning, reach THEUNITARIAN CHAPEL AND COLLEGEAT I @ Miss Tagart, in responding, conveyed the greetings of The chapel was built in the year I 797, under the bishopric the LJ?omen's Unitarian Workers' Union, and of the British of Stephall Lazar, one of our best and most earnest bishops. and Foreign Unitarian Association. The Rev. T. Dunkerley The chapel is built in Gothic style, and over the entrance also spoke for the British and Foreign Association, and is the following Lztin inscription :-" In honoram solius when Miss Tagart had announced that on their return to Dei," which explains the principal doctrine of Unitarianism, England the visitors intended to make Some effort to the oneness of God. The chapel holds about 600 to 800 increase the College Professional. Fund, the proceedings people. Its malls are whitewashed, and without any orna- terminated. ment except the high--latticed windows, through which the sunbeams penetrate and shine upon the round table which stands in the centre between the pews, where the Lord's Supper is administered five times a year. . Fr0.m the " Christian Lzj5e," Novembef; I go I, From the " Christian Freeman ." MISS TAGA R T'S REPOR T. TRE HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. the British and Foreign Unitarian Association, to resist PROFESSORKOVACS writes :- the attempt of the Austrian Government to divert the " Last year there were 326 students in the eight Gym- buildings of the Unitarians to secular and Roman Catholic , 1, - .g nasium classes, sixty-one in the elementary school, and purposes. He himself travelled out to convey the money nearly half of the pupils were of different denominations. collected, and to express to the unitarians the heartfelt The number of the Divinity students was fifteen. Perhaps sympathy of their CO-religionistsin England. it will interest you to hear that in our College the English The Unitarian Workers' Union, at Miss Tagart's earnest language is taught, so that any of the pupils in the Gym- request, threw themselves heartily into the project. They nasium may attend the lessons who wish to learn English, were fortunate in having the presence in England, at the but this is obligatory in the Theological department. There International Religious Meetings, of the Rev. N. Jbzan, is a prize given to the best scholar (Ioofl.) who understands Unitarian minister at Budapest. He discussed all the and can speak it also. The second prize is sofl., and the details of the journey, and undertook to explain them to third 25fl. These prizes were founded by Ch. Paget, Esq., his colleagues. in memory of his deceased son-in-law Oliver Paget, the The party leaving England on August 26th consisted of son of John Paget, Esq. The latter became a naturalised twenty-seven, persons- seventeen gentlemen, seven of Hungarian subject, and has done a great deal for Hungary." whom were ministers, and ten ladies. They travelled out Mr. KovAcs is himself the Professor of the English lan- by Flushing and Dresden, and were met in Vienna by guage and literature, and, we are told, the students make Mr. Jhzan. He brought with him passes for cheap fares, , good progress. from the Minister of Commerc< and devoted himself unceasingly to us until he handed us over in Budapest to the care of our old friend, Mr. Boro~. We were prepared for the well-known hospitality of Under the auspices of the Central Postal Mission. Hungary, but hardly for the overwhelming enthusiasm that August, 1901. greeted us on our arrival in Budapest station, where I os or HE object of this tour was to be present at the more had assembled to welcome us with cheers and opening of the new buildings for a Unitarian "kljens," with speeches and flowers. Besides members College at EolozsvAr, the capital of Transylvania, of the Unitarian congregation, were members of 'the a southern province of Hungary. This pilgrimage to the Hungarian Government and of the Carpathian Tourists' Unitarian Churches of Hungary was inspired by the remem- Clpb. A splendid programme had been arranged for us. brance of how much had been done in 1858, forty-three From the moment of our reaching Budapest me were years ago, by the Rev. ~dwaidTagart, then Secretary of relieved from all trouble by our kind friends, feasted at I f 1 ;a C . '. I THE HUNGARIAN UNITARIAIVS. banquets, honoured and welcomed as Unitarians and as as it seemed on the top of a mountain, and returned to English men and women, until we felt it would be difficult D6va. The next day we went to Torda, where one of the for us to 'live up to the noble sentiments of love of our most noted TJnitarian Churches and Colleges exists. From simple Unitarian faith and love for that England which, in this place we made the most memorable excursions to the the past, had al\vays sho1~;nsympathy for those struggling Torda gorge and to Toroczk6, a mining village. Here for constitutional freedom, and for the succour of the all were keeping holiday for our reception, and we enjoyed oppressed and the down-trodden. the traditional Hungarian welcome. Deputations from the ,4t Budapest we attended a very interesting service, Unitarian congregations came out to meet us on the way partly English and partly Hungarian, English notes of his with words of blessing and welcome. sermon being supplied by Mr. J6zan. After service we On arriving at last at Toroczk6, passing under the were introduced to several stalwart-looking farmers from triumphal arch, with guns firing, girls strewing flowers, we Lake Balaton, and we invited them to dine with us. Mr. entered the grand church, and again held a united service ; JGzan has the supervision of all the outlying Unitarian this time under the shadow of its mountains. Here we were congregations, newly established in Hungary proper. in the centre of a Unitarian community; on all sides, for unitarianism is now spreading beyond Transylvania, and miles round, the peasantry are Unitarians. occasioning some anxiety to the powerful Roman Catholic At length, late in the evening, we reached KolozsvAr, Church. The King of Hungary, however, views this and again found a large deputation awaiting us with the movement with greater partiality rather than that towards Bishop at its head-gracious and benignant he beamed Calvinism 01- Lutheranism under the protection of Protest- upon us. We felt we had reached the goal of our journey, ant Germany and its Emperor,.dreading the increase of .and its true purpose was about to be accomplished. what is called Pan-Germanism. Here we felt ourselves in touch with the students that From Budapest we visited hrad, where the whole tourn had been at Manchester College and Channing House, turned out to receive us, although there was 110 Unitarian surrounded by those who could speak English and were. chapel at that place. familiar with our thought and literature. We had an On leaving Arad, 11-e were taken to D6va. Jn the castle impressive service in the large Unitarian Church, and on the hill above Deva, Francis David ended his days in stood before the Boulder Stone, the " Caaba " of KolozsvAr, imprisonment-. There we were met by Professor KovAcs from which Francis David first preached Unitarianism, and and his daughter and Miss Fangh and more Hungarian then we inspected the splendid New College Buildings, friends. From this point we made a grand excursion'to rising conspicuously amongst the buildings of the town. Vajda Hunyad to view the beautiful historic castle, and to They are planned with dormitories for boarders, as well as . 'ta ' the iron mines of GyalAr, and visited a Wallachian village, lofty, large class-rooms, and every appliance for living and ?;+ THE NUNGA XIA N STUDENTS. learning. In the great Assembly Hall round the gallery are medallion portraits of all the Bishops since Francis. David, and it is, moreover, an excellent theatre for speaking in. The Bishop made most touching allusions to past help, and to the stimulus that the visit of such a large HEN I entered Manchester New College in 1868 company ~vouldbe to them at the present time. What the two Hungarian students, having completed their stimulus has been to us, how it has enlarged our responsi- courses of study, had returned to their own country, bilities, and made us feel that our little doings in school or but had left pleasing traditions behind them. Simhn, the chapel in England are linked on with a mighty moral and first student, became Professor of Theology, and died some religious regeneration that will have a widespread influence years ago, at the age of 42. on the thought of our times, can hardly be described. Gregory Benczhdi was in College from I 864-6. I met These beautiful, spacious, well-provided rooms in the him in ~~~~~~~~~, where he is senior Professor in the New Unitarian College spoke to our hearts of the wide Unitarian Gymnasium, and Treasurer of the Unitarian prospect opening for the spread of Unitarianism in Church at large. He is the author of articles on the His- Hungary. The number of scholars of all communions- tory of the Unitarian College, and on the sufferings of coming under the influence of the professors, the young Unitarians in the past centuries. He is held in high ministers in such demand going out to their different respect throughout Transylvania. pastoral spheres, present a striking contrast to the old Gabriel Uzoni was entering upon his second year when state of things in that time of persecution and abasement I joined. He impressed me by his intellectual ability and when my first visit was made. This is the fourth building his gentle and retiring disposition. The sympathy of the that has sheltered the brave, persistent band of our- students was called forth by his occasional moods of Transylvanian CO-religionists. May the brilliant auspices depression and melancholy, which we attributed to a sad of the opening be speedily realized in the coming years, event in his early infancy. ?Ve were grieved to hear of his and the union between the Unitarians of England and the early death in I 870. Unitarians of Hungary be drawn closer and closer. Next came John KovAcs (1870-2). I recall his first , appearance among us-youthful, inexperienced, and know- M. LUCYTAGART. ing little of our language. It was these things which com- pelled the students to take friendly charge of him. He needed help, at first, in the College lectures, owing to his imperfect knowledge of English ; and we took upon our- selves to see that his trustful ingenuousness was not 41 T.HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. TNE HUNGARIAN STUDENTS. imposed on in his lodgings or elsewhere. Though all the When our party reached Torda on September 4th, I students were interested in him, Mr. Chalmers soon became recognised my old friend in the speaker of the words of his chief guardian and helper. Genial and eminently welcome. I was grieved to learn that time had not dealt social, Mr. ICovAcs made himself a general favourite. In tenderly with him, for he had suffered the loss of all his the meetings of the studel~ts' Shakespeare Society, and children. He was the first minister of the congregation at at other times of relaxation, he became, indeed, a Budapest, and is now Professor at the Torda Gymnasium, leader. that fruitful nursery of Unitarian students for the ministry. When, on the evening of September znd, 1901, the train Denis Peterfi (1874-6), who came next after I had left of the English visitors slowed down at D6va Station, I ;college, was well known by me. He promised to dis- heard a voice that I still remembered calling along the tinguish himself as a preacher, and I had the pleasure of corridor, " Is my dear friend Mr. Dunkerley here ? " hearing him on more than one occasion in my pulpit at And soon we almost forgot the long years that had Stamford Street. He has fulfilled his early promise, and separated us. is now CO-pastorof the Unitarian Church, KolozsvAr. It John ICovAcs has been successful not only in pl~lpitduty, was he who gave the address of welcome on our arrival rihich first engaged his services, but in pther directions at that city. He is Professor in the Theological College. also. He is Professor in the I Charles Derzsi caae next (I872-74). Quiet and reserved, None was more desirous of profiting by his English , it seemed long before he was at home in his new sur- sojourn, and the high hopes that his friends here formed roundings. We saw in him independence of character of him have not been disappointed. With intellectual and intellectual ability, with, at times, a trace of melan- ability he combined such qualities of heart as seemed to choly. He was a steady worker, and took a good position fit him for a spiritual leader. in his classes. We felt high respect for him, and were He joined our party at Budapest, and became from that scarcely aware how strong was our attachment until the time our principal guide, adviser, and helper. To his time of separation. His little speech at the Valedictory indefatigable kindness and devotion our whole party is Service touched us to the heart. deeply indebted. , 46 THE HUNGARIAN UMTARIANS. 1 Dr. Boros is widely esteemed in his country, and is Laurence Galfi, entering in I 889, had three years' course highly honoured in I svAr. He established the Francis David Association " for and is now Professor in the KolozsvAr Gymnasium. the Promotion of Religious and Noral Life in the Unitarian Nicolas J6zan (I89z-~), after his return from England, Churches and the country at large." For several years he .was appointed to the ministry at Toroczk6 ; but now he was secretary of the Hungarian Unitarian Church. He is has charge of the important congregation at Budapest. correspondent of the I?zpuzi-er (London) and of the He met our party at Vienna, and ably conducted us until Christia~zRegister (Boston, U.S.A.). He is editor of the our arrival at Budapest. Our party attended service on g ' . Unitarian ~Tfagnzzize, the monthly organ of the Francis the Sunday, but owing to, our ignorance of the language, T David Association, and author of several theological books. we could have formed little idea of the subject and bearing He is also member of the Town Council and of the School of the discourse had not Mr. J6zan provided each of us Board of Kolozsv~r. with an abstract in English. The fact that many leading 4 Denis Varga was in College from r 879-8 I. We found men of the city belong to the congregation makes the him engage'd in educational work as Director (Headmaster) - -position of minister both honourable and onerous ; and !i !i C of the Torda 'Gymnasium. He is the author of both J., Mr. J6zan fills the position with distinction. We learned :* . .* . theological and educational articles. " 1 -also that Mr. J6zan has written poetry of high merit. ' '2 ~NicolasGbl was thre; years in College, entering in I 88 I. Edmund Lofi (1895-8) has not yet had time to win his Returning to Hungary in I 884, he was for some time spurs, but he is already doing good work as the minister at minister at Toroczk6. For three years he had charge of Aj ta. the Budapest congregation, and now, again, he is minister Martin Simonfi (I 898- I 901 ) had but recently returned - , at Toroczk6-Szent-Gyorgy. to Hungary at the time of our visit. I* A:' Salomon Csifi, was three years in Manchester New Looking back upon my experience in our noble College, t College, entering in I 886. He returned to Transylvania I am impressed by the good which we students derived I in I 889. He was elected minister to a large country con- by having to help and care for a youth from Hungary. gregation at Arkos. After good service here, he was -And the British and Foreign Unitarian Association may appointed, two years ago, to be Secretary of the Hungarian '$be heartily congratulated on the rich results of this branch S Unitarian Church. Qis responsible duties require him to cof their enterprise, shown in the work done and the positions reside at I.olozsv&r,where we found him. He impressed *held by those Hungarians who have attended Manchester our party by his affableness and ability. He is also known :College, Oxford, through their aid. S . I " - as a writer. T. DUNICEKLEY. Q. TRE NLGVGARIAN LAD Y STUD~ENTS. 49 forth and advocated in these pages, it would have been a List of Hungarian Studgnts who have studied in our great omission if the immense benefit to the young ladies Theologz'cnl College, London and Oxfora'. who have studied at Channing House was not also pre- I 859.-Messrs. Joseph Ferencz and Aaron Buzogkny stayed sented to our readers. Each lady that has returned from here together for about four months only. this country to her native land has proved herself a power I 860- r 863.-Dominik Sim6n. for good in the position she non7 occupies, and feels how I 864- 1866.- Gregory Benczkdi. deeply she is indebted to the Misses Sharpe and. to her I 867-1870.-Gabriel Uzoni. companions and teachers at Channing House for the happy I 870-1872.-John KovAcs. time she spent there. r 872- 1874.-Charles Derzsi. Those who have visited and travelled in Hungary c I 874- I 876.-Denis Peterfi. fail to be struck with the immense advance in girls' e I 877-1 879.-George Boros. tion that has taken place, but as yet the activities and I 879-188 I .-Denis Varga. independence of ladies in Hungary is very much restricted ; 1 88 I - I 884.-Nicolas GA1. this is very much owing to the great mixture of races. The I 886- I 889.-Solomon Csif6. introduction to our freer life, where women are occupied I 889-1 892.-Lawrence Galfi. with benevolent enterprises, with political and civic reform, 18gz-18g~.-Nicolas Jbzan. . as well as education-where a woman can proceed-to her 1895-1898.-Edmund Lijfi. business and avocations at all hours, helped and cour- 1898-1901.-Martin Simonfi. teously treated by rich and poor-was a revelation to our Hungarian friends. Hungarian La& Students who have been at Channing House Unitarian High School for Girls, Highgate, London. Channing House was founded by the Rev. Robert Spears and Miss Matilda Sharpe at Highgate, near Low I 892- I 893.-Marie ~uzo~kn~(now Mrs. Korchmaros), don, as a Unitarian High School for girls. By the arrange- Budapest. ment of her sister, Miss Emily Sharpe, a lady student from I 893- I 894.-Elizabeth Fangh, KolozsvAr. Hungary has been placed there year by year from among I 895-1 896.-Sylvia Agnes Telkes, Budapest. the Unitarian young ladies qualified to profit by it. As I 897- I 899.-Ir6n Kovkcs, I .'d. 5) , Now the distinctive feature of the bar-rhythms is syncopation, HUNGARIANMUSIC. S 4 which generally consists of the accentuation of the second N the sixteenth century Kepler complained of the ,quaver in the bar of 2-4 time (the rhythm known as Alla manner of singing to which the Turks and Hun- Zoppa, " in a limping way"), but sometimes extending garians are accustomed as '' resembling the voices over larger spaces, as in No. 2 of the " Ungarische Tanze " of the brute animals rather than the soundsof human voices." ,of Brahms, bars 1-2, 5-6, &C., where the syncopation In all probability Kepler's judgment was too harsh. When extends over two bars. Even where the melody is without we remember that the Hungarians have been and are a syncopation, the accompaniment almost always has it. race of very emotional people, and that they lead a natural The phrase rhythms are not confined to strains of 4 and life in the bracing air of their lovely hills and plains, we 8 bars, but phrases of 3, 5, 6, and 7 bars are not un- should expect them to be as musical as the inhabitants of frequently to be met with. There is no more beautiful wild Wales. Liszt tells us that the quality of gipsy music example of 7 bar rhythm than the second of Schumann's in Hungary is superior to that of Russia. It may be true Stiicke in Volkston," for piano and violoncello, in F major. that gipsy music is of limited value, inasmuch as its con- As examples of 3 and 6 bar rhythms, may be cited the third l tributions to the world's store of melo-dies are not very, and first of Brahms' " Ungarische Tanze." 3-4 time- 1 great. However, Schubert and Liszt have made extensive and consequently 6-8 time-is unknown in genuine Magyar : + 3 use of it, and the world will not easily forget the latter's music, although modern Hungarian composers are now famous " Rhapsodies Hongroises." Hungarian music is introducing it in slow movements. A very beautiful rhythm the product of the ucion of several races, the chief of which .of 7 in a bar (written, for greater clearness, as a bar of 3-4 is the Magyars. These people are the descendants of the followed by a bar of common time) occurs in the Hungarian ancient Scythians, of the Tartar Mongolian stock, who, after Song on which Brahms has written variations (op. z I, No. 2). wandering from the Ural Mountains to the Caspian Sea and . The distinguishing '' gipsy " element is the addition of turns thence to Kief, established themselves in Hungary in the and embellishments to the melody. The performer may ninth century. Slavs, Germans, Wallachians, Jews, and introduce turns and embellishments according to his fancy, Gipsies form the remaining races, The two chief factors in but he must take care to keep the time of the melody intact. forming the national style of music are the Magyars, as the The ancient national instrument of the Hungarians lords of the soil, and the gipsies, as the privileged musicians was the TBrogat6, which practically correspoilds with our of the country. Race, time, and climate invariably stamp clarionet. Like the Welsh and Irish people, who have q themselves on the character of national music. What, almost given up the harp for the .pianoforte, so have the then, is the distinguishing feature of the ~ag~arelement Hungarians exchanged the TBrogat6 for the cymbal. The in Hungarian music ? It is the pec IJiarity of its rhythms. *Abb6 Liszt dates the cymbal from the fifteenth century. TNE HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. HUNGARIAN MUSIC. .' B' l' ; , The player on it shares with the first violin the task of' CsArdAs consists of two movements, a Lassan or slow bringing out and lengthening certain passages in accordance, movement (Andante' Maestoso), and a " Friss " or quick with the humour of the moment. No Hungarian band is. step (Allegro Vivace). These two alternate at the will of cpnlplete without the cymbal. The violin in some form the dancers, a sign being given to the musicians when a more or less primitive is played throughout the country.. change is desired. (2) The KortAncz, or Society Dance, Visitors to Hungary are constantly told that the gipsy of which a part consists of-aToborz6, or Recruiting Dance. bands do not understand music, but simply play their (3) The KanAsz-tAncz, or Swineherd's Dance, is danced by repertoire "from ear." It is time for this legend to the lower classes only. disappear. At Torda the writer put the matter to a test- Among the Magyar operas-i.e., operas of which the He sang " The Land of my Fathers," the Welsh National libretti are founded on National historical events, and the Anthem, to the accompaniment of the gipsy band, who had music is characterised by Magyar rhythms-may be men- never previously heard it. Astonished .at their performance, tioned " Hunyadi LAszl6," " BAthori MAria," " BAnk-BAn," the singer said to the conductor, " Surely you must all dnd " Brankovics," by Francis Erkel, and the comic opera understand music to do what you have just done." " Oh, " Ilka," by Doppler. Other operatic composers are yes," was the reply, " we are all accomplished musicians."' Mocsonyi, CsAszAr, FAY, and Bartha. There are many Hungarian music has exercised great influence on the, collections of Magyar Ndpdal, or popular songs, published. works of the classical masters. Haydn was the first to One of these, " Repiilj Fecske," is adapted by M. Rem6nyi embody in his works Hungarian peculiarities. The most. for the violin. The Hundred-and-One Songs (Huber ' obvious instance is the '' Rondo all 'Ongarese," or gipsy SAndor) form a popular collection, and are published at Rondo, in the Trio No. I in G major. Beethoven rarely- the low price of 3 korona. They are chiefly in the Minor did so, but his dance and chorus in "King Stephen" mode. The great National March, the " RAk6czy Indulb," breathe the true Hungarian spirit. Schubert and Liszt, might fairly rank with "The Marseillaise " and " The Brahms and Joachim constantly did so. In the two latter March of the Men of Harlech " for military fervour. cases this was perfectly natural, for they were natives of Whenever it is played it arouses tremendous enthusiasm. Hungary, and their love for their National music was. " It is the sympathy that hears,)' is a trite saying. When intehse. Joachim's noble " Hudgarian Violin Concerto " the writer sang the National Hymnusz in various places is a splendid instance of the combination of National during the Hungarian tour, it kindled the warmest feeling characteristics with the classical forms. of gratitude everywhere. The Hungarian and English Notable among the Hungarian dance music are (I) the versions were equally well received. CsArdds. The word is derived frow CsArd6, an inn on the- Through the kindness of Dr. Boros, of KolozsvAr, the Puszta (plain), where the dance was first performed. Every writer received a copy of the Hymn and Tune Book used .S, m ,, -, F -- - :c; TNE HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. NA TZONAL ANTHEMS. I in the Unitarian churches of Hungary and Transylvania. had given grand voices to our brethren. I was particularly A few words respecting it, and the singing in the Unitarian struck with the timbre of voice of one of our clerical churches, may be of interest and service. The Tune brethren at Toroczk6. His fine tenor voice would have Book was published at Budapest in 1896, under the editor- adorned the concert platform. I know not whether our ship of Iszlai MBrton, who has himself composed many of churches in Hungary and Transylvania hold musical the melodies and harmonized others. The tunes for the festivals, wherein hymn-tunes, anthems, and choruses are .,% .,% most part partake of the character of German chorales. sung. If not, then let them hold festivals periodically. W{, The harmonies are simple ; the music is not as florid as These festivals have done wonders for the developmellt of the modern British hymn-tunes. There are r 60 tunes in -- sacred music in Wales. Indirectly, they have formed a the book, but on analysis we found that several were ,, bond between our churches, and have deepened religious inserted more than once. The English tune, " Wareham " life therein. I am sure the Aame happy result would ensue (Knapp), occurs three times (Nos. 70, 78, and 85) ; No. 45 among our music-loving and emotional Hungarian and is repeated in No. 51 ; Nos. I I and 79 are the same; Transylvanian friends. Nos. 73, 88, and 105 are the same, but in different keys. May Hungarian music, vocal and instrumental, sacred It would be far better for Izlai MBrton to draw more and secular, flourish and continue to voice the national largely than he has done from American and British tune- aspirations of this patriotic people. books than to publish the same tunes over and over again. ; Furthermore, why did not Iszlai MBrton harmonise all the L. melodies so as to enrich the book? He has done so with good effect in some instances, such as No. 98, which, by THE HUNGARIANNATIONAL ANTHEMS. the way, we consider to be the prettiest in the book. By so doing he might induce the singers in our Hungarian Translatfons. churches to give us the four parts-soprano, alto, tenor, TIIE HYMNUSZ (Hymn). and bass-instead of singing in unison, as we heard them. Father, with Thy mercies crown Moreover, why do not the ladies join in sacred song ? The Magyar's fair and fertile land ; congregational singing would bi: far more effective if the When her foes around her frown, whole congregation joined in singing hymns of praise to Shield her with Thy mighty hand. the Lord. We felt the tempo of the congregational singing Dark the past, but brighter time to be too slow, and if the congregation varied the time as God hath for the brave in store, well as the volume of the tone (p, m-f; aadf; &C.), what a Years of plenty, faith sublime, different effect would be produced ! We noticed that Nature And Freedom evermore. \ * R kt , THE HUNGARIAN GfVITARIANS. ? 'QPENING OF THP NEW COLLEGE. . Y Miss Fangh writes as follows :- THE SZ~ZAT(Solcmn Appeal). . " The opening of the new Unitarian College took place Hungaria ! to thy holy cause on September zznd, on a beautiful and sunshiny autumn I ever will be true ; Sunday ; but the festivities, meetings, and lectures had It is the land that gave me birth, already begun several days before the above-mentioned My tomb it will be too ; date, because the Annual Chief Conference of Hungarian No other country, howe'er fair, Unitarians was called to meet on this occasion. The Can be a home to me ; Francis David Club had a large meeting on the zxst, when Though tossed by fortune's fickle hand, Rev. N. J6zan; minister from Budapest, recited a poem of , -- G I'll live and die for thee. his' own composition, entitled ' The Fortress of Dkva.' In the evening of the same day a conversazione took place at ' . ' the Hotel New York, where all those who had passed I There is no special connection between the two Anthems. their matriculation examination at the old College The second is generally sung under the strain of a deep ' ,during the last forty years held a soirke, and made a emotion. The two are sung to different music, as the . good collection for the benefit of poor and diligent metre indicates. .students. E. CEREDIGJONES. " On Sunday morning after service the whole large con- gregation passed to the College, which, although doubts -to the contrary had been expressed by some of our English friends who visited it a fortnight ago, was quite finished in THE OPENINGOF THE NEW UNITARIANCOLLEGE AT time for the opening. The large reception hall and the ' -n: d,.B galleries above were filled with a most distinguished KOLOZSVAK,HUNGARY. .audience, for not only the Unitarians, but the whole town BHEfirst intention of the ~nglikparty ,siting .and the whole country had been roused to take an interest Hungary was to be present on the important in our doings. The Burgomaster, the Professors of the occasion of the openink of the New College at University, the Calvinist Bishop, .the Principals and KolozsvAr, but it was found that this ceremony must be Directors of all schools and educational institutions, besides performed too late in September for it to be possible for representatives of the army, had been invited, 'and they them to do so during the usual summer vacation. We - nearly all wore the rich national costume of Hungarian .*I have received from a Hungarian correspondent an account noblemen. After our National Anthem had been sung, 1 of the proceedings, which will be of interest. * l. our bishop, Mr. J. Ferencz, mounted the pulpit, which had ' 3 n It =, been erected behind the platform, and delivered a touching anniversary of the appointment of Mr. Ferencz to the and deeply-felt prayer. bishopric, and of Mr. Daniels, the Chief President, to the "Then followed the Chief President's-Mr. Daniels- leadership, on which occasioll the portraits of these two opening speech, and several other speeches, in which the gentlemen were presented to the College." . history of the Hungarian Unitarians, their struggles, their From " The Christian Freeman." persecutions, and at last their present successes, were briefly sketched in connection with the history of the College, which was now opening its fourth new and , beautiful abode. Thanks to the generous-friends who left rich funds to the school, thanks to the State and its annual contribution, and thanks to the architect, Mr. L. Pakey- EMEMBERING the account of the day spent at the representative of one of the oldest Unitarian families, who- little Unitarian town of Toroczltb by Miss Tagart's used all his knowledge, his art, his skill, to give a splendid, party of travellers to Hungary, when the population modern, comfortable school and healthy home to the came out with riders and firing of cannon, and with flowers Unitarian youth-this happy consummation has been to strew in their path, the reader will now be interested in brought about. the warm-hearted letter which was sent to the English "In many of these speeches allusion was made to the travellers, expressing delight at their visit. The simple great help and goodness of English and American Unit- quaintness of the 1~nguagemakes it the more touching :- arian friends, and the recent visit of our English friends, -, ~l under the leadership of Miss L. Tagart, was joyfully ' To the Rev. CEKEDIGJONES, and, fhrough him, to the remembered. English hsilors of Toroczk6. , . ' , " The last item of the programme was the presentation Kolozsra'r, Jan. rzth, 1902. of a beautifully-embroidered red and blue silk banner, a gift of the Hungarian Unitarian girls, to the new College, Miss E. Fangh delivered, in the name of the Ladies7Com- The memory of a festive day lives young and fresh in our mittee, a short speech, which met with hearty cheers and hearts. It was not so long ago-nay, we think it was but acclamation. Thus ended, with the singing of our National yesterday-when holy pilgrims from a distant .land, men Hymn, the truly interesting gathering. At two o'clock in and women, zealous for Christian love and charity, came the afternoon dinner was served at the Hotel New York, to ,US as visitors, and left us as beloved friends. It was but . - where a great many toasts and speeches were given. -. a short moment, and became .I long, lasting holy day born - . t-il ,3- "Monday, the 23rd, was the date of the twenty-fifth- of love and blessed by love. We knew of your Christian ' "'-" ., . .t m. It r: 91 TNE HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. GEOGRAPHY OF HUNGARY. l, Let us remain in the blessed hope that memory wl ;d charity because we learnt it early as little children in the 3 P arms of our mothers, when, as fugitives before the destruc- keep the past in the present, and friendship mill urge us tive flames of our own homes, we had to be taken out to constant work for progress and for good deeds, and under the shelter of the mighty rock of Toroczk6, which thus our friendship made in the quiet valley of Toroczk6 will join us together wherever we go. - ,history names " SzBkely-ko." Then homeless and desolate, , - g God's blessing be upon you all now and ever, ' hardly any bread to eat, we first felt the blessings of your name-it lived in our hearts as the name of a sacred myth ; Yours affectionately, but on that day this love, realised, tied us to you as if for ALEXIS BUZOGANY. ever. This day-we felt as if we were children of the same ANDOKHERCZE, mother, bound together to you all. Then a resistless STEPHENCZUPOR. inspiration moved the daughters of Toroczk6 to throw TULE SIMON. flowers on your .way, because thus they could express the NICOLASCZWPOR. inner feeling of the heart which you call love, and we call '' szeretet." Thanks for the smiles with which you showed From " The Unitarian Bible Magazine." your appreciation. Thanks for the silent prayer with which you joined us in dur own sacred temple ; for the words EL.'. which your ministers, man and woman, uttered there. Thanks for the footprints you have left behind in the Holy of Holies of our small place. Oh, we ,pray you, Extracts from Dr. BELAERODI'S Article in the International pardon the weakness of these letters ; we fear that instead Geography. of the fragrance of the flowers and the beauty of the fields you will find thorns and thistles between them. Oh, CONFIGURATIONOF Su~F~c~.-Hungaryis surrounded if we could but paint, you ~vouldsee here reproduced a for more than 1,000 miles by the immense curve of the second Palm Sunday, for indeed that day was nothing less Carpathians, which, starting from the gate of the Danube for Toroczk6 than the ent~anceof the Lord into Jeru- at DBvBny (near P6zsany) sweep round one-half of the salem. Thanks for your several greetings ; thanks for the country from west, through north and east, to south, where they again reach the Danube at the so-called Iron " glad affection " of which you kindly assure us, and let us repeat the noble utterance of your poet and servant of ~ates('Vaskapu) near Orsova. This great range of moun- God- tains is divided into three principal sections forming the . . '\ *I+:, ai . north-western, the north-eastern, and the south-eastern In divers lands we all join hands, * , :V ; g&:%!($1 highlands. The most interesting of the mountains is the Dear friends are friends for ever. , 1," A n D - P 62 '& THE HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. *' = 4 -4 -.a, -. ,? High T6tra (Mggas Tcitra), in the north, a picturesque most characteristic part of the country, lying in the centre high mountain group, without any foot-hills. Its loftiest of the land, and bounded by the Carpathians on one side peaks are those of Lomnicz, more than 8,600 feet high, and the Lower Danube on the other. It occupies about and Gerlachfalva (named since I 896 Ferencz J6zsef Peak), 30,000 square miles. The Tisza (Theiss) traverses its , . 8,737 feet, the highest mountain in Hungary. These are , greatest length. The plain, appearing as an unending, all bare rocks, on which in some places snow remains even and for the most part uniformly flat surface, is not so in summer; and in their hollows more than a hundred moilotonous as it appears on a map. Its surface is un- small mountain tarns, the fairy-like "eyes of the sea," dulating ; rows of mounds and sand-dunes are frequent ; attract many visitors to this splendid mountain wilderness. in many places there are deep hollows which are damp and The most extensive members of the Carpathian system are ., impregnated with alkaline salts; in other parts there are the south-eastern highlands, which form one grand natural marshes. But in general the plain is very fertile, ploughed fortress, through which there are few passes. The Vereczke fields stretch to the horizon, and the immense pasture- Pass, ill the north-eastern frontier range, is famous in history grounds are filled with herds of horned cattle, horses, as that by which the Magyars entered the country in the t sheep, and swine. The villages, fringed by rows of shady year 898. The offshoots of the mountain system of the ,S trees, especially acacias, stand at great distances apart, but \ Alps, which enter Hungary, are divided into three chief are large and populous, and are transversed by State, groups. Between the Danube and the Drave, the eastern county, and communal roads and railway lines. offshoots of the Noric Alps ; between the Drave and the ~ison~cxsOF HUNGARY.-MO~~than 97 per cent. of A Save, the la.st spurs of the Carnic Alps ; and finally between the soil of Hungary is productive, and about half of this the Save and the Adriatic, the eastern continuation of the is arable land. The plains, the land between the Danube Julian Alps. In the space surrounded by the Carpathians P_; and the Drave, and between the Drave and Save, are S covered with black, yellow, and sandy earth, which, in the and the Alps stretch two level expanses of land-the Little i :a and the Great Hungarian Plains. The Little Hungarian highlands, is mixed with gravel. The alluvial and diluvial L Plain (Xis-Al/"dld) lies in the western part of the country, : deposits in the plains form good soils for the growth of upon the islands and both sides gf the Danube from Pozsony wheat, rye, barley, and maize, the crop of which not only to Esztergom (Gran). Its extent is about 5,000 square supplies the country, but furnishes a great export. The miles ; the lowest'portion of it is the HansAg, between the mountains are chiefly formed by granite, upon which rest Ferto (Neusiedler) lake and the ~6bcz'ariver. This plain, crystalline schist formations. The Carpathian sandstone called also the Pozsony basin, is exceedingly fertile. is widely distributed. The mountains conceal many mineral Coming through the passes of the Danube at VAcz from treasures, which have been milled from very early times. the small plain, we reach the GreahHungarian -Plain, the Iron-ore is very abundant ; the mountains of Transplvania # 4--.,$-s-,,F;T-.L.- ' --, --.wm -,":tr - , I . 2 THE HUNGA RI.N UNITARI.l\ll\ll.S'. C'IMATE OF NUNGAR Y. produce much gold ; silver, copper; cobalt, nickel, mercury, and north-eastern highlands and in the Transylvanian zinc, and lead are found in varying quantities. A special mountains, and less in the Great Plain. The yearly product of the country is the noble opal, which is found in rainfall in the Carpathians is on an average 40 to 50 inches, :y-l4 the trachyte beds near Vorosv4g4s. Salt is found in while on the Great Plain it is 20 to zg inches. The most $i immense abundance in Transylvania and MArmaros. There cloudy season is spring. In summer the diZibcEb, or Fata is plenty of coal and lignite, and is also worked. Morgana, is a very charming and everyday phenomenon, The mountainous districts are covered for the most part which on tranquil, warm days rises about noontide, and with forests ; the woods occupy .30 per cent. of their area, like a resplendent sea spreads over the heated plain as far in contrast with only from I to 5 per cent. of the plains. as the4eye can reach. Fiume has a very dry summer and The export of timber is important. The most common .. a very rainy autumn and winter ; strong north and north- trees are the oak, poplar, and acacia. Fruit trees are east winds (bora) prevail. largely cultivated, and Hungary furnishes apples, pears, and PEOPLE.-T~~people of Hungary are composed of plums for export. Wine production is of great importance, several nationalities, all together forming the Hungarian for the grape grows and ripens well almost everywhere. nation. The Hungarians proper, or Magyars, are the Cattle breeding has not received, as much attention as leading element, for although they form only about one- agriculture, though lately the breeding of horned cattle, half of the population, 80 per cent. of the people speak horses, and swine has shown improvement. The bear, the Hungarian language-a proportion which is increasing fox, wolf, badger, wild cat and lynx, the roe, red deer, every year. It must be particularly stated that the Hun- wild swine, and wild goat are common in the immense garian race who conquered the country and created the forests. kingdom take the leading position also in intelligence ;..- CLIMATE.-AS Hungary, excepting one small portion on and, far from oppressing the other nationalities, they allow the Adriatic Sea, lies far from the ocean, the climate is to all the same rights and privileges. Besides Hungarians moderately continental. Three types may be distinguished there are (in order of their number) Serbo-Croats, Ru- -that of the mountain districts, of the plains, and of the manians or Wallachians, Germans, Slovaks, and other sea-coast. The winter is in general very cold, especially nationalities, whose number together does not amount to in the great plain and in 'the inner basin of Transylvania ; more than a million. According to religion, the greatest . the summer is hotter than in Western Europe in the same -part of the population belongs to the Roman and Greek - T- '2 latitude. In the highlands the climate is very variable, but .Catholic Churches ; then follow the non-united (or schis- ,+ I' snow does not lie in summer, except in some hollows of matic) Church, the Protestant Churches of Calvinist and : .,;the High TAtra. The rainfall is very capricious. Most Lutheran confession ; finally the Unitarian confession and, .falls, on the average, in spring and autumn in the north ithe Jews. The Roman Catholics, the United Greek A F . . b l *F.& " ?L 1 I. TNE HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. BUDAPEST,' '- Church, and the Armenian Catholics are under the branches, and the National Picture Gallery. Budapest authority of the Pope in Rome. The king must belong has a university, a polytechnic, many colleges, technical to the Roman Catholic faith. . L I l*o i~ schools, and learned societies. It, is also the centre The people of Hungary live chiefly by agriculture, the *ofthe commercial as well as of public and intellectual breeding of live stock, and mining, to which occupations life of the kingdom. The population is increasing rapidly, they are directed by the nature of the soil. They have at the average rate of about 15,ooo a-year. The town no great inclination for industry; therefore the imports presents a very animated appearance, with the electric are almost double the value of the exports. Though trade tram-lines which intersect it in all directions, and the makes great progress by the increasing extension of great steamer traffic on the Danube. The boulevards and railways, the want of corresponding capital and enterprise ring-streets and the colossal new buildings testify to the allows many natural resources of great value to lie un- Upper or Northern Hungary, an ancient royal free town, with an interesting cathedral, the finest Gothic church in the country, built in the years 1290-1382. Szkkes- feh6rvAr (Alba Realis) is the most flourishing commercial town in the Trans-Danubian region (i.e., the region west of the Danube), the earliest coronation and burial-place APPROXIMATE LIST OF DATES, of the Hungarian kings. ~szter~om(Latin SdrZgonium, German Gran), on the right bank of the Danube, above its great bend to the south, is a picturesque city, the seat of the Prince-primate, the ecclesiastical chief of Hungary. KolozsvAr (Klausenbel-g), situated on the banks of the river Szamos, is the capital of Transylvania (Erdkly), after . Budapest the first centre of intellectual and public life in. I 52 5 .-Conversions to Lutheranism. Persecution of Pro- Hungary. It has a university, a remarkable museum,. testants. three colleges (a Roman Catholic, a Calvinist, and a 1526.-Battle of Mohacs. Turks overspread the land. Unitarian), and is the seat of the Calvinist and the 1558.-Calvinism is called the Hungarian Faith. Unitarian bishops of Transylvania. It was the birthplace I 56 I .-Remonstrance at Crans. of MAtyAs (Matthias Corvinus), the greatest king of Hungary. GyulafehkrvAr (Karlsburg the Roman Apulum), 1566.-Francis David preaches from the Boulder ,Stone. near the river Maros, was the ancient residence of the 1568.-John Sigismund, vassal of the Sultan and Prince princes, and is the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of of Transylvania, proclaims Unitarianism and Transylvania. Religious Liberty. Somerus, and after, John Palzeologus, a Greek o.f Imperial origin, rector of II . ' Kolozsv Ar. ..,- 1576.-Francis David dies in prison. r 5 85 .-John Palaeologus burnt at Rome. 1597.-John Engedin, Unitarian Bishop, died. I 696.-Prince Bocskay, of Transylvania, proclaims Religi- ous Equality. Poles take refuge and settle in Hungary to escape persecution. m APPROXWTE LIST OF TNE HUNGARIAN UNITARIANS. DATES.. 7 1 ' ,. 1613.-Prince Gabor Bethlen struggled against Turks, .,,-, I 849.-(August I 3th).-Battle of Villages. Hungarians The whole country dominated by the Turks. := ~IL defeated by Russians. Executions. Exiles. 1, -.. Imprisonment. I 687.-Diet rescinds Religious Liberty : Catholic Ascend- . CL .r l* , 1858.-Visit of the Rev. Edward Tagart and M. L. Tagart. -. ?+ ancy. "t'i I 698.-RAkoczy struggles for liberty. k ,+r 1859.-Visit of Messrs. J. Ferencz and A. BuzogAny to England. , ..X 7 1J .-Under Joseph I. Amnesty granted and Religious K1 Liberty. I 859.-Visit of the Rev. S. A. Steinthal. b. ' , I 7 I 8.-Unitarian Cathedral and College taken possession 1868.-Visit of the Rev. J. J. Tayler and Mrs. Osler (then of by the military, and ~estoredto the Roman Miss Tayler). Catholics. S 1879.-Visit of the Revs. A. Gordon and A. Chalmers. I 723.-Pragmatic Sanction, or acceptance of the Hapsburg I 890.-Visit of the Rev. H. Ierson, Rev. Dr. Warschauer, Dynasty as constitutional rulers of Hungary. Miss Florence Hill, and M. L. Tagart. , I 737.-Michael Szent Abraham becomes Unitarian Bishop. I 896.-Hungarian Exhibition at Budapest - Mrs. Rutt, &.- L: I 782.-Joseph 11. issues a Toleration Act which recognized *' Rev. Vance Smith, Mr. Frank Taylor, and the four religions : Roman Catholic, Lutheran, M. L. Tagart. Calvinist, and Unitarian. I go1 .-Visit of Unitarian Workers' Union, conducted by 1792.-Ladislaus Suki dies, and leaves f;8,ooo to erect M. L. Tagart (President). College Buildings at KolozsvAr. I 802.-Kossuth born. I 809.-Napoleon is opposed at great sacrifice. I 82 5.-SzCchenyi substitutes the Hungarian language for Latin. I 840.-Struggle between Sz6chenyi and Kossuth in the Diet. I 848.-Constitution granted. 1849.-Mr. Jakab and Bishop Sz6k6ly in England, and present at the opening of Hope Street Church, :U Liverpool. n v. --& Z ,p,- - P' :F. I. LONDON : UNITARIAN CHRISTIAN PRINTING OFFICE, J. .7: :i FURNIVAL STREET, HOLBORN, E.C. .!.c, ., . 4 .! , 'iC'C. ' I i ': ': ,