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I ADDIS ABABA UNVERSITY SCHOOL of GRADUATE STUDIES ADDIS ABABA UNVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTEMNT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIROMENTAL STUDIES RURAL HOUSEHOLDS` ACCESS TO DOMESTIC WATER USE IN THE SEBETA HAWAS DISRICT, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA BY MESERET MISGANA JUNE 2015 ADDIS ABABA UNVERSITY i Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Rural Households` Access to Domestic Water Use in the Sebeta Hawas District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. By: Meseret Misgana Advisor: Dr. Assefa Abegaz(PhD.) A Thesis Submitted to the Collage of College of Social Science, Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Arts in Social Sciences, Geography and Environmental Studies Specialization: Population, Resources and Development June; 2015 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ii Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Meseret Misgana, entitled “Rural households` access to domestic water use in the Sebeta Hawas District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia” Submitted partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Art in Geography and Environmental studies, specialization: Population, Resources and Development complies with the regulation of the university and meets the accepted standards with respected to originality and quality. Signed by the examining committee: Advisor_____________________________Signature____________date_________________ Examiner_____________________________Signature____________date________________ Examiner_____________________________Signature____________date________________ Chair person_____________________________Signature____________date_____________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator iii ACKNOLEDGEMENTS I would like to give gratitude to my advisor Dr. Assefa Abegaz for his comment and suggestions were useful in improving quality of thesis. I would like to thanks all those who are participated major role during research at Sebeta Hawas district individually for being and supply valuable data. I would also like to thank Ato . Adunga Guddina Finance and Economic Development office expert and Ato. Mesfin M/silase Oromia BoFED for their enormous contribution that provided vital information. Gratitude is also genuinely articulated the household respondents and key informative interview without their fully participation this study would have not been possible. Thanks is also expressed to Sebeta Hawas district Water, Mineral and Energy office, kebele manager and administrative for contribution to giving the vital information. iv ABSTRACT The objective of this research is examining rural households` access to domestic water use in the Sebeta Hawas district, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The major determinants to amount of water consumption are time from source of water and price. The paper analyzes households` water use both in the rainy and dry seasons. Via stratifying random sampling and purposive sampling techniques sorted the district in to four parts based on water accessibility. From total of 1764 households 120 households were interviewed using structured and semi structured questionnaire. SPSS software has been used for data analysis. Using the logit model for water demand that the paper found to be water demand is price inelastic. The vital determinates of water use are household size, education level, occupation of household head and distance. The survey result shows that more than half of the population consumed unsafe water in the dry seasons. Majority of rural household drinking water sources were surface water. It was contaminated by animals, birds, worm, insects and uncontrolled flooding. Maintaining and preserving of these sources is less compared to improved water source. The sampled rural households’ have the amount of water consumption in liters per day per household were 99.75liters in the rainy seasons and 118 liters in the dry seasons. Household apparently has small volume of available water per capital. The average water use was 14.25 and 16.86 Liters per capita per day in the rainy and dry seasons respectively. Amount of water demand liter per day exceeds supply in the study areas. Alternative water source of rural households` are protected and unprotected water sources. Many household uses unprotected sources. Water source required to be clearness of surrounding and protected from contamination. Households were dissatisfied with water supply services. The household satisfaction has been 34 percent in water supply service. Reliability of water supply sources was not good. Due to some water supply service was ceased. v Table of Contents Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………………..…….…iv Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………….v List of Acronomy……………………………………………………………………………..…ix CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ........................................................................................................... 3 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.1 General objective: ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.1 The specific objectives are: .......................................................................................................... 4 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................. 4 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................... 6 2.1 Water: basic households` natural resource ........................................................................................ 6 2.2 Access to safe water .......................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Water accessibility ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Domestic water supply ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Water demand and its management ................................................................................................ 15 2.6 Water scarcity ................................................................................................................................... 16 2.7 Water supply in Ethiopia ................................................................................................................. 19 2.8 Empirical literature review ................................................................................................................ 20 CHEPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................................... 24 3. BACKGOUND OF THE STUDY AREA ......................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Description of the study Area ........................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Water supply situation of the District ............................................................................................... 26 3.3 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 27 3.3.1 Research Design ...................................................................................................................... 27 3.3.2 Source of Data ............................................................................................................................ 27 3.3.3 SAMPLING PROCEDURES .................................................................................................... 28 vi 3.3.3 Model specifications ........................................................................................................... 31 3.3.5 Method of data analysis ......................................................................................................... 32 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSION ....................................................................................................................... 33 4.1 Socio Economic Characteristics of Respondents. ............................................................................. 33 4.2 Source of water ............................................................................................................................... 34 4.3 Neatness of surrounding water sources and protecting it`s from contamination
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