Central Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research

Research Article *Corresponding author

Seifu Hailu, Ministry of Agriculture, , Ethio- Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis pia, Tel: +251911263380, Email: [email protected] Submitted: 24 August 2020 Accepted: 09 September 2020 in Municipal Abattoir, Published: 11 September 2020 ISSN: 2379-948X Central Copyright Seifu Hailu* and Adissu Abdeta © 2020 Hailu S, et al. Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia OPEN ACCESS

Keywords Abstract • Cattle A cross sectional study was conducted from November, 2010 to April, 2011 to determine • Fasciola the prevalence of bovine fasiciolosis in Holeta Municipal abattoir. The animals were chosen by • Holeta a systematic random sampling method among slaughtered cattle. Of the 600 cattle examined • Municipal abattoir in Holeta Municipal abattoir 122 (20.34%) were harboring the parasite of Fasciola. Both species of fasciola were identified during the study period at which F.hepatica was the most prevalent (15.17%) species followed by (3.17%), 1.17% mixed infection by both species and 0.83% immature or unidentified fluke were appreciated at the time. Most cattle were brought from high lands of Ethiopia to the abattoir as intermediate snail of F.hepatica and the parasite species itself survives above 1800m. Worm count was conducted on 122 infected livers revealed a mean fluke count of 70.25 per liver with maximum and minimum fluke count of 152 and 2, respectively. Intensity of liver infection showed that most of the affected livers were lightly infected (38.53%) and severely 29.5% while moderately infected livers had a relative frequency of 32%. Association between Fasciola and body condition was significant (P<0.05). However, age, breed and sex were not associated with the parasite Fasciola.

INTRODUCTION The disease is responsible for considerable economic losses in the cattle industry mainly through mortality, liver condemnation, In Ethiopia, Current estimates show that there are 41.5 million reduced production of meat, milk, wool and expenditures for heads of cattle, 41 million goats and sheep 1.1 million heads anthelmetics [7,8]. of dromedary, 5.8 millions of equines and 52 million chickens [1]. However this huge livestock resource is not fully utilized In tropical countries, fasciolosis is considered the single most because of various constraints of which poor animal production important helminth infection of cattle, with reported prevalence and management and livestock disease are the most important. of 30-90 % [9]. Loss due to parasitic disease is of great interest to many tropical The prevalence of fasciolosis in many parts of Africa has been countries [2]. determined mainly at slaughter. However estimation of economic Fasciolosis is an important parasitic disease of domestic loss due to fasciolosis at national and regional levels is limited by lack of accurate estimation of the prevalence of disease [10]. and F. gigntica. Fasciola hepatica has cosmopolitan distribution The presence of fasciolosis due to F. hepatica and in Ethiopia ruminants caused by two liver fluke species, Faciola hepatica mainly in temperate zones, while is found in tropical regions of has long been known and several workers [11-14] have reported Africa and Asia. Thus, the two-fasciolid species overlap in many African and Asian countries and sometimes in the same country, its prevalenceA review and of economic available significance. literature strongly suggest that and their snail intermediate host are distinct [3,4]. fasciolosis exists in almost all parts of the country. It is regarded although in such cases the ecological requirement of the flukes as one of the major setbacks to livestock productivity incurring huge direct and indirect losses in the country. Available published multiple factors which comprise host, parasite and environment reports have indicated that bovine fasciolosis causes economic The occurrence of fasciolosis in an area is influenced by a effects. In the natural foci of fasciolosis, Fasciola and their losses of roughly 350 million birr per annum due to decreased productivity alone [13]. epidemiological threats [5]. intermediate and final hosts form an association posing potential More recently Tolasa et al. [4] and Abbuna et al. [15] have Bovine fasciolosis is one of the most important parasitic disease of cattle causing mortality and production losses in respectively due to liver condemnations at slaughter houses. And various parts of Ethiopia [6]. interminglingreported financial of cattle losses from of 6300various USD grazing and 4000 areas USD occur per [14]. annum,

Cite this article: Hailu S, Abdeta A (2020) Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Holeta Municipal Abattoir, Central Ethiopia. J Vet Med Res 7(5): 1198. Hailu S, et al. (2020) Central

1.962 ( p) ( 1− p) was the predominant species encountered (Kithuka et al. [16] = n 2 PhiriStudies et al.[10]; in other Phiri etcountries al.[17], whereas, of Africa in showed Europe, that the AmericansF. gigntica d and Oceania only F. hepatica is concerned [3].

Therefore, this research work was carried out in Holeta where,P= Expectedn = Sample prevalence size Municipal abattoir with the objectives:

Therefore,d= Desired level1.96 of precision x 0.5 ( 1 (5%)− 0.5) n = 2 = 384 • To estimate the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis (0.05) • To identify the commonly involved fasciola species the animal and procedure was designed in such a way that 10 animals were • To assess fluke burden and relate it to the body condition of So as to address the determined sample size, sampling

fascolosis. systematic random sampling. • To identify potential risk factors for the occurrence of sampled and then inspected per day (for 3 days per week) using MATERIALS AND METHODS Examination of liver After the slaughter of the selected animals the predilection Study area The study was conducted at Holeta Municipal abattoir which is found in Holeta town. The study was carried out from November countsite (liver) and was assessment carefully followed of the severity and inspected of liver for lesionsthe presence were 2010 to April 2011. The town is found in district, carriedof fasciola. out. The Besides, liver identificationwas cut in to slices of the of about fluke species,1 cm thick worm and

Ethiopia. It is located at a distance of 44 kilo meters west of Finfine surrounding special zone, Oromia Regional state, headsput in werea broad counted. hard dish Flukes of warm from eachwater animal to allow were mature examined fluke lodged in smaller bile ducts to escape. Then all flukes and fluke’s meanAddis temperatureAbaba at a latitude ranges betweenof 09° 03′ 11-22 00’′N °C. and Walmara longitude district of 38° is bordered30’00’’ E. Theby Addis altitude Ababa of the to thearea East; is 2391 Ejere m.a.s.l district and to the the annual West, macroscopically and classified as adult F. hepatica, and immature fluke on the basis of size and shape.

Sululta district to the North and Hawas district to the wasSeverity categorized of infestation into light, moderatewas identified and severe.by using the degree of south and its weather condition is classified as 39% woinadega pathological lesions over the liver of infected animals. Severity Data analysis areand numerous 61% Dega. small The and area large-scale has a short dairy rainy farms season embracing from March local, exoticto April and and cross-breed. a long rainy Theseason livestock from June population to September. of Walmara There district is estimated at 188,221 cattle, 108,652 sheep, 15,420 goats 365,294 poultry, 8,062 horses, 1,406 donkeys, 229 mule statisticalData collectedsoftware. fromThe prevalence abattoir survey of fasciolosis was entered was calculated in to a and 1,853 traditional, 870 transitional beehives. asMicrosoft the number excel of spreadinfected sheetindividuals and analyzed divided by with the total STATA number 9 of Study animals prevalence with body condition of the animals was analyzed The study animals were cattle, which come from different of animals examined X 100. Statistical association of Fasciola parts of the country for slaughter. The study involved 600 adult Breed, sex and age were not included in the analysis because of cattle brought from Holeta, Inchini, Ginchi, Ejere and Mugher theusing very Pearson’s low number Chi of square observations; and logistic there regressionwere only 5analysis. females cattle markets in and around the town. Animals are given a and 16 exotic cattle while all animals included in this study were unique number by the abattoir which represents the code for the client. adults.RESULTS P<0.05 was considered significant for all analysis. Study type The study was conducted in 600 randomly selected adult The study was a cross-sectional study which involved 600 cattle slaughtered between November 2010 and April 2011in adult cattle selected through systematic random sampling. Holeta municipal abattoir. All cattle examined were male except Sample size and sampling procedure: The sampling 5 and local except 16. procedure was conducted using systematic random sampling PREVALENCE STUDY technique from which those animals attained to the abattoir for slaughtering were part of the sample size. The total number of samples size required for the study was calculated based on conducted on cattle slaughtered at Holeta municipal abattoir revealedSix months a mean (November prevalence 2010-April of 20.34% 2011) with condemnation abattoir survey of method. By rule of thumb where there is no information for an 122 affected livers out of 600 systematically selected cattle. The areathe formula it is possible given to by take thrusfield 20% or [18]. 50% Systemic prevalence. random In this sampling study, it result of abattoir examination is presented on species bases in was taken 50% prevalence to calculate the sample size using the following formula. in this study; F. hepatica being the more prevalent of the two. Table 1 below. Fasciola hepatica and were the species identified

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Table 1: Animal level prevalence of Fasciola species in cattle at Holeta were done in different parts of the country [11,14] all of whom municipal abattoir. Fasciola species No of liver infected Prevalence (%) Ethiopian livestock. have shown F. hepatica as the most important fluke species in F. hepatica 91 15.17 Worm count conducted on 122 infected livers revealed a mean F. gigantica 19 3.17 Mixed 7 1.17 burden of 70.3 flukes per liver with maximum and minimum Immature 5 0.83 fluke count of 152 and 2 respectively. This finding indicates large Total 122 20.34 fluke burden and implies very high pathogenecity in affected animals slaughtered at the abattoir. Accordingmal has, the to more Soulsby blood [23] it Of the lossesthe presence and hence of morethe more than anemic 50 flukes it becomes per liver [24]. indicates a high F. pathogenecity. The more flukes an ani gigantica. 122Only livers small found proportions, infected, 5.7 91 (74.6%)and 4.1%, were of the harbouring affected F. hepatica, while only 19 (15.6%) were affected with Table 2: Fasciola species in cattle at Holeta municipal abattoir. Relative abundance of livers were found with mixed infection and with immature flukes Fasciola species No of liver Proportion (%) respectivelyFluke count/burden (Table 2). encountered infected F. hepatica 91 74.6 during the study period in a total of 122 infected livers. The F. gigantica 19 15.6 A mean fluke burden of 70.3, per infected liver, was recorded Mixed 7 5.7 minimum and maximum fluke counts were 2 and 152 respectively 5 4.1 Severity of lesion (Table 3). UnidentifiedTotal (immature) 122 100 Based on the degree of pathological lesions observed the Table 3: Fasciola affected livers were categorized as light (38.52%), moderate Mean liverSpecies fluke count in cattle by Mean species count (n=600). (32%)Association and severely between (29.5%) Fasciola affected and as shownbody conditionin Table 4. F. hepatica 85.17 F. gigantica 55.33 between Fasciola infection and body condition of the animals. Mixed 116.71 LeanThere animals was were a statistically found 7.1 significanttimes more association affected with (P< Fasciola 0.001) 23.79 as compared to very fat animals, while cattle with medium body condition were 2.7 times more affected with the parasites as Immature (Unidentified) compared to very fat animals Table 5. Table 4: Categorization of affected livers according to severity of lesion DISCUSSION (n=600).Severity of lesion No of liver affected Proportion (%) The abattoir prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in this study Light 47 38.52 Moderate 39 32 Weldu [19] at Mizan Teferi, 18% by Getu [20] at Wolaita, but (20.3%) is similar with that of 22.7% prevalence reported by 36 29.5

East Hararge. However, it is much lower than that of many other SevereTotal 122 100 significantly higher than the work (12.1%) of Hymanot [21] in Berahn abattoir [22] 90.7% at Gondar abattoir [14], and 46.6% Table 5: Fasciola vs atreports Jimma from abattoir different [4] Aabattoirs much higher in the prevalencecountry: 88.6% of 53.9% at Debre was 2 reported from abattoirs in Zambia [10]. Fasciola bodyOdd conditionratio (95% (n=600). CI) X P-value Very fat 1 36.4 0.0000 These differences in prevalence within the country are Fat attributed mainly to variations in the ecological and climatic conditions such as altitude, rainfall and temperature among Medium 1.04 (0.36 - 3.00) different parts of the country and differences in rainfall and other Lean 2.67 (1.02 - 6.98) 7.11 (2.53 - 19.97) of cattle in different parts of the country might have also climatic conditions among years. Differences in management infection. The higher prevalence of F. hepatica to the abattoir from grazing while others are intensively fed in affectedspecies and cattle immature slaughtered flukes in accounted the abattoir for were only brought 0.83% of from the contributed to the difference. Some animals are directly brought feedlots before they are slaughtered. highlands above 1800m where the environmental signifies conditions that the are relatively more favorable for the perpetuation of the snail encountered intermediate host for F. hepatica when compared to that of F. Both species of Fasciola were identified in this study. However gigantica. F. hepatica was the most prevalent (15.2%) species compared to (3.2%), while 1.17% were mixed infection by both The present finding agrees with previous reports that J Vet Med Res 7(5): 1198 (2020) 3/5 Hailu S, et al. (2020) Central

2. from 66 to 78 have also been reported by previous studies in the intestinal tract and liver; African perspective proceedings of a seminar High burden of liver flukes with mean fluke burdens ranging IFS. International foundation for science animal’s disease of the gastro

3. at IRLI for Africa Addis Ababa Ethiopia. 1993; 114-125. thecountry affected [14,25]. livers Similarly for the degreea number of pathological of studies elsewhere lesions showed in the borne trematode zoonoses. Int J Parasitol. 2005; 35: 1255-1278. thatworld most have of also the reported affected largelivers fluke were burdens. lightly affected The assessment (38.5% of Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA. Fascioliasis and other plant 4. bovine fasciolosis at Jimma abattoir Ethiopia. The internet Journal of moderately affected respectively. VeterinaryTolosa T, TigreMedicine. W. The2007; prevalence 3. and economic significance of the affected livers) while 29.5% and 32% were severely and Age, breed and sex of the study animals were collected to 5. be considered as risk factors in data analysis. However the buffaloes under different managemental conditions. Vets Achiv. 2002; 72:Maqbool 221-228. A, Hayt CS, Akhtar T, Hashmi A. Epidemiology of fasciolosis in analysis for most of the slaughtered animals were in the same 6. number of observation for these traits was not sufficient for intervention on bovine fasciolosis A study conducted in fasciolosis slaughtered cattle were male. endemicSolomon area W, Abebe in North W. Western Effects ofEthiopia a strategic Ethiopia. anthelmintic Vet J. 2007; treatment 11: 59- age group (adult), near all were local breeds and almost all of the 68. 7. between Fasciola prevalence and body condition of the animals. There was a statistically significant association (P< 0.001) of trematode infection in cattle and sheep. Int J parasitol. 1987; 17: 453-463.Dargie J. The impact on production and mechanisms of pathogenesis stated that as body condition increases infection with Fasciola decreaseThis association because is Fasciolain agreement is known with Marquardtto damage etthe al. parenchyma (2000) who 8. 13: 87-88. of the liver which ultimately depletes protein from the host. Hillyer GV, Apt W. Food- borne trematode infections in the United Moreover, cholangitis and liver cirrhosis induced in chronic 9. States of America. Americas Parasitol. 1997; Spithill TW, Smooker PM, Copeman DB. Fascioloa gigantica: fasciolosis could reduce bile output and flow to the duodenum 465-535.epidemiology control immunology and molecular biology In; Dalton of fatty acid and lipid soluble vitamins. JP (ed) Fasciolosis CAB International Publications Cambridge. 1999; and hence reduce lipid emulsification, digestion and absorption 10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Zambian cattle observed at selected abattoirs with emphasis s on age sexPhiri and AM, origin. Phiri JIK, Vet Sikasunge Med. 2005; CS, 52: Monrad 414-416. J. Prevalence of fasciolosis in This study has demonstrated that bovine fasciolosis is prevalent in cattle in the Holeta municipal abattoir due to the 11. Graber M. Helminths and helminthiasis of domestic and wild animals fact that the areas of origin of the animals are suitable for the survival of the snail intermediate host and the parasite. As a 12. in Ethiopia. Revue Elev Med Vet Pays trop. 1978;Lymanaea 1: 13-95. truncatula and result of fasciolosis, economic loss due to organ condemnation, ovine fascioliasis in the Ethiopian central highlands. Brit Vet J. 1978; morbidity and mortality of infected stock and drug use expenses, 134:Goll PH,551-555. Scott JM. The interrelationship of which all are direct and indirect losses of merchants leading to 13. Gemechu B, Mamo E. A prelimary survey of bovine fasciolosis in

unprofitableF.hepatica income? was the more prevalent fasciola species in Holeta 14. Ethiopia. Eth J Agri Sci. 1979; 1: 5-12. municipal abattoir even if F.gigantica was also found in it. : 493-500. Jobre Y, Ali M. Dry season bovine fasciolosis in northwestern part of Based on the above consideration, the following 15. Ethiopia. Revue Med Vet. 2000; 151 Coprological abattoir survey and its economic impact due to liver recommendations are listed. Abunna F, Asefaw L, Megersa B, Regassa A. Bovine Fasciolosis Health Prod. 2009; 42: 289-292. condemnation at Sodo mucipal abattoir Southern Ethiopia. Trop Anim well informed about what the diseases is, the way how it 16. Kithuka JM, Maingi N, Njeruh FM, Ombui J. The prevalence and • Thetransmits farmers, and from the way where how the can cattlethey control brought, together should with be economic importance of bovine fasciolosis in Kenya-an analysis of the use of anthelmintics. : 255-262.

17. abattoir data. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2002; 69 Zambian cattle observed at selected abattoirs with emphasis s on age centers to take care of the animal with the parasite. Phiri AM, Phiri IK, Sikasunge CS, Monrad J. Prevalence of fasciolosis in • Cattle merchants collaborate to posse vet clinic near market sex and origin. J Vet Med. 2006; 52: 414-416. 18. nd communicate with vet. Professional for overall health 1995. • Individualcondition before merchants their lost. who feed for finishing cattle Thrusfield M. Veterinary epidemiology. 2 ed UK: Black well science. 19.

of the animals condemned in abattoir and take lesson 2001;Weldu 1-3. M. Bovine fasciolosis in and around Mizan Teferi DVM Thesis • Cattle merchants need to have the reason why the organ school of veterinary medicine Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia. onwards. 20.

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Cite this article Hailu S, Abdeta A (2020) Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Holeta Municipal Abattoir, Central Ethiopia. J Vet Med Res 7(5): 1198.

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