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The Base Colors: Black and Chestnut the Tail, Called “Foal Fringes.”The Lower Legs Can Be So Pale That It Is Let’S Begin with the Base Colors
Foal Color 4.08 3/20/08 2:18 PM Page 44 he safe arrival of a newborn foal is cause for celebration. months the sun bleaches the foal’s birth coat, altering its appear- After checking to make sure all is well with the mare and ance even more. Other environmental issues, such as type and her new addition, the questions start to fly. What gender quality of feed, also can have a profound effect on color. And as we is it? Which traits did the foal get from each parent? And shall see, some colors do change drastically in appearance with Twhat color is it, anyway? Many times this question is not easily age, such as gray and the roany type of sabino. Finally, when the answered unless the breeder has seen many foals, of many colors, foal shed occurs, the new color coming in often looks dramatical- throughout many foaling seasons. In the landmark 1939 movie, ly dark. Is it any wonder that so many foals are registered an incor- “The Wizard of Oz,” MGM used gelatin to dye the “Horse of a rect—and sometimes genetically impossible—color each year? Different Color,” but Mother Nature does a darn good job of cre- So how do you identify your foal’s color? First, let’s keep some ating the same spectacular special effects on her foals! basic rules of genetics in mind. Two chestnuts will only produce The foal’s color from birth to the foal shed (which generally chestnut; horses of the cream, dun, and silver dilutions must have occurs between three and four months of age) can change due to had at least one parent with that particular dilution themselves; many factors, prompting some breeders to describe their foal as and grays must always have one gray parent. -
Color Coat Genetics
Color CAMERoatICAN ≤UARTER Genet HORSE ics Sorrel Chestnut Bay Brown Black Palomino Buckskin Cremello Perlino Red Dun Dun Grullo Red Roan Bay Roan Blue Roan Gray SORREL WHAT ARE THE COLOR GENETICS OF A SORREL? Like CHESTNUT, a SORREL carries TWO copies of the RED gene only (or rather, non-BLACK) meaning it allows for the color RED only. SORREL possesses no other color genes, including BLACK, regardless of parentage. It is completely recessive to all other coat colors. When breeding with a SORREL, any color other than SORREL will come exclusively from the other parent. A SORREL or CHESTNUT bred to a SORREL or CHESTNUT will yield SORREL or CHESTNUT 100 percent of the time. SORREL and CHESTNUT are the most common colors in American Quarter Horses. WHAT DOES A SORREL LOOK LIKE? The most common appearance of SORREL is a red body with a red mane and tail with no black points. But the SORREL can have variations of both body color and mane and tail color, both areas having a base of red. The mature body may be a bright red, deep red, or a darker red appearing almost as CHESTNUT, and any variation in between. The mane and tail are usually the same color as the body but may be blonde or flaxen. In fact, a light SORREL with a blonde or flaxen mane and tail may closely resemble (and is often confused with) a PALOMINO, and if a dorsal stripe is present (which a SORREL may have), it may be confused with a RED DUN. -
EQUINE COAT COLORS and GENETICS by Erika Eckstrom
EQUINE COAT COLORS AND GENETICS By Erika Eckstrom Crème Genetics The cream gene is an incomplete dominant. Horse shows a diluted body color to pinkish-red, yellow-red, yellow or mouse gray. The crème gene works in an additive effect, making a horse carrying two copies of the gene more diluted towards a crème color than a horse with one copy of the gene. Crème genes dilute red coloration more easily than black. No Crème Genes One Crème Gene Two Crème Genes Black Smokey Black Smokey Crème A Black based horse with no "bay" A Black horse that received one copy A Black horse that received one copy gene, and no dilution gene, ranging of the crème dilution gene from one of the crème gene from both of its from "true" black to brown in of its parents, but probably looks no parents, possessing pink skin, blue eyes, and an orange or red cast to the appearance. different than any other black or brown horse. entire hair coat. Bay Buckskin Perlino A Black based horse with the "bay" Agouti gene, which restricts the A Bay horse that received one copy A Bay horse that received one copy of black to the mane, tail and legs of the crème dilution gene from its the crème gene from both of its (also called black "points") and no parents, giving it a diluted hair coat parents, and has pink skin, blue eyes, a ranging in color from pale cream, cream to white colored coat and a dilution gene. gold or dark "smutty" color, and has darker mane and tail (often orange or black "points". -
Newcolorcharts2020.Pdf
1 Lesli Kathman Blackberry Lane Press First published in 2018 by Blackberry Lane Press 4700 Lone Tree Ct. Charlotte, NC 28269 blackberrylanepress.com © 2020 Blackberry Lane Press, LLC. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Assessing Color and Breed In model horse competitions, the goal is to faithfully recreate the equestrian world in miniature. It is what exhibitors strive to do and what judges consider when evaluating a table of entries. One aspect of that evaluation is whether the color of the model is realistic. In order to assess this, a judge must be able to distinguish between visually similar (but often geneti- cally distinct) colors and patterns and determine whether or not the color depicted on the model is suitable for the breed the entrant has assigned. This task is complicated by the fact that many participants—who are at heart collectors as well as competitors—are attracted to pieces that are unique or unusual. So how does a judge determine which colors are legitimate for a particular breed and which are questionable or outright unrealistic? When it comes to the range of colors within each breed, there are three basic considerations. Breeds are limited by the genes present in the population (what is possible), by any restrictions placed by their registry (what is permissible), and by what is counted as a fault in breed competitions (what is penalized). -
Guide to Coat Colour Registration of CRTWH Horses
CANADIAN REGISTRY OF THE TENNESSEE WALKING HORSE A Guide to Coat Colour Registration of CRTWH Horses http://www.crtwh.ca [email protected] December, 2020 Disclaimer: The information below is based on the best information we have at the time of writing. We have not included horse colours that are not found in our breed. It is intended as a guide for TWH owners who want to be as accurate as possible when registering foals. However, as new genetic information is discovered and more genetic tests become available, there may be changes. For Your Information 1. POINTS include the mane, tail, lower half of legs, tips of ears, and nostril edges. 2. CRÈME dilutes red but has a limited effect on black. It is possible for a horse that appears to be black to produce one of the crème dilutes but only if the black parent carries a hidden crème gene from an ancestor that had it and passed it on. 3. OVERO was used as a collective term for any pattern of white that was NOT tobiano. It is no longer widely used. See Splash and Frame. 4. SABINO is the ‘signature’ white spotting pattern in TWH. There are, however, horses that do not appear obviously sabino that still produce offspring of that pattern. Some sabinos have one or both blue eyes throughout their life. 5. DEPTH & INTENSITY of a horse’s colour is influenced by other genetic factors such as shade, sootiness, mealy (pangare`) and others. Currently there are no genetic tests for these. 6. MANE & TAIL COLOUR is not always governed by the same genetic control as coat colour, especially in red base colours. -
Look Alike Colors 4.06 12/14/11 11:44 AM Page 64
Look Alike Colors 4.06 12/14/11 11:44 AM Page 64 Look-Alike By Laura Hornick Behning ColorsColors Robbi-Sue’s Cassanova (Equinox Brigham x Robbi-Sue Misalert), a brown buckskin stal- lion (registered as dun), owned by Laura Bunke. When the cream gene is present on a brown base, as it is in this horse, the result is a very dark buckskin that is often mistaken for a non-dilute. dentifying what color a horse is can sometimes be difficult. the Morgan breed, where we have so much of the sooty modifier IThere are many colors that look similar, although they are turning clear coats into a much darker version of their original color, caused by completely different genes. After seeing many examples color identification can be a challenging—and confusing—task. of equine color, the knowledgeable breeder will pick up clues to It is unusual, but occasionally palominos can look like flax- help them differentiate between these “look-alike colors.” en red chestnuts. Some examples in our breed include Mac’s Parentage can also play a part in the discovery process. Since Littlebritches (Mac’s Baby x Golden Judy), a 1989 palomino geld- all of the dilution genes and color modifiers (except flaxen) are ing owned by Cindy Cerrigione of Connecticut, and Northerly dominant, a horse must get its color gene from at least one parent. Llwellyn (Northerly Intrigue x Northerly Gifted), a palomino For example, a dun horse must always have a dun parent and a gray gelding owned by Colleen McNichol of Four Seasons Farm in horse must always have a gray parent; dilution genes and modifiers Minnesota. -
The State of Breeding and Use of Caspian Horses in Europe and Around the World
Acta Sci. Pol. Zootechnica 19(3) 2020, 79–84 www.asp.zut.edu.pl pISSN 1644-0714 eISSN 2300-6145 DOI:10.21005/asp.2020.19.3.10 Received: 23.03.2020 SHORT COMMUNICATION Accepted: 05.09.2020 THE STATE OF BREEDING AND USE OF CASPIAN HORSES IN EUROPE AND AROUND THE WORLD Michał Pluta 1Q, Katarzyna Banka´ 1, Angelika Ciesla´ 2, Łukasz Rogala1 1Department of Horse Breeding and Use, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland 2Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Animal Assisted Therapy, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland ABSTRACT The Caspian horse is one of the oldest horse breeds in the world and probably the first oriental domesticated horse. For centuries though the breed had been considered extinct, until it was “rediscovered” in Iran in 1965. Although the breed is quite important in the history of horse breeding, it is still poorly described. The aim of the work was to present the characteristics of the breed (conformation, characteristics and usage) and to assess the current state of the population in Europe and around the World. A survey was conduct among 18 breeders and included 120 horses. The population size was estimated based on the analysis of two breed registries. This study confirms and provides information about Caspian horses available in the literature. Caspian horses can be very useful in refining small breeds of horses and could bring many profits in Polish breeding of sport ponies. Key words: Caspian horse, Iranian horse, population, horse usage INTRODUCTION covered by the American woman Louies Firouz in the 1950s by Caspian Sea south shores, in Elbrus Mountains Caspian horses (also called Caspian ponies) is an ancient [Firouz and Dalton 2013]. -
The Base Colors—Black, Chestnut, Bay, and Brown—Create the Foundation for All Other Equine Colors
u COLORFUL u The base colors—black, chestnut, bay, and brown—create the foundation for all other equine colors. By Laura Hornick Behning olor is one of the most important characteristics that allele, it is homozygous for that gene; if they are different alleles, distinguish any horse, and it has had a profound effect it is heterozygous. This is true for every trait a horse has, not only on the Morgan breed. Selective breeding for dark color, color—though color is one of the most obvious! bay in particular, has led to the proliferation of some For a recessive trait to be expressed, it must be in its homozygous Ccolors, while others languished in obscurity—or, unfortunately, form. However, a dominant trait—and it should be noted that died out entirely. Color prejudices of the past are giving way to most colors, with the exception of chestnut, are dominant—will be modern scientific knowledge of genetics, proving the old adage of, expressed whether it is heterozygous or homozygous. A horse that is “A good horse is never a bad color.” homozygous for a certain allele will always pass it on to its offspring, We are drawn to certain equine colors from an early age via while a horse that is heterozygous carries two different alleles and books, television, and other influences. As a child, I wanted a will pass on either one with a 50 percent chance each time. black Morgan like the Breyer model I had, and a flaxen like the A horse’s DNA makes up its genotype, which results in what is flaxen Morgan I saw at local 4-H shows. -
GENETIC CALCULATOR (HORSE COLOUR) Help File
GENETIC CALCULATOR (HORSE COLOUR) Help File © 2016 K Yorke GENETIC CALCULATOR (HORSE COLOUR) Help File © 2016 K Yorke All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without the written permission of the publisher. Products that are referred to in this document may be either trademarks and/or registered trademarks of the respective owners. The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document or from the use of programs and source code that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and the author be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this document. Printed: June 2016 Publisher K YORKE 10 GWANDALAN CLOSE BRANDY HILL,NSW, 2324 AUSTRALIA [email protected] http://bit.ly/yorkestuff Contents 3 Table of Contents Part I Mating Window 4 Part II Reset 5 Part III Light Bay, Bay, Brown, Black 5 Part IV Chestnut, Roan, Tobiano 6 Part V Flaxen 8 Part VI Perlino, Buckskin, Palamino, Cremello 9 Part VII Dun 10 Part VIII Taffy 11 Part IX Grey 12 Part X Sabino 12 Part XI Frame Overo 13 Part XII Splashed White 14 Part XIII White 15 Part XIV Appaloosa 16 Part XV Champagne 17 Part XVI Mealy 17 Index 19 © 2016 K Yorke 4 GENETIC CALCULATOR (HORSE COLOUR) Help File 1 Mating Window EQUINE GENETIC CALCULATOR Top Next (HORSE COLOUR) The following menu selections are used to progressively build up the descriptions of the Sire and Dam one colour/feature at a time in the Mating Window. -
Horse Coat Colours and Markings
HorseHorse CoatCoat ColoursColours andand MarkingsMarkings Cindy Harper Onderstepoort Laboratory for Applied Veterinary Genetics BasicBasic ColoursColours Black Bay Chestnut GeneticGenetic ControlControl ofof thethe BasicBasic ColoursColours MelanocytesMelanocytes produceproduce melaninmelanin pigmentpigment 22 PigmentsPigments responsibleresponsible forfor coatcoat andand skinskin colourcolour –– eumelanineumelanin (black(black andand brown)brown) andand phaeomelaninphaeomelanin (red(red andand yellow)yellow) ColourColour genesgenes controlcontrol eithereither thethe pigmentpigment producingproducing cellcell oror pigmentpigment productionproduction 22 genesgenes controlcontrol thethe mainmain colourcolour switchesswitches inin horseshorses ExtensionExtension (E)(E) andand AgoutiAgouti (A)(A) GeneticsGenetics Locus (address of a gene and each has a name) occurs on a pair of chromosomes – 1 from sire and 1 from dam Sire Dam Form of gene (allele) on 1 chromosome of pair can be same as on other – homozygosity Or different – heterozygosity Different – dominant and recessive where 1 allele is expressed and other is not Function: Gene that codes for protein Protein: Effect e.g. stimulates melanocyte to produce eumelanin Chromosome pair Result: Black horse TheThe ExtensionExtension Gene/LocusGene/Locus (E)(E) Difference between black and red lies in the action of 1 gene – MC1R Allele symbols are E and e E extends black (eumelanin) in coat e extends red (phaeomelanin) in coat Combination of alleles at the extension locus: EE Allows black -
The Genetics of Equine Coat Color
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE EQUINE SCIENCES PROGRAM THE GENETICS OF EQUINE COAT COLOR D. Douglas Householder INTRODUCTION coat color. Early research in this area dealt exclusively with analysis of stud books, History observation of various matings with subsequent color foals produced, and then hypothesizing Great variation is present in horses of which genes were involved. Inaccurate records, today. There are large horses and small horses, foals changing colors, and lack of common color riding horses and driving horses, draft horses and descriptions among horsemen were also problems. race horses. There is, no doubt, a type of horse for Since the early 1940's; however, geneticists have almost every possible purpose. Although type and drawn on the more exacting information obtained performance ability are quite variable, they are not from planned experimentation with laboratory more variable than the colors of the horses. mammals. The close relationship is now evident and as a result many questions on equine color The ancestors of the domesticated horse can now be answered with reasonable certainty. did not vary much in color, but were chiefly of "wild type" coloration. This color was of great Genetics value in hiding these wild horses from their natural enemies. This concealing type of Inside the cells of all animals are found coloration can still be seen in the few Przewalkski chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes are paired horses, undomesticated and near extinction in thread-like structures which carry the genes. Each Mongolia in Central Asia. When some of these body cell contains a certain number of pairs of horses were domesticated some 4,000 years ago, it chromosomes (eg. -
HORSE Identification in South Africa
HORSE identification in south africa C. Harper Equine Research Centre Horse Identification in South Africa Produced by the Equine Research Centre Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria 2006 Edition 2: 2006 Author C. K. Harper All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior permission of the Equine Research Centre or author. I Background: A standard horse identification system was developed by the Equine Research Centre on behalf of the National Horseracing Authority in 2000 as a result of the poor quality of passports of Thoroughbred horses in particular and sport horses in SA in general. This coincided with the decision to microchip all registered Thoroughbreds and upgrade horse identification guidelines in the country. The system was based on the FEI guidelines with a few minor differences. This was done to allow the use of the same system for both FEI passports, all documents that require the completion of a horse identification section and the NHA passports and foal identification forms. Pages I – VI describe and give examples of the differences between the NHA and FEI system of horse identification. The FEI system (with red ink) must be used when completing FEI passports and the NHA system (black ink only) can be used for all other horse identification documents. II Standard Thoroughbred Identification compared to the FEI recommendations (some minor differences and important points): 1. Identification of horses for FEI passports is usually done on adult horses by authorized veterinarians and no markings should therefore, be indistinct or need to be checked at a later stage as one may expect when identifying foals.