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Sodo-Cultural Impacts of Titer Resource in the Santabasin

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Sodo-Cultural Impacts of Titer Resource in the Santabasin r . Sodo-Cultural Impacts of titer Resource in the SantaBasin Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon , .:.., ., t. Project Completion Repor t Socio-Cultural Impacts of Water Resource Development in the Santia m River Basin • OWRR Project Nr . B-011, Oregon Agreement Number 14-01-001-194 0 Principal Investigators : Thomas C . Hogg Courtland L . Smith Associate Professor Assistant Professor Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropolog y Oregon State University Oregon State University The work upon which this report is based was supported by fund s provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office o f Water Resources Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Re - search Act of 1964 . Period Covered by Report : 1 July 1968 - 30 June 197 0 October 197 0 Distribution limited . Copies available from the Water Resource s Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Orego n 97331 at $2 .00 each . TABLE OF CONTENT S Tables i List of Illustrations ii Abstract I . Research Objectives 1 II . Research Setting 2 A . Ecology 4 1. Major Wild Flora and Fauna 7 2. Domesticated Flora and Fauna 8 3. Mineral Resource 9 4. Water Resource 10 B . History 11 1. Cultural Adaptation I 13 2. Cultural Adaptation II 14 3. Cultural Adaptation III 15 4. Cultural Adaptation IV 17 C . The Dams and Their Reservoirs 20 1. Developmental Cycle 20 2. Characteristics 2 2 III . Research Procedure 2 7 A. Orientation To The Research 27 B. The Nature Of Social Facts 28 C. Research Methods 33 1. Data Collection And Analysis 36 2. The Sweet Home Survey 37 3. Life Histories 41 4. Participant Observation 4 3 5. Albany-Lebanon Survey 45 6. Sampling Procedures 46 7. Recreation Survey 47 8. Analytical Procedures 50 IV . Findings 5 3 A. Realization Of Research Objectives 53 B. Local Support And Acceptance 54 C. Social and Attitudinal Parameters 57 D . Staging of Impacts 7 1 E . Impacts 75 1. Impacts on the Social System 7 5 2. Municipal Impacts 79 3. Alternate Hypotheses 82 F . Conflicts Limiting Realization o f Project Benefits 86 G . Problems : Political and Economic 9 1 1. Political 92 2. Economic 99 H . Problems : Social and Attitudinal 103 I . Pertinent Social and Cultura l Variables 109 1. Organization -- Reticulation, Non - Articulation, Articulation 114 2. Territoriality 115 3. Alternatives 116 4. Complimentarity 117 5. Personality Factors 118 V . Implications 119 A. General 119 B . Economic Development and Technologica l Change 120 C . Social Systems and Water Resource Development 122 D . The Evolution of Values and Wate r Resource Development 123 E. Culture Change 12 5 References Cited 12 7 Related Publications, Reports, and Papers 132 I TABLES Table I Employment . ., . 22 Table II Survey Sample 40 Table III Albany-Lebanon Sample • . .R a R 46 Table IV Recreation Survey Days 49 Table V Recreation Survey Area 49 Table VI Crime Statistics 98 Table VII Economic Impact as Expected 99 Table VIII Income from Dams : . 100 Table IX Attitudes toward Population and Economi c Growth 103 1 1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Map -- Santiam River Basin an d Study Area . 3 Figure 2 Sweet Home Population and Construction Man-Hours Worked . 2 3 Figure 3 Map -- Sampling Division of Study Area . 39 Figure 4 Sample Area . 48 Figure 5 Construction Man-Hours Worked . 73 Figure 6 Population Indicators . 76 Figure 7 Adjusted Student-Teacher Ratio & Dollars Per Student . 7 7 Figure 8 School Revenue Sources . 78 Figure 9 Municipal Expenses Per Capita . 80 Figure 10 Commercial "Sellers " versus "Residential Buyers " .102 iii ABSTRACT The research project "Socio-Cultural Impacts of Water Resourc e Development in the Santiam River Basin" assesses the impacts of tw o dams on the behavioral and attitudinal patterns of Santiam residents . Research was structured by viewing the dams through a developmenta l cycle (preconstruction, construction, postconstruction) . The affected setting was treated as a socio-cultural system experiencing technica l and environmental changes . The research goal was to get social facts about these changes relative to the local socio-cultural system . Data were obtained by standard research methods and special anthropologica l techniques . Throughout the research was guided by a socio-cultura l model showing different states of system integration . Socio-cultural systems in the setting have historically bee n receptive to innovation and change . Water is no exception . However, the degree of acceptance or rejection is found to be related to the .position of the observer in the socio-cultural system and the relation s of larger socio-cultural systems present . These structure attitudinal and organizational impacts . Actors and units are constantly evaluat- • ing, planning, and reorganizing their thoughts and actions throughou t the developmental cycle . Socio-cultural impacts are clearly demonstrable throughou t the developmental cycle in Sweet Home ; for example, schools and municipa l affairs . However, these impacts are modulated by the fact that Swee t Home is a part of larger socio-cultural systems . The dams caused iv increased social non-articulation in Sweet Homes cultural syste m and stimulated quests for new bases of social integration by urba n escapees . However, lack of articulation and planning between element s of the larger socio-cultural system are restricting full developmenta l benefits . Evidence mounts that peoples values and actions must be con - tinuously sought as inputs in the total water resource developmen t process if full benefits are to be realized . Hence, social accountin g will increasingly become a new dimension to water resource developmen t in all of its developmental phases . We believe this report provide s some of the conceptual bases toward this end . I . Research Objectives The principle purpose of the Santiam project was to asses s the impacts of the construcion of two dams on the behavioral an d attitudinal patterns of Santiam residents . These socio-cultura l impacts occurred at various stages in the development process . Therefore, the research was historical in order to develop baselin e data on Santiam residents and communities before development of th e two dams . The dams were three years into their operational phase at the termination of the research period . This provided a time horizon fo r judging preconstruction, construction, and postconstruction impact s of water resource development . Data have been adequate to assess impacts of dam constructio n with respect to the political, economic, educational, municipal , . attitudinal, and organizational aspects of socio-cultural system . II . The Research Setting The research on which this report is based was conducted i n eastern Linn County, Oregon, during the years July 1, 1968 - June 30, 1970 . The primary focus for study centered upon two wate r reservoirs and related dams, Foster and Green Peter, and the adjacen t communities of Sweet Home (population 4,050) and Foster (uninco r- porated), Oregon, and their environs . The research setting is further defined as the South Santiam sub - basin of the Sant .am River Basin, a tributary system to the Willamett e River Basin of Oregon . The South Santiam Basin is at approximatel y 44° 41° N . latitude and 123° W . longitude . The South Santiam Rive r joins with the North Santiam near the town of Jefferson, Oregon, onl y a few miles from the Santiams confluence with the Willamette . Both Santiam stems originate high in the western Cascades, which form th e eastern boundary of the Willamette Basin (Figure 1) . A substantial portion of eastern Linn County, Oregon, is draine d by the South Santiam River . Approximately 640 square miles, or 409,60 0 acres, upstream from the town of Waterloo are included in this area . From its point of origin near Jump-Off Joe Mountain, in the rugge d eastern part of the county, the river flows in a general east-to-wes t direction to the community of Sweet Home . Relatively straight and swift-flowing in this section of its course, it falls from abou t 4,000 feet to 510 feet in the space of approximately thirty-on e miles . This represents an average fall of 113 feet per mile . West of Sweet Home, the river cuts through the surrounding foothills i n a northwesterly direction and flows irregularly in this directio n to its confluence with the North Santiam River . The South Santiams two major tributaries, the Middle Santia m and Quartzville Creek, rise in two heavily-forested mountain valley s to the north and east . Quartzville Creek, the northernmost of th e two, rises to the east of the old mining towns of Bryant City an d Quartzville and flows west past these sites before turning south - southwest and emptying into the Green Peter Reservoir . The Middle Santiam has been almost completely swallowed by the two reservoirs . It rises approximately five miles to the southeast of the southern le g of Green Peter Reservoir, into which it flows directly . From th e mouth of the dam, some ten miles to the southwest, it flows in a man - ner controlled at the dam, and in concert with the runoff fro m Quartzville Creek, through a deep gorge about three miles in lengt h and empties into the northeasternmost corner of Foster Reservoir . Both tributaries unite with the South Santiam in the waters backed u p by the Foster Dam . 1 A . Ecology The ecology of the Santiam is easily distinguished into majo r hill and valley divisions . The hill division constitutes the eastern part of the basin, in which the river is constricted by surroundin g heavily-forested foothills and mountains . This area extends from the 1Portions abstracted from student report by John R . Sanders , "Santiam Ecology ." !rivers headwaters to approximately five miles west of the town o f Sweet Home .
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