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Signature Redacted for Privacy. '-- V Richard E AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Catherine Lindberg-Mujr for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in the co-departments of Anthropology, Anthropology, and Resource Recreation Management presentedon June 8, 1988 Title: Obsidian: Archaeological Implications for the Central Oregon Cascades -Th 1 Abstract approved: Signature redacted for privacy. '-- V Richard E. Ross Archaeological sites located on the western flanks of the centra1 Oregon Cascadesare often characterized by the lack of temporally diagnostic artifacts and mater- ials suitable for radiocarbon dating. Consequently, the temporal context of these sites remains largely unknown. Various researchers also have suggested that theseopen- air lithic sites have been adversely affected by various pedoturbative processes active in the densely forested environment, effectively negating the value of the depo- sitional context of the sites. The research reported herein representsan attempt to empirically test the stratigraphic integrityof sel- ected lithic sites through application of obsidianhy- dration data, and complimentary X-RayFlouresence (XRF) chemical characterization. Concurrently, the data are applied to the evaluation of thetemporal context of the sites, especially in terms of identifyingsingle vs. multiple components. Results of these analyses have providednew infor- mation regarding obsidiansource utilization in this area, the stratigraphjc value of open lithic sites,and the potential for developinga temporal framework for sites in this area. Obsidian Cliffs has been identified as the dominant source of artifactua]. obsidian inthese sites. Hydration data indicate that the stratigraphyof most of the study sites have been mixedas a result of natural processes occurring in theforest environment. Tentative interpretation of each site'soccupational history is also offered. Success in application of ob- sidian hydration dataas a tool for relative dating has been demonstrated, and the developmentof a local hydra- tion data base has been initiated. Recommendations for the advancement of obsidian studies in thisarea are also proposed. CCopyrightby Catherine Lindberg-Muir June 8, 1988 All Rights Reserved Obsidian: Archaeological Implications for the Central Oregon Cascades by Catherine Lindberg-Muir A THESIS Submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Completed June 8, 1988 Commencement June 1989 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The U.S.D.A. Forest Service (Willamette National Forest) provided both financial and technicalsupport of this project. I am grateful for the opportunity to pur- sue my academic goals while participating in cultural research management activitieson the Forest, and being granted the flexibility to adjustmy schedule according to my priorities and needs. Several individuals associ- ated with the Forest Service providedvaluable assistance and encouragement throughoutmy tenure in Graduate School and especially during the completionof this thesis. Doug Shank helped me to understand variousaspects of forest soils, temperatures, and geologicprocesses. To Bud Baumgartner, Carl Davis, and TonyFarque', I owe a special debt of thanks, for without theirunwavering enthusiasm and confidence inmy abilities, I would not have come this far. I am also grateful to my Committee members, Dr. Richard Ross, Dr. Court Smith, and Dr. RoyalJackson, for sharing their professional insights, andfor their review of various drafts of this thesis. Carl Davis also provided much needed editorial comments whichenabled me to produce a more concise version of this thesis. I wish to express sincere thanks to Craig Skinner who generously contributed his expertise in the realm of obsidian studies. He furnished numerous sources of in- formation, provided technical and editorialcomments on several partial drafts, and donated hiscomputer services for the graphic representations ofthe results for this Project. To my dear friend, Cyndee Pekar, Iam extremely grateful for her exceptional talents inword processing. She produced multiple renditionsof this thesis, always cheerful and optimistic,even in my darkest hours. I would also like toexpress my appreciation to Ann Bennett-Rogers who was my faithful companion inGraduate School. I could not wish for a better officepartner. Thank you, Ann, for helpingme to keep things in per- spective. Several other colleagues and friends at schooland at work provided assistant and inspirationin more ways than I can recount. I would like to thank Virginia Betz, Paul Claeyssens, Linda Clark, Pam Davis,Tom Grigsby, Ed Husted, Marcia Morse, D.J. Rogers, FeliciaRounds, Jon Silvernioon, Rita Vinal, and Carol Winkler,who each con- tributed in one way or another to the completionof this project. Last, but by no means least, Iam most grateful to my family, near and far. My parents helped me to recog- nize and develop my "moxie", and have alwaysencouraged me to achieve my goals. For caring for my children and helping to keep my life runningsmoothly, I thank my mother-in-law, Mary Muir. To my husband, Brian Muir, who has givenso much of himself to see me through GraduateSchool, I am deeply indebted. I hope that I can someday fully reciprocate that support. Finally, to my children, Alyson,Hans, and Holly, who have been my inspirationthroughout, I dedi- cate this thesis toyou. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Research Objectives 1 The Element of Temporal Control 3 Theoretical Framework 6 Chapter 2: ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW 10 Physical Description 10 Topography 10 Hydrology 13 Geology 14 Soils 16 Vegetation 18 Fauna 20 Climate 21 The Human Factor 29 Chapter 3: LOCAL PREHISTORY 32 Cultural Setting 32 Ethnographic Summary 34 Molalla 36 Neighboring Indian Groups 39 Local Archaeological Research 41 Rockshelter Sites 42 Open Air Lithic Sites 47 Current Research Direction 58 Chapter 4: OBSIDIAN STUDIES 60 Petrographic Properties of Obsidian 62 Archaeological Significance 63 Science in Contemporary Archaeology.. 65 History and Development of Hydration Dating 69 Relative Dating Applications 75 Refinement of Hydration Rate Determinations 78 Current Applications in the Western United States 85 Page Chapter 5: RESEARCH METHODS 91 Selection of Study Sites 93 Representativeness of Study Sites 96 Obsidian Sample Selection Site Locations and Descriptions ioi Yukwah (35 LIN 118) 101 Soda Fork Way Trail II (35 LIN 230) 105 Lost Prairie West (35 LIN 322) 108 Monument Peak Trail One (35 LIN 342) 111 Dane Saddle (35 LIN 320) 113 Tombstone Summit (35 LIN 341) 116 Obsidian Analyses 119 Data Analysis 120 Chapter 6: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 126 XRF Results 126 Hydration Results 134 Site 35 LIN 118: Yukwah 137 Site 35 LIN 230: Soda Fork Way Trail II 142 Site 35 LIN 322: Lost Prairie West 144 Site 35 LIN 342: Monument Peak Trail One 148 Site 35 LIN 320: Dane Saddle 151 Site 35 LIN 341: Tombstone Summit l54 Summary of Results 156 Potential for Inter-Site Comparisons l60 Obsidian Analyses from Other Local Sites 163 Chapter 7: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 169 BIBLIOGRAPHY 177 APPENDIXES A Common Vegetation of the Willamette 195 National Forest with Important Microenvironmental Species Identified B Site Record Form for Study Sites 200 C X-Ray Flourescence Analysis Results 221 D Obsidian Hydration Analysis Results 234 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Provisional model of the archaeological 8 dating process. 2 Physiographic setting of the studyarea. 11 3 Study area defined on USGS topographic 12 base map. 4 Generalized climatic zones of the 22 Pacific Northwest region. 5 Locations of weather stations and 26 H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest with respect to study area. 6 H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest 27 reference stands from which temperature data was obtained. 7 Major culture areas of Western North 33 America. 8 Tribes and bands of traditional Oregon. 40 9 Locations of archaeological sites 43 discussed in text. 10 Worldwide distribution of primary 61 geologic sources of obsidian. 11 Preliminary model of possible research 66 approaches employing artifactual obsidian. 12 Tentative hydration rates forseven 72 distinct climatic zones. 13 Selected calibration curves for 82 deriving effective hydration temperature. 14 Location of six study sites. 102 15 Geologic sources of obsidian artifacts 127 from the six study sites. Figure Page 16 Scatter plot of XRF trace element (Zr 129 vs. Sr) data for obsidian specimens from Obsidian Cliffs, Devil Point, and four unknown sources. 17 Frequency of geologic obsidian sources 132 at individual study sites. 18 Distance-decay model for the Obsidian 133 Cliffs source employing XRF data from six study sites. 19 Histograph hydration data of total 135 sample of artifacts correlated with the Obsidian Cliffs source (n=8l). 20 Scatter plot of Yukwah (35 LIN 118) 138 Obsidian Cliffs hydration values(n=28) against the deposition units. 21 Box and whisker plots of Yukwah 141 hydration values. 22 Scatter plot of hydration values 143 against depositional level at Soda Fork Way Trail II site. 23 Box and whisker plots for Soda Fork........145 hydration data. 24 Scatter plot and best-fit regression 146 line of hydration values against deposition level at Lost Prairie West. 25 Scatter plot of hydration valuesvs. 149 deposition levels at Monument Peak Trail I. 26 Scatter plot of hydration valuesvs. 153 deposition levels at Dane Saddle. 27 Scatter plot of hydration valuesvs. 155 deposition levels at Tombstone Summit. 28 Box and whisker plots for Lost Prairie 159 West, Monument Peak, Dane Saddle,
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