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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES Propagation and management practices of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) at the coffee nursery site of Lalo kebele, Didu Wereda, Ilu-Aba-Bora Zone, Oromia Regional State. BY BEDILU TEKLE Addis Ababa University, Department of Zoological Sciences Addis Ababa, Ethiopia September, 2018 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY Propagation and management practices of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) at the coffee nursery site of Lalo kebele, Didu Wereda, Ilu-Aba-Bora Zone, Oromia Regional State. BY BEDILU TEKLE A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Zoological Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia September, 2018 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE PROGRAMMES D E C L A R A T I O N This is to certify that the thesis prepared by BEDILU TEKLE entitled: Propagation and management practices of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) at the coffee nursery site of Lalo kebele, Didu Wereda, Ilu-Aba-Bora Zone, Oromia Regional State. And submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. NAMES AND SIGNATURES OF THE EXAMINING BOARD: Name Signature Date 1. ______________________ (Examiner) _________________ ____________ 2. ______________________ (Examiner) __________________ ___________ 3. Professor Legesse Negash (Advisor)_________________ ______________ 4. ______________________ (Chairman) ________________ _____________ i Propagation and management practices of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) at the coffee nursery site of Lalo kebele, Didu Wereda, Ilu-Aba-Bora Zone, Oromia Regional State BY BEDILU TEKLE Addis Ababa University, 2018 Abstract Coffee is the major agricultural export crop, providing currently 35% of Ethiopia‟s foreign exchange earnings, down from 65% a decade ago because of the slump in coffee prices since the mid-1990„s. this research work was conducted by identifying and providing the necessary information about the propagation and management practices of coffee on nursery site of Lalo Kebele, Didu Wereda, Ilu-Aba-Bora Zone, Oromia Regional State. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, discussions with the farmers and/or development agents, and field observations. The study found that a combination of forest soil, top soil and compost promoted growth of coffee seedlings. According to the present study, sound fertilization of seedling provides the following advantages: (1) Production of healthy coffee seedlings and subsequently productive coffee plants; (2) Uniform growth; (3) Fast growth of seedlings; and, (4) High post-planting survival rate. Application of commercial fertilizer to seedlings enhanced the growth of these, especially the application of DAP. Sowing coffee seeds at a depth of 1 cm with the grooved side placed downwards and embryo tip upwards improved seed germination. Covering the seed bed with 3-5 cm mulch enhanced higher germination. Transplanting germinants to a freshly prepared nursery bed, followed by watering at two days interval, helped speed up hypocotyls emergence and subsequent seedling development. Further, providing moderate overhead shade and watering to the developing seedlings twice a week until these produced up to four leaves were found to be mandatory for a high quality seedling production. Keeping nursery hygiene and controlling seedling disease are also major activities at Lalo coffee nursery. Sowing mature, freshly collected and clean coffee seeds after soaking these in cold water for 24 hours hastened germination. It was observed that hardening is generally done by reducing the amount of watering about one month before the date of planting. Keywords/Phrases: Coffee nursery, Didu Wereda, Ilu-Aba-Bor, mulching, overhead shade ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor professor Legesse Negash, he spend his valuable time and energy to correct my research and provide me valuable comments. Next my heartfelt gratitude goes to Didu Wereda coffee and tea office for providing me all valuable information to collect all the necessary data. I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation for nursery operators and farmers. Finally the researcher thanks Addis Ababa university Department of Zoological Science and Ministry of Education for providing me financial support. iii Table of Contents D E C L A R A T I O N ................................................................................................................................. i Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Figure ........................................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vii List of acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ viii 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Back ground of the study .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Statements of the problem................................................................................................................. 2 2. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. General objective ............................................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Specific objectives ............................................................................................................................. 3 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 4 3.1. Origin and distribution of coffee ........................................................................................................ 4 3.2. Global coffee production ................................................................................................................... 5 As coffee seed rapidly loses viability, the seeds are stored in cool moist conditions (such as the bottom of a refrigerator). There are 3000 to 4000 coffee seeds Kg. The recommended planting density is 3333 plants/ ha at a spacing of 2.0 m x1.5 m. .................................................................................................... 6 3.3. Coffee production systems in Ethiopia .............................................................................................. 6 3.3.1Wild coffee .................................................................................................................................... 7 3.3.2 Semi-forest coffee ........................................................................................................................ 8 3.3.3 Garden coffee ............................................................................................................................... 8 3.3.4. Plantation coffee ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.4. Botany ................................................................................................................................................ 9 3.5. Ecology and Growing Conditions .................................................................................................... 10 3.4 Pollination ......................................................................................................................................... 10 3.7. Temperature ..................................................................................................................................... 11 3.8 .Developmental problems of seed ..................................................................................................... 12 3.8.1 Accumulation of food reserves .................................................................................................. 12 3.8.2 Seed quality ................................................................................................................................ 13 3.8.3 Planting coffee seeds on a nursery seedbed ............................................................................... 15 3.8.4. Vegetative propagation ................................................................................................................. 16 iv 3.8.5. Germination .............................................................................................................................. 16 3.9. Insect pests associated to world coffee ............................................................................................ 19 4.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ....................................................................................... 21 4. 2. Data sources and methods of collection .........................................................................................
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