Journal of Agricultural Sciences UDC: 595.7 Trogoderma granarium: 634.58 Vol. 54, No 2, 2009 Original scientific paper Pages 135-142

LIFE CYCLE, MORPHOMETRICS AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF THE KHAPRA BEETLE, Trogoderma granarium Everts (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE) ON STORED GROUNDNUT

A.K. Musa,1 and Dike M.C.2

Abstract: The life cycle of the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on stored groundnut was studied under fluctuating laboratory conditions of 25±5°C and 70±5% relative humidity. There were five larval instars and the total development time from egg to adult ranged from 37 to 40 days with an average of 37.95 days. The duration of each developmental stage was egg: 6.05 days; first instar: 3.8 days; second instar: 4.7 days; third instar: 5.6 days; fourth instar: 6.2 days; fifth instar: 6.8 days and pupa: 4.8 days. Females had an average fecundity of 80.2 eggs. Mean adult longevity was 12.4 days. Key words: Development time, fecundity, life cycle, Trogoderma granarium.

Introduction

The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts, is a dermestid beetle native to the Indian sub-continent and now a serious pest of stored grain in most parts of the world (Konemann, 1993). It has been found in

1 Entomology Unit, Department of Crop Protection, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 2 Entomology Unit, Department of Crop Protection, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

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A.K. Musa and M.C. Dike a wide range of cargo including non- agricultural goods, which appear to become infested through contact with infested goods (Anonymous, 2001). The beetle breeds most rapidly under hot, dry conditions and has a potential for spread. These spreads around the world in international trade are shown by its regular interception on oil cake and other products imported into Great Britain from Burma, Sudan, Senegal, India and Nigeria (Freeman, 1974). Khapra beetle is a cosmopolitan, multivoltine and polyphagus pest throughout the tropics (Hill, 1983; Hill and Waller, 1988; Odeyemi, 1989). The bionomics of T. granarium developing on groundnuts has not been vigorously examined in the laboratory, and optimal conditions for development are still a matter of debate (Wightman et al., 1990). The life cycle of dermestid beetles shows a typical holometabolous development; the larvae being the destructive stage of the insect pest. The adults possess wings but are not capable fliers (Ofuya and Lale, 2001) and do not feed. The methods commonly used to control T. granarium in the regions of its natural occurrence and distribution include chemical (mainly fumigants), non-chemical (legislative policy) and integrated pest management approach. However, it has been observed that to use these control methods effectively, the life cycle, morphometrics and extent of damage caused by T. granarium on stored groundnut kernels were studied as shown in this investigation.

Materials and Methods

Insect rearing: The experiment was carried out in the laboratory under fluctuating ambient conditions of 25±5° C and 70± 5% relative humidity. A culture of T. granarium was established on a groundnut (RRB) variety kept in a 250 ml Kilner jar to ensure availability of the insect pest. Experimental procedure: Plastic containers, 12 cm in diameter, contained 100 g groundnut kernels into which four adults T. granarium (sex ratio 1:1) were introduced. A muslin cloth was used to cover the containers to allow aeration and prevent escape of the insects. The experimental set-up was replicated four times. Life history: The adult beetles were allowed five days to lay eggs before they were removed and discarded. The number of eggs laid on the surface of twenty groundnut kernels randomly selected were counted and then recorded. There was keen observation of the experiment to obtain the first day of larval emergence and development was followed to the adult

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Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the khapra beetle stage by daily observation. The number of larval instars was examined and studied by direct counting of larval moults under the high-power microscope. Ten newly emerged adults (irrespective of sex) were kept separately in a rearing unit and observed daily to obtain the longevity of unmated adults. Morphometric studies: Morphometric data (length of eggs, body length and head capsule width of every instar and the body lengths of pupa and adult) were measured under the occular micrometer. Estimates of body length and head capsule width are means and standard errors of the number of specimens used (n=10). Damage assessment: Five freshly hatched larvae of each of the five larval instars were introduced into a container of 100 g groundnut kernels and then left undisturbed for three months. The experimental set-up was replicated four times. The groundnut weight damage was determined by the standard weight method. The initial weight of the groundnut (100 g) was compared with the final weight of the groundnut after three months storage period. The percentage damage done was evaluated by the difference in the initial weight and the final weight of the groundnut divided by 100. Thus,

Data analysis: The data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significantly different means were separated using Student - Newman – Keuls (SNK) test.

Results and Discussion

Table 1 shows developmental duration and morphometrics of T. granarium raised on stored groundnut. Life history and morphometrics: The female T. granarium laid their eggs on the surface of the groundnut kernels. There were considerable variations in the egg-laying capacity of the females. This could be attributed to the food provided ad libitum and pairing of the females with the males. Total number of eggs per female ranged from 40 to 85. When laid, the eggs were 1.5±0.01 mm long (n=10), creamy white in colour. The number of observed moults (four) indicated that T. granarium passed through five larval instars (Table 1). From measurement of head capsule width a mean

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A.K. Musa and M.C. Dike growth ratio of appropriately 1.40 was calculated. Developmental duration of the first larval instars was 3-7 days, the duration increased with increase in the number of instars.

Tab. 1. – Life cycle and morphometrics of T. granarium on stored groundnut

Developmental Body Head Capsule Growth Growth stage length(mm)±SE Width(mm)±SE Ratio Development Eggs 1.50±0.01d 6.05±0.78 1st instar 1.59±0.14d 0.18±0.01a 3.80±0.92 2nd instar 1.73±0.13d 0.25±0.03a 1.39 4.70±0.82 3rd instar 2.92±0.40c 0.45±0.02a 1.80 5.60±0.97 4th instar 4.62±0.33b 0.53±0.05a 1.18 6.20±0.79 5th instar 5.34±0.50a 0.64±0.04a 1.21 6.80±0.63 Pupa 4.03±0.61b 4.80±0.16 Adult 2.59±0.62c 37.95±0.58 Mean growth ratio 1.40

Values are means±SE of 10 replications

Newly emerged 1st instar larvae were tiny and white. They could move briefly but the body was sensitive to disturbance. Though the antennae were not very visible but the hairs were conspicuously visible. The first instar larva measured 1.59±0.14 mm in length and had 0.18±0.01 mm head capsule width. The first larva emerged on the seventh day of infestation. The newly hatched 2nd instar larva was yellow in colour with visible setae. The antennae became conspicuous. In the 3rd, 4th and 5th instars, the antennal segments were more conspicuously visible and the barbed hairs were well developed. The 4th and 5th larval instars showed brownish appearance and erect setae dorso-laterally and urogomphi. Table 1 shows the mean body lengths and mean head capsule widths of the larvae. The mean body lengths of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars were 1.73±0.13 mm, 2.92±0.40 mm, 4.62±0.33 mm and 5.34±0.50 mm respectively while the head capsule widths were 0.25±0.03 mm, 0.45±0.02 mm, 0.53±0.05 mm, and 0.64±0.04 mm respectively. The latter instars were more active, had greater head capsules and longer body lengths with profuse hairs on the body. They were easily resilient when disturbed compared to the more sensitive first instar larvae.

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The last larval instar later developed a protective case for transformation into the pupa. The pupa appeared shorter than the larval forms, quiescent and did not feed. The pupa was of dark brown colour. The head and the thoracic segments were visible, the remaining being covered up by the exuviate. The mean pupa period was 4.80+0.79 days (Table 1).

Damage assessment: Table 2 shows mean weight damage of groundnut kernels caused by T. granarium larval instars after three months storage period. The fifth larval instars caused significantly highest mean weight damage of 33.9% compared to the lowest mean weight damage of 22.7% caused by the first larval instars. Among the five larval instars, the first larval instar was significantly different (PO.05) from the fifth larval instar and caused least groundnut kernel damage. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the damage caused by the second, third, fourth and fifth larval instars.

Tab. 2. – Mean weight damage of groundnut kernels caused by T.granarium larval instars after three months storage period

Larval instar Damage index (g) 1st instar larvae 22. 74bc 2nd instar larvae 24.94abc 3rd instar larvae 25.3 labc 4th instar larvae 29.29ab 5th instar larvae 33.90a

*All means were statistically separated at P = 0.05 level Student - Newman - Keuls test.

Conclusion

T. granarium completed its development from egg to adult on stored groundnut kernels in the laboratory in 37.95 days. The egg-laying pattern varied between 45 and 80 eggs per female. The varying developmental period, the high fecundity and high groundnut kernel consumption of the larval instars make the insect species a major primary pest. The head capsule measurements increased by an average factor of approximately 1.40 which agreed with Dyar's law (Ewete, 1990; Emehute and Odiette, 1991; Imms, 1970). Dyar's law can be used to determine the number of actual instars in a species, particularly in a species where the

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A.K. Musa and M.C. Dike individual moults are not readily observed (Emosairue, 2002). Measurement of head capsule width would make separation of larvae into instars more accurate than other morphometric parameters (Anikwe and Okelana, 2006.) The 5th larval instar was the most destructive with 33.9% of groundnut kernels consumed after three months storage period. This corroborates the observation made by Magar (1973) of the destructive capacity of T. granarium on groundnut in shell. Since larvae were frequently intercepted in export crops, control action should be instituted immediately to prevent development and further spread under bulk and favourable food supply.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful to Nwaubani, S. I. of the Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Ilorin, Nigeria for his advice and assistance.

REFERENCES

1. A n i k w e , J.C. and O k e l a n a , F.A. (2006): Life-history, morphometrics and foliage consumption of Epicampoptera andersoni glauca Hmps. (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae) on Robusta coffee, Coffea caephora Pierre ex. Froehner (Rubiaceae), at Idi–Ayunre, Ibadan, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Entomology 23:34–36. 2. A n o n y m o u s (2001): Pest and disease risks of quarantine concern. Manual version X Section 1 Containerized clearance 2 PP. 3. E m e h u t e , J.K.U. and O d i e t t e , W.O. (1991): Some aspects of the biology of Conchyloctenia nigrisparsa Boh. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a sweet potato Defoliator in Southern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Entomology 12: 25–34. 4. E m o s a i r u e , S.O. (2002): Aspects of the biology of Sorbo zazzau Norman Ms (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) on rice in Calabar, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Entomology 19: 84–89. 5. E w e t e , F. K. (1990): The immature stages and chaetotaxt of Acrea terpischore L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Journal of African Zoology 104; 191-199. 6. F r e e m a n , J.A. (1974): A review of changes in the pattern of infestation in international Trade. European and Mediterranean plant protection organization (EPPO) Bulletin 4:251–273. 7. Hill, P. (1983): Agricultural insect pest of the tropics and their control. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press 746 pp. 8. H i I l , D.S. and W a l l e r , J.M. (1988): Pests and disease of tropical crops. Handbook of Pests. And disease. Cambridge University Press. 404 pp 9. l m m s , A.D. (1970): A general textbook of entomology including the anatomy, physiology, Development and classification of insects. Ninth Edition entirely

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revised by Richards, O.W. and Davies, R.G. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co.Inc. 886 pp. 10. Konemann, O. (1993): Webster's third new international dictionary of the English Language. Unbridged – Philip Babcock Gove and the Merriam – Editorial Staff. 11. M a g a r , W.Y. (1973): Problem of storage handling of groundnuts and other food grains And animal feeds. Symposium on problems of storage and handling of groundnuts and other food grains and animal feeds. Kaduna 2–6 April, 1973. pp. 26–40. 12. O d e y e m i , O.O. (1989): The bionomics of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Of Dermestidae) in varieties of cowpea and groundnut. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan 357 pp. 13. O f u y a , T. I. and L a l e , N.E.S. (2001): Pests of stored cereals and pulses in Nigeria. Biology, ecology and control. Dave Collins Publications, Nigeria. ISBN 978 5447 13; 174 pp. 14. W i g h t m a n , J.A., D i c k , K.M, R a n g a R a o , G.V., S h a n o w e r , T.G. and G o l d , C.G. (1990): Pests of groundnut in semi arid tropics. Insect pests of food legumes. Edited by S.R. Singh, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICR1SAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, 502324,

Received: September 01, 2008 Accepted: June 22, 2009

ŽIVOTNI CIKLUS, MORFOMETRIČNOST I PROCENA OŠTEĆENJA IZAZVANIH KHAPRA BUBOM, Trogoderma granarium Everts (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE) NA USKLADIŠTENOM KIKIRIKIJU

A.K. Musa,1 i Dike M.C.2

Rezime

Životni ciklus Khapra bube, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), koja se nalazi na uskladištenom kikirikiju je proučavana u laboratorijskim uslovima relativne vlažnosti od 25±5°C i 70±5%. Postojalo je pet faza u kojima su proučavane, a totalni vremenski razvoj od jajeta do

1 A. K. Musa, Jedinica Entomologije, Odelenje za zaštitu useva, Univerzitet u Ilorinu, Ilorin, Nigeria 2 M.C. Dike, Jedinica Entomologije, Odelenje za zaštitu useva, Univerzitet Ahmadu Belo, Zaria, Nigeria

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Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the khapra beetle odrasle jedinke je iznosio od 37 do 40 dana, sa prosekom od 37,95 dana. Trajanje svake razvojne faze je bilo: faza jajeta 6.05 dana; prva faza: 3,8 dana; druga faza: 4,7 dana; treća faza: 5,6 dana; četvrta faza: 6,2 dana; peta faza: 6,8 dana i lutka: 4,8 dana. Ženke su imale prosečnu plodnost od 80,2 jajeta. Dugovečnost prosečne jedinke je iznosila 12,4 dana.

Primljeno: 01 septembar 2008 Odobreno: 22 jun 2009

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