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Arctic Norway: Implications for the Barents Shelf

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Arctic Norway: Implications for the Barents Shelf NORWEGIAN JOURNAl OF GEOLOG Y The geological evolution of Bjørnøya 195 The geological evolution of Biørn�a, Arctic Norway: implications for the Barents Shelf David Worslex, Torleiv Agdestein, John G. Gjelberg, Knut Kirkemo, Atle Mørk, Inger Nilsson, Snorre Olaussen, Ron J. Steel & Lars Stemmerik Worsley, D., Agdestein, T., Gjelberg, J.G., Kirkemo, K., Mørk, A., Nilsson, I., Olaussen, S., Steel, R.J. & Stemmerik, L.: The geological evolution of Bjørnøya, Arctic Norway: implications for the Barents Shelf. Norsk Geologisk TidsskriftVol. 81, pp.195-234. Trondheim 200 l. ISSN 0029-196X. D. Worsley, Norsk Hydro, 0246 Oslo, Norway (Email David. [email protected]); T. Agdestein, Norsk Chevron, Ktlrenslyst Alle 2-4 Oslo, Norway, (Email [email protected]); /. Gjelberg, Norsk Hydro Forskningssenter, P.O. Box 7190, 5020 Bergen, Norway. (Email [email protected]); K. Kirkemo, Statoi� 4035 Stavanger, Norway (Email [email protected]); A. Mørk, SINTEF Petroleum Research, 7465 Trondheim, Norway (Email [email protected]); I.Nilsson, Norsk Hydro, P.O.Box 117, 4065 Stavanger, Norway (Email [email protected]);S. Olaussen, Norsk Hydro, present address: Norsk Agip, P.O.Box l O l Forus, 4064 Stavanger (Email Snorre. [email protected]. it); R./. Steel, UniversityofWyoming, Dept. of Geology & Geophysics, Laramie, WY 82072-3355, U.S.A. (Email [email protected]); L. Stemmerik, GEUS, Thoravej 8, DK-2400 København NV, Denmark (Email [email protected]). Extended abstract temporaneous regional sea level rise resulted in the gra­ dual replacement of the alluvial floodbasin deposits by The small island of Bjørnøya ("Bear Island"), situated in shallow marine siliciclastics and carbonates of shore­ the Barents Sea almost midway between northern Nor­ line, tidal flat and shallow shelf origin. Continued way and Spitsbergen, displays a Precambrian to Triassic transgression through the Moscovian, perhaps also succession in a continuous series of spectacular cliff with decreasing subsidence rates and only intermittent exposures. These exposures provide a key not only to the tectonism, is indicated by the gradual change to a evolution of the Stappen High (on which Bjørnøya rests) marine carbonate-dominated succession, with cherty but also to the development of analogous structures biomicrites reflectingthe establishment of an open car­ along the major lineaments that subsequently contribu­ bonate shelf over the entire area. ted to the formation of both the Norwegian-Greenland A marked rejuvenation of tectonic activity in the late Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Moscovian established a different depositional mosaic - Precambrian to Ordovician dolomites, limestones, faulting affected exposures on the present island along quartzites and shales form the basement on which the N-S to NE-SW lineaments, with differential subsidence Upper Palaeozoic succession of Bjørnøya was deposi­ down to the west. This produced erosion of earlier ted. In latest Devonian and early Carboniferous times deposits over the eastern part of Bjørnøya and deposi­ the area subsided asymmetrically, probably in response tion of conglomerates, sandstones, shales and dolomites to NE-SW extension; a southwestwards downtilted in alluvial gully, coastal and shallow shelf environments half-graben developed over the present-day island, with to the west. A 200 m thick succession is preserved in the basinal axis dipping gently NNW. Some 600 m of western areas and eroded remnants are also preserved as sandstones, coals and shales are preserved in two outliers elsewhere on the island. Conglomerate clasts upward coarsening sequences. These represent the indicate derivation by successive stripping and redepo­ repeated progradations of sandy fan systems over flo­ sition of mid-Carboniferous to uppermost Devonian odplains with lakes and northward meandering river and then basement strata. By the latest Carboniferous channels. Mid-Carboniferous (Serpukhovian) uplift the region had again stabilized and platform carbonate was followed by renewed rifting and the same western deposition resumed, with the development of paleoa­ hinterland again shed debris over its faulted eastern plysinid carbonate build-ups. Early Permian flexuring, margins. A shift from humid to a semi-arid climate is uplift and peneplanation followed, probably with some reflected by the predominantly red colouration of the transpressive movements. The highly condensed mid­ resultant 200 m thick succession of conglomerates, to Upper Permian marine succession of mixed siliciclas­ sandstones and shales, with caliche horizons. Penecon- tics and carbonates oversteps all older strata. The Stap- 196 D. Worsleyetal. NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOG Y pen High then remained a positive feature through to pen High as a whole. Prior to the drilling of offshore the late Triassic, the youngest beds preserved being of wells, exposures on this rugged, mist-shrouded and Carnian age. The high subsequently subsided signifi­ inhospitable island offered the only concrete informa­ cantly during the Mesozoic, but it again became a posi­ tion on the geological evolution of this significant sec­ tive feature as a result of one or more phases of uplift tor of the Arctic. The sedimentary succession exposed during the Cenozoic. on the island ranges from the Upper Precambrian to Much of the Carboniferous succession of Bjørnøya, the Upper Triassic, with a composite thickness approa­ with non-marine rifted sequences giving way in the ching 3 km (Fig. 2). Significant unconformities define mid-Carboniferous to a marine carbonate shelf deve­ the boundaries between three main depositional com­ lopment, mirrors time-equivalent successions throug­ plexes: viz. the Pre-Devonian economic basement, the hout the Barents Shelf, northeastern Greenland and the Late Palaeozoic basin and the Permo-Triassic p lat­ Sverdrup Basin. Late Carboniferous and early Permian form. faulting, flexuring and uplift, and the development of Bjørnøya itself comprises two topographically dis­ overlying, condensed and stratigraphically incomplete tinet areas, each directly related to its underlying geo­ Upper Permian/Lower Tr iassic platform sequences are logy (Fig. 3). The extensive northern plain generally however atypical features - only found on local struc­ undulates between 20 and 50 m above sea level, with a tural highs which together form elements of a major labyrinth of rock fields, marshes and small lakes - all of circum-Arctic fault complex along which Paleogene which make walking and reconnaissance difficult. The continental separation took place. A hetter understan­ few poor inland exposures give little information on ding of the late Palaeozoic evolution of these highs may the complexity of the underlying Upper Palaeozoic contribute significantly to further hydrocarbon explo­ sequence and this succession is best studied in the coas­ ration in this fron tier petroleum province. tal cliffs. The exposures there are excellent, but field­ work is often hazardous. The south and southeastern part of the island is a rugged mountainous terrain dominated by basement exposures, and more than 400 m high cliffs rise precipitously from the sea. Mountain­ lntroduction tops in this area show almost flat-lying exposures of the Perm o-Triassic platform sequence unconformably The Barents Sea covers an extensive shelf area that overlying all older units; however Late Palaeozoic half­ extends northwards from the Arctic coasts of Norway grabens are locally developed, cutting into the base­ and Russia to the margins of the Arctic Ocean (Fig. 1). ment but predating the platform units (Fig. 4). Triassic It was long suspected that this area had a different geo­ strata - the youngest pre-Quaternary deposits preser­ logical history from the Precambrian and Caledonide ved on the island - are exposed in three conical peaks Baltic Shield to the south. Ongoing hydrocarbon explo­ on the Miseryfjellet massif, with youngest Carnian ration in the last 20 years has demonstrated a complex deposits preserved at 536 m above sea level. structural development, with several major subprovin­ Swedish expeditions in the latter half of the 19th ces containing varied Upper Palaeozoic to Cenozoic century made the firstgeneral survey of the island, cul­ sedimentary successions (e.g. Rønnevik et al. 1982; minating in the major work of Andersson (1900). Rønnevik & Jacobsen 1984; Faleide et al. 1984; Johan­ Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous coals were sen et al. 1992, Nøttvedt et al. 1992, Gudlaugsson et al. then the main objects of geological and economic inte­ 1998). Exploration wells in the Norwegian sector (over rest, although other minerals were also investigated. 50 to date) have rapidly increased o ur knowledge of the Mining operations started in 1916, but were abando­ area's stratigraphy. However, critical integration of ned as uneconomical in 1925 - a conclusion confirmed knowledge from onshore exposures with offshore well by the evaluation of Horn & Orvin ( 1928 ). This report and seismic data is still crucial for a hetter understan­ concentrated on the coal-bearing strata, but it also ding of the Barents Shelf 's development. reviewed other geological work and presented a l:50 The small island of Bjørnøya, only 178 km2 in area, 000 bedrock map. Following the abandonment of eco­ is situated on the Stappen High, near the Barents shel­ nomic exploitation, the island was largely bypassed by f's western margin and approximately midway bet­ geologists in the ensuing 50 years and only isolated ween mainland Norway and Spitsbergen. (Fig.l).
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