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Çay Ve Kivi Bitkilerinde Hastalık Oluşturan Pestalotiopsis Türleri

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Çay Ve Kivi Bitkilerinde Hastalık Oluşturan Pestalotiopsis Türleri Derleme Makalesi / Review Article Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Geliş tarihi: 06.12.2016 Dergisi (2018) 22(1): 152-168 Kabul tarihi: 13.10.2017 DOI: 10.29050/harranziraat.407921 Çay ve Kivi Bitkilerinde Hastalık Oluşturan Pestalotiopsis Türleri Merve Nur ERTAŞ1, Aziz KARAKAYA1* 1Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü, Dışkapı, 06110, Ankara [ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-179X (M.N. ERTAŞ), 0000-0003-3019-9009 (A. KARAKAYA)] *Sorumlu yazar: [email protected] Öz Pestalotiopsis geniş konukçu dizisine sahip bir cinsdir. Fungus dünyada birçok bölgede tespit edilmiş olup, genellikle tropik ve subtropik bölgelerde gözlenmiştir. Dünyada Hindistan, Çin, Tayland, Japonya, Güney Kore, Türkiye, İran, Brezilya gibi ülkelerden rapor edilmiştir. Değişik Pestalotiopsis türleri çay (Camellia sinensis) ve kivi (Actinidia deliciosa) bitkilerinde de hastalık yapmaktadır. Çay bitkisinden rapor edilen Pestalotiopsis türleri Pestalotiopsis sp., P. theae, P. longiseta, P. guepinii, P. adusta, P. furcata, P. natrassii, P. camelliae ve P. palmarum’dur. Kivide ise Pestalotiopsis sp., P. longiseta, P. neglecta ve P. menezesiana rapor edilmiştir. Bu derlemede çay ve kivi bitkileri üzerinde görülen Pestalotiopsis türleri ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Pestalotiopsis sp., Çay, Kivi, Camellia sinensis, Actinidia deliciosa Pestalotiopsis Species Causing Diseases on Tea and Kiwifruit Plants Abstract Genus Pestalotiopsis has a wide host range. The fungus is determined in many areas of the world. It is reported from diffferent countries including India, China, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Turkey, Iran and Brazil. However, it is mainly observed in tropical and subtropical regions. Different Pestalotiopsis species cause disease on tea (Camellia sinensis) ve kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) plants. Pestalotiopsis sp., P. theae, P. longiseta, P. guepinii, P. adusta, P. furcata, P. natrassii, P. camelliae and, P. palmarum have been reported from tea plants. From kiwifruit plants, Pestalotiopsis sp., P. longiseta, P. neglecta and P. menezesiana have been reported. In this review, information is given related to Pestalotiopsis species occurring on tea and kiwifruit plants. Key Words: Pestalotiopsis sp., , Tea, Kiwifruit, Camellia sinensis, Actinidia deliciosa Giriş Çay bitkisi ağaçsı bir görünümde olup, her dem yeşil, kazık bir köke sahiptir. Çay bitkisi (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Çiçeği beyaz renkli olan çay bitkisinin Kuntze) Theaceae familyasından çok yıllık yaprakları yeşil renkli ve kayık bir bitkidir. Yapraklarının kurutulup sıcak biçimindedir. Çay bitkisi yağışı bol ve sıcak suda haşlanması sonucu hafif aromalı bir olan yerlerde yetişir. Ekonomik çay tarımı içecek elde edilir. Bu alkolsüz içecek için yıllık sıcaklık ortalamasının 14oC’nin ülkemizde ve dünyada sevilerek altına düşmemesi, toplam yıllık yağışın tüketilmektedir (Terzi, 2003). 2000 mm’nin altında olmaması ve bağıl nemin en az %70 olması gerekir. Kumlu 152 topraklardan killi topraklara kadar değişik Çizelge 1. 2013 yılı çay üretim miktarı ve ekim toprak tiplerinde yetişebilir. Kalsiyumu alanları (FAOSTAT, 2013a) Table 1. Amount of tea production and planting sevmeyen bir bitki olan çay, asidik areas in 2013 (FAOSTAT, 2013a) topraklarda yetiştirilir. Genelde pH 4.5- Üretim (ton) Ekim alanı (ha) 6.0 arasında optimum gelişme gösterir Ülkeler Production Planting area (Terzi, 2003; Kacar, 2010). Countries (tonnes) (ha) Çay bitkisinin eski bir tarihe sahip Çin olduğu bilinmektedir. Anavatanı üzerinde China 1.924.457 1.750.000 Hindistan tartışmalar hâlen devam etmektedir. India 1.208.780 563.980 Kimilerine göre çayın anavatanı Hindistan Kenya kimilerine göre ise Çin’dir. Birçok Kenya 432.400 198.600 sebepten dolayı çay kültürünün ilk kez Sri Lanka Çin’de başladığı kabul edilmektedir ve Sri Lanka 340.230 221.969 Vietnam geçmişten günümüze birçok ulus Vietnam 214.300 121.649 tarafından beğenilerek popüler bir içecek Türkiye hâline gelmiştir (Terzi, 2003). Turkey 212.400 76.426 Ülkemizde ise çay yetiştirilmesine ait Endonezya ilk girişim 1888 yılında yapılmıştır. Indonesia 148.100 122.400 Çin’den getirilen çay fidanları ilk olarak Bursa’da dikilmiş fakat başarılı TUİK (2017) verilerine göre ülkemizde olunamamıştır. 1924 yılında çıkan bir 2016 yılında 763.609 dekar alanda kanun ile Rize’de yetiştiriciliğine 1.350.000 ton yaş çay üretilmiştir. başlanmıştır. 1947 yılında ilk çay fabrikası Türkiye’de çaylık alanların %65.62’si Rize’de kurulmuştur. 1971’de çıkan kanun Rize, %20.46’sı Trabzon, % 11.3’u Artvin, ile Çay Kurumu ardından 1984’te Çay %2.6’si ise Giresun ve Ordu illerinde İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü Kamu bulunmaktadır (Anonim, 2013). İktisadi Kuruluşu oluşturulmuştur. Yine Çayın sağlığa yararlı yönleri 1984’te çıkan Çay Kanunu ile çayın tarımı, bulunmaktadır. Bileşiminde bulunan üretimi, işlenmesi ve satışı serbest kateşinler kanser yapıcı hücreleri bırakılmıştır (Taşkın, 2008). engeller, vücuttaki zararlı atıkların ve Dünyada en çok çay üretimini yapan zehirli maddelerin atılımını sağlar. ülke Çin’dir. Ülkemiz ise altıncı sırada yer İçerisindeki florür diş minesini almaktadır. Çizelge 1’de 2013 yılı kuvvetlendirir, kafein ise dinlendirici verilerine göre çay üretim miktarı ve ekim özelliğe sahiptir (Artık ve Poyrazoğlu, alanları verilmiştir (FAOSTAT, 2013a). 2007) . Türkiye’de ise çay yetiştiriciliği Doğu Çay bitkisinde hastalık yapan birçok Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde başta Rize olmak fungal etmen vardır. Khodaparast ve üzere Artvin’den başlayıp Ordu’nun Fatsa Hedjaroude (1996) tarafından Kuzey ilçesine kadar yapılmaktadır. (Erdoğan, İran’da Botrytis sp., Colletotrichum 2015). gloeosporioides, Fusarium solani, 153 Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Pestalotiopsis Pestalotia theae, Phoma sp., dal ve longiseta, P. natrassii, P. theae, yapraklarda siyah fumajin (Capnodium Phyllosticta theaecearum ve Sclerotium sp.), sarı fumajin, yıllık sürgün rolfsii fungal etmenleri patojen olarak yapraklarında kloroz, yapraklarda ödem tespit edilmiştir. hastalıkları, dal ve gövdelerde ayrıca Zeiss ve Den Braber (2001) Asya’da ve büyük olasılıkla Hypodermopsis theae Vietnam’da çaylarda Exobasidium vexans, olduğu tahmin edilen bir fungus tespit Colletotrichum coccodes, Pestalotiopsis edilmiştir. Bunların dışında ayrıca theae, Gloesporium theae sinensis, Monochaetia nattrassii, Fusarium spp., Marasmius crinis-equi, Colletotrichum Trichothecium sp. fungusları da tespit theae sinensis, Glomerella cingulata, edilmiştir. Yine Çakır ve Ceylan (1987)‘de Phyllosticta gemiphilae, Aglaospora belirtildiğine göre Samsun Bölge Zirai aculeata, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsünde yapılan Hypoxylon serpens, Corticium çalışmalarda çay üzerinde bazı fungal salmonicolor, Macrophoma theicola, hastalık etmenleri tespit edilmiştir. Nectria spp., Phomopsis theae, Bunlar; Rosellinia sp., Pestolatia theae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. theae, Piggotia theae, Glomerella cingulata Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma philippi, (=Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), Hypoxylon asarcodes, Phellinus la- Pestalotiopsis natrassii, saprofit olarak da maensis, Phellinus noxius, Poria spp. Cladosporium cladosporioides, Rosellinia arcuta, Rosellinia necatrix, Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp. ve Sphaerostilbe repens, Ustulina spp. Trichothecium sp.'dir. etmenleri tarafından oluşturulan hastalık- Gürcan (1975), Rize’de çay lar ile etmeni bilinmeyen bir şiskinlik bahçelerinden alınan örneklerde hastalığını bildirmiştir. Guignardia camelliae, Phyllosticta theae, Keith ve ark. (2006), büyük çay üretim Pestalotia theae, Fusarium acuminatum, alanlarında çaylarda hastalık yapan bazı Cercoseptia theae ve Helminthosporium etmenleri rapor etmişlerdir. Bunlar velitinum etmenlerini tespit etmiştir. Cephaleuros virescens, Colletotrichum Türkiye’de yetiştirilen çay bitkilerinde sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Exobasidium Karakaya (2009) Phomopsis theae’ nin, vexans, Marasmius crinisequi ve Karakaya ve Bayraktar (2010) Botrytis Macrophomina theicola etmenleridir. cinerea fungusunun hastalık yaptığını Çakır ve Ceylan (1987) Türkiye’de bildirmişlerdir. Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinde çay (Camellia Karakaya ve ark. (2011a) Rize ilinde sinensis) üretim alanlarında hastalık çay bitkilerinde Colletotrichum oluşturan etmenleri belirlemişlerdir. gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum Yapraklarda (Guignardia camelliae) boninense, Pestalotiopsis theae, Phoma imperfekt devre Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis cinerea, Phomopsis theae, camelliae, Pestalotia theae, Phyllosticta Phyllosticta theacearum ve teşhis sp., Cercoseptoria theae, dallarda edilemeyen dört adet fungusun hastalık 154 yaptığını bildirmişlerdir. Araştırıcılar Akdeniz Bölgeleri’nde yetiştirilmesi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ve uygun görülmüştür (Yalçın ve Samancı, Pestalotiopsis theae tarafından meydana 1995). getirilen yaprak hastalıklarının yaygın Dünyada ticari anlamda üretimi olduğunu bildirmişlerdir. Çay yaprakla- yapılan birçok kivi çeşidi mevcuttur. rında en az 2 değişik Pestalotiopsis Hayward, Bruno, Allison, Abbott ve türünün hastalık yaptığı belirtilmiştir. Yine Monty dişi çeşitler olup, Matua ve aynı araştırıcılar türü teşhis edilemeyen Tomouri erkek çeşitlerdir. Ülkemizde bir Glomerella türünün çay dallarında Hayward çeşidi yaygın olarak kanser oluşturduğunu bildirmişlerdir. yetiştirilmektedir (Arı ve Kol, 2004). Kivi bitkisi (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. S Liang et A. R. Ferguson) Çizelge 2. Dünyada bazı ülkelerde 2013 yılı kivi Actinidiaceae familyasından, asma üretim miktarı ve ekim alanları (FAO, 2013b) benzeri bir bitkidir. Subtropik olan bu Table 2. Kiwifruit
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