Kill Anything That Moves: the Real American War in Vietnam

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Kill Anything That Moves: the Real American War in Vietnam Nick Turse. Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2013. 370 S. $30.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-8050-8691-1. Reviewed by Marcel Berni Published on H-Soz-u-Kult (September, 2013) Viel wurde in den vergangenen Jahren über sicht schockierende Werk von Turse. Auf 370 Sei‐ den Vietnamkrieg geschrieben. Der Krieg – dessen ten (inklusive 87 Seiten Anmerkungen) beschäf‐ Erfolg aus amerikanischer Perspektive nicht län‐ tigt sich der Journalist mit den zivilen südvietna‐ ger an gewonnenem Territorium, sondern an der mesischen Opfern des Krieges, die durch die ame‐ Anzahl der getöteten Feinde gemessen wurde – rikanischen Streitkräfte und deren Alliierte verur‐ gilt als gut untersucht und breit dokumentiert. sacht wurden. Das sorgfältig recherchierte Buch, Davon zeugt eine nur schwer überblickbare Palet‐ das von unzähligen drastischen Beschreibungen te von zumeist englischsprachigen Publikationen, von ungerechtfertigten und gegen geltendes Völ‐ die sich dem Krieg aus wissenschaftlicher Per‐ kerrecht verstoßenden Gewaltakten gegenüber Zi‐ spektive annehmen. Weshalb also noch ein Buch vilisten handelt, soll damit die „Hidden History“ über den Vietnamkrieg? dieses Krieges beleuchten (S. 14). Die Legitimation für die vorliegende Studie Diese handelt vom Unrecht und den bis heute von Nick Turse ist simpel: Viele der bisher er‐ nur schwer vorstellbaren Qualen der südvietna‐ schienenen Arbeiten fokussieren auf politische, mesischen Zivilbevölkerung. So war das Massaker diplomatische oder administrative Kriegsaspekte von My Lai an über 500 unschuldigen Männern, oder auf eine Vergangenheitsbewältigung der Nie‐ Frauen und Kindern, das von Soldaten des ersten derlage der USA und ihrer Verbündeten im Bataillons der Americal Divison verübt wurde, Dschungel Südostasiens. So konstatierte der Ham‐ kein Einzelfall. Dass dieses keine Ausnahmeer‐ burger Historiker Bernd Greiner 2007, dass zwar scheinung darstellte, bewiesen unter anderen be‐ ausführlich „über den Krieg geschrieben [wird], reits die Publikationen von Gary D. Solis sowie ohne dass der Krieg als solcher beschrieben“ wür‐ von Michael Sallah und Mitch Weiss. Gary D. Solis, de. Bernd Greiner, Krieg ohne Fronten. Die USA in Son Thang. An American War Crime, Annapolis Vietnam, Hamburg 2007, S. 23. Dies gilt jedoch 1997; Michael Sallah / Mitch Weiss, Tiger Force. A nicht für das aufrüttelnde und in mancher Hin‐ True Story of Men and War, London 2006. Nick H-Net Reviews Turse geht aber um einiges weiter als die bisheri‐ ein Armee-Angehöriger, Leutnant William Calley, gen Untersuchungen zu amerikanischen Kriegs‐ als Sündenbock des gesamten Massakers zu einer verbrechen im Vietnamkrieg. milden Freiheitsstrafe verurteilt wurde. Im ersten Kapitel seines Buches erläutert Tur‐ Zivile Opfer und Kollateralschäden gehören se die Grundlagen des Krieges und die Umstände, zu den Übeln eines jeden Krieges. Im asymmetri‐ unter welchen die amerikanischen Einheiten schen Vietnamkrieg waren diese aber mehr als einen „Technowar“ ausfochten (S. 41). Der Einsatz nur eine Begleiterscheinung. Durch Ausbildung, von geballter Feuerkraft hatte zur Folge, dass vie‐ Führungskultur und die Besonderheiten der ame‐ le Nichtkombattanten in die Kriegshandlungen in‐ rikanischen Kriegsführung entstand eine Doktrin volviert wurden (S. 41ff.). „Shoot frst, ask questi‐ des Tötens, die von vielen Soldaten befolgt wurde ons later“ (S. 119), und „if it‘s dead and Vietname‐ und die zu zwei Millionen getöteten südvietname‐ se, it‘s VC“ (S. 47), lauten zwei Zitate, die die den sischen Zivilisten führte (S. 13). Das in der Litera‐ Krieg beherrschende amerikanische Mentalität tur bisher dominante Kriegsverbrechen von My auf den Punkt bringen. Kapitel drei „Overkill“ Lai war nur die Spitze eines riesigen Eisberges, so verdeutlicht die materielle Überlegenheit und die das Hauptargument von Turse. Das Leiden der Zi‐ fortschrittliche Technologie der amerikanischen vilbevölkerung war viel größer, als bisher wahr‐ Militärmaschinerie. Die darauf folgenden Kapitel genommen. My Lai war folglich eine typische „A Litany of Atrocities“ sowie „Unbounded Mise‐ Kriegsoperation und keine Anomalie. Gewalt ge‐ ry“ schildern nebst den direkten auch die weniger genüber Nichtkombattanten war nach Turse ein mittelbaren Auswirkungen des Krieges auf die spezifisches Strukturmerkmal des Krieges: „Mur‐ südvietnamesische Zivilbevölkerung. Der „Body der, torture, rape, abuse, forced displacement, Count“, der zum berechenbaren Parameter des home burnings, specious arrests, imprisonment Kriegsfortschrittes werden sollte, führte dazu, without due process – such occurrences were vir‐ dass Beförderungen, militärische Auszeichnungen tually a daily fact of life throughout the years of und sonstige Belohnungen auf der Basis von Tö‐ the American presence in Vietnam.“ (S. 6) Turse tungsquoten vergeben wurden. Nur aufgrund die‐ untermauert damit, was der heutige US-Außenmi‐ ses Leichen-Kultes war es – so zeigt Turse eindrü‐ nister und Vietnamveteran John Kerry bereits im cklich – Soldaten wie Sergeant Roy Bumgarner April 1971 angeklagt hatte: Bei den regelmäßig möglich, einen „Body Count“ von über 1.500 Getö‐ begangenen Gewalttaten gegenüber der vietna‐ teten zu erzielen (S. 192). Deshalb konnte auch Co‐ mesischen Zivilbevölkerung handelte es sich nicht lonel John Donaldson reihenweise Zivilisten aus um „isolated incidents”, diese waren vielmehr dem Hubschrauber abschlachten (S. 200f.) und „crimes committed on a day-to-day basis with the General Julian Ewell vermochte im Rahmen der full awareness of officers at all levels of com‐ Operation „Speedy Express“ in den Jahren 1968 mand.“ Congressional Record (92nd Congress, 1st und 1969 das Tötungsverhältnis im Mekong Delta Session) for Thursday, April 22, 1971, Complete Te‐ von 8:1 auf 134:1 zu steigern (S. 209). Turse lässt stimony of Lt. John Kerry to Senate Foreign Relati‐ keinen Zweifel daran, dass für solche Quoten ge‐ ons Committee. On Behalf of Vietnam Veterans zielt Zivilisten ermordet wurden. Sein Buch endet Against the War, S. 179–210, hier S. 180, URL: mit der Feststellung, dass nur wenige der schuldi‐ <http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/videodir/pacifica‐ gen Kriegsverbrecher zur Rechenschaft gezogen viet/kerry.pdf> (27.07.2013). wurden. Der Autor wirft dem amerikanischen Mi‐ Turses Untersuchung, die leider eine Biblio‐ litär gezielte Vertuschungsmaßnahmen vor. In graphie vermissen lässt, beruht auf zwei Arten diesem Sinne erstaunt es auch nicht, weshalb von Quellen. Der Autor untersucht die von Grei‐ nach den Kriegsverbrechen in My Lai lediglich 2 H-Net Reviews ner als „Goldgrube“ Greiner, Krieg, S. 21. für His‐ ger „Bad Apples“ zurückgeführt werden kann toriker titulierten Akten der „Vietnam War Crimes (S. 6). Die Verachtung des zivilen Lebens war viel‐ Working Group“, einer Pentagon Task Force, die mehr ein gezieltes Ergebnis der amerikanischen im Anschluss an das Kriegsverbrechen von My Kriegspolitik. Diese war nach Turse illegal und Lai und dessen medialem Aufruhr den Auftrag er‐ kriminell und wurde von Journalisten und Histo‐ hielt, ähnliche Anschuldigungen intern zu unter‐ rikern bis dato zu wenig aufgearbeitet. So trägt suchen. Einige der darin protokollierten Fälle ana‐ Turse zu einem neuartigen und vor allem in den lysiert Turse, indem er die aufgeführten Täter, USA verdrängten Narrativ des Vietnamkrieges Zeugen und Opfer interviewt. Diese Verknüpfung bei. von Akten und Befragungen erweist sich als fruchtbar und bringt viele bereichernde Fallstudi‐ en hervor, so etwa die Darstellung eines Massa‐ kers von Marine-Soldaten in Trieu Ai, einem Bau‐ erndorf in Quang Tri – der nördlichsten Provinz Südvietnams –, dem wahrscheinlich 12 unbewaff‐ nete Zivilisten zum Opfer felen (S. 37). Trotzdem läuft Turse damit Gefahr, den Aussagen der Zeit‐ zeugen, die er ohne große Quellenkritik wieder‐ gibt, zu sehr zu verfallen. Zu relativieren ist zudem die dominante The‐ se, dass sowohl den einfachen Soldaten, als auch den höheren Rängen von Kriegsbeginn an eine „Body Count“-Mentalität indoktriniert worden sei, die keinerlei Rücksicht auf ziviles Leben nahm. Oft habe eine solche Gehirnwäsche zur gezielten Vernichtung von Nichtkombattanten geführt, um so ein besseres Tötungsverhältnis zu erzielen (S. 27f.). Für gewisse Einheiten oder Funktionen mag dies zutreffend sein, trotzdem unterschätzt Turse damit die individuellen Handlungsspielräu‐ me einzelner GIs sowie die temporale, lokale und nicht zuletzt situative Variabilität soldatischer Handlungsoptionen. Obwohl für viele Soldaten die militärische „Search and Destroy“ Doktrin, die einen hohen „Body Count“ forderte, handlungsan‐ leitend wurde, gab es – wie andere Untersuchun‐ gen zeigen – immer auch Ausnahmen und Verwei‐ gerer, die illegale Befehle ignorierten oder sich den „Rules of Engagement“ verpflichtet fühlten. Dies sind aber kleine Einwände, die die Rele‐ vanz von Turses Werk unter keinen Umständen in Frage stellen. Seine Arbeit zeigt, dass die Brutali‐ tät des Vietnamkrieges nicht auf das Wüten weni‐ 3 H-Net Reviews If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/ Citation: Marcel Berni. Review of Turse, Nick. Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam. H-Soz-u-Kult, H-Net Reviews. September, 2013. URL: https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=40139 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 4.
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